The American Revolution

Chapter 4

Index

Section 1: The Colonies fight for their rights.

Section 2: The Revolution BeginsSection 3: The War for IndependenceSection 4: The War Changes American

Society

Bellringer

I worked to unite all Bostonians to oppose British tax polices and helped the Massachusetts assembly organize resistance against Britain by coauthoring a “circular letter”. Who am I?

A. Benjamin FranklinB. Patrick HenryC. Thomas JeffersonD. Samuel Adams

Answer

D

Bellringer

The Stamp Act outraged colonists because

A. It made sending letters more expensive.

B. The stamps were printed in England, not in the colonies.

C. It was the first direct tax on the colonists.

D. All the land between the new states and the Mississippi River.

Answer

C

Bellringer

The group that was MOST hurt by the American Revolution was

A. Federalists.B. Loyalists.C. Women.D. African American.

Answer

B

Bellringer

As a result of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, The new United States acquired

A. The area that would later become Alaska.

B. The area that would later become Oregon and Washington.

C. Florida.D. All the land between the new states

and the Mississippi River.

Answer

D

Bellringer

A major weakness of government under the Articles of Confederation was

A. The lack of a strong central government.

B. An overzealous judiciary.C. A legislature that had so many

members that it was difficult to make decisions.

D. The lack of a process for amending the Articles.

Answer

A

BellringerThe purpose of the so-called Three-Fifths

Compromise was to determine

A. How senators would be elected to Congress from each state.

B. How power would be divided between an upper house and a lower house in congress.

C. How African Americans would be counted for representation in Congress and for taxation.

D. How power would be shared between the federal government and the states.

Answer

C

Ch 4-1: The Colonies Fight for their Rights

I. The French and Indian War (A.K.A. The Seven Years War)

A. Began as a result of struggle between British and French for control in the Colonies.

B. Fighting began in colonies and later spread to Europe

C. Allies1. French-Huron Indians and later Spain and

Delaware Indians.2. British- Colonists and later Iroquois Indian

Tribes.

D. George Washington chosen by British to lead forces against French in New England.

Ch. 4-1 cont.E. The Albany Conference

1. 7 colonists were sent to meet with 150 Iroquois leader in Albany, New York to prepare for war with France.

2. Achievements:a) Iroquois remained neutralb) Agreed to choose a single British commanderc) Albany Plan of Union

1) Created by Benjamin Franklin2) Proposed that the colonies united to form

a federal government.3) Plan was rejected.

Ch. 4-1 cont.F. Turning Point:

A. In 1755 French and Native American forces ambushed the British troops near Fort Duquesne in western Pennsylvania.

B. Fighting spread to Europe (Seven Years War)C. British Navy cuts off French supplies in the

Americas.D. 1759- British defeat the French troops in

Quebec. a) Fighting continues until 1763.

G. Treaty of Paris1. Ended the War2. French kicked out of North America3. British takes control New France (Canada) and

Louisiana east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans.

4. Spain gave Florida to British in return for Cuba and Phillipines which the British had seized.

5. France gave Spain New Orleans and all Louisiana west of Mississippi River.

Activity

Ch. 4-1 cont.II. The Colonies Grew Discontented

A. The Proclamation Act of 1763:1. British planned to tax the colonies to pay off debt from

French and Indian War.2. Pontiac and other Native American tribes attacked forts

on the frontier. As a result the British issued the Proclamation Act of 1763.

a) Drew a line from north to south along the Appalachian Mountains and declared that colonists could not settle west of the line without the British Government’s permission.

B. Customs Reform1. George Grenville issued taxes or custom duties to pay for

debt.2. Merchants smuggled goods in and out of America to

avoid customs duties. 3. Grenville convinced Parliament to pass a law that sent

smugglers to a new vice-admiralty court in Nova Scotia run by naval officers who were unsympathetic to smugglers.

a) Denied Colonist rights1) Trial by jury2) Didn’t follow British common law3) Right to trial by jury of peers4) Right to speed trial.

Ch. 4-1C. John Hancock was among those tried for

smuggling. 1. Defended by John Adams2. Found Guilty3. Adams argued that the use of vice-admiralty courts

denied colonists their rights as British citizens.

D. Sugar Act1. AKA American Revenue Act of 17642. Changed the tax rates levied on raw sugar and molasses

imported from foreign colonists. It also placed new taxes on silk, wine, coffee, pimento and indigo.

3. Allowed British troops to seize goods without due process.4. Samuel Adams along with James Otis wrote a pamphlet

that argued the colonists had no representatives in Parliament. “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION”.

5. Currency Act of 1764 issued to slow inflationa) Banned the use of paper money in the colonies.b) Angered colonial farmers and artisans. They used paper

money to pay back loans.

Ch. 4-1 cont.III. Stamp Act Crisis

A. To raise more money to pay for the war, Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765.

1. Stamps were required on most printed materials. The stamp tax was the first direct tax Britain had ever placed on the colonists.

B. The Quartering Act,1. Passed by Parliament in 17652. Forced the colonists to pay more for their own defense by

providing places to stay for British troops in the colonies. 3. By the summer of 1765, mass meetings and

demonstrations against the stamp tax took place in the colonies.

C. Colonist ignored Stamp Act. Colonial merchants signed a nonimportation agreement. The protests led to the Stamp Act being repealed in 1766.

D. Parliament, in an effort to assert its control over the colonies, passed the Declaratory Act, which gave them the power to make laws for the colonies.

Ch. 4-1 cont.IV. The Townshend Acts

A. Townshend Acts. 1. 1767-Introduced by Charles Townshend.2. Revenue Act of 1767 placed new customs

duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea imported into the colonies.

3. Writs of assistance4. Seize property without following due process.

B. Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer1. John Dickinson2. stressed that only assemblies elected by

colonists had the right to tax them.3. Protest Townshend Acts.

Ch. 4-1 cont.IV. Townshend Acts cont.

A. Virginia Resolves 1. Only the House had the right to tax Virginians.2. Dissolved the Virginia House of Burgesses.3. House of Burgesses passed non-importation laws.

B. Sons of Liberty1. The Sons of Liberty encouraged colonists to support the

boycott of British goods. 2. Daughters of Liberty

a) Began creating homespun and stopped drinking tea.

C. Boston Massacre1. On March 5, 1770, British troops fired into a crowd of

colonists in Boston.2. Crispus Attucks and Michael Johnson were killed. 3. The British were viewed as tyrants who were killing

people standing up for their rights. 4. In response, Britain repealed the Townshend Acts, leaving

only one tax—on tea—to uphold its right to tax the colonies.

Ch. 4 Section 2: The Revolution BeginsI. Massachusetts Defies Britain

A. Gaspee Affair1. Britain sent patrol ships to catch smugglers.2. Patrol ship- Gaspee- was ran aground and was seized by

colonists.3. Suspects were taken to England for trial.4. Violation of Trial by Jury of Peers.

B. Thomas Jefferson wanted colonies to create Committee of Correspondence to communicate about British actions.

C. Boston Tea Party1. British East India Company was going Bankrupt.2. Lord North passed the Tea Act of 1773

a) Made East India’s tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea

3. American merchants feared it was the first step by the British to force them out of business.

4. December 1773, tea ships from the East India Company arrived in Boston Harbor. Colonists boarded the ship and dumped the tea into the harbor.

5. Led By Samuel Adams.

Ch. 4-2 cont.D. British Reaction

1. Coercive Actsa) These acts were an attempt to stop colonial

challenges of British authority. b) The Coercive Acts violated several English

rights1) the right to trial by a jury of one’s peers 2) the right not to have troops quartered in

one’s home.c) The Quebec Act gave more territory to

Quebec and stated that a governor and council appointed by the king would run Quebec.

d) This further angered the colonists because if they moved west, they would be living in territory with no elected assembly

e) The Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act became known as the Intolerable Acts.

Ch. 4-2 cont.E. First Continental Congress

1. Philadelphia -17742. Declaration of Rights and Grievances

a) Joseph Gallaway introduced a federal government for the colonies similar to the Albany Plan.

b) loyalty to the king but condemned the Coercive Acts and announced that the colonies were forming a nonimportation association.

c) The delegates also approved the Continental Association, a plan for every county and town to form committees to enforce a boycott of British goods.

II. The Revolution BeginsA. Start of War

1. In the summer and fall of 1774, the British officials lost control of the colonies as the colonists created provincial congresses and militias raided military depots for ammunition and gunpowder.

2. The town of Concord created a special unit of minutemen.

Ch. 4-2 cont.B. Loyalist and Patriots

1. Americans called Loyalists, or Tories, remained loyal to the king and felt British laws should be upheld. The group included government officials, prominent merchants, landowners, and a few farmers. Lived in Georgia, Carolinas and New York.

2. The Patriots, or Whigs, thought the British were tyrants. Patriots included artisans, farmers, merchants, planters, lawyers, and urban workers. Strong in New England and Virginia.

C. Lexington and Concorde1. On April 18, 1775, British General Gage and his

troops set out to seize the militia’s supply depot at Concord. To get there, they had to pass through Lexington.

2. Patriots Paul Revere and William Dawes were sent to Lexington to warn the people that the British were coming. Dr. Samuel Prescott went on to warn the people of Concord. When the British arrived in Lexington, about 70 minutemen were waiting for them. The British fired at the minutemen, killing 8 and wounding 10.

3. The British moved on to Concord where they found 400 minutemen waiting for them. The minutemen forced the British to retreat.

Ch. 4-2 cont.D. The Second Continental Congress

1. Met in Philadelphia to address the issue of defense.

2. The Congress voted to adopt the militia army around Boston and named it the Continental Army.

3. On June 15, 1775, Congress appointed George Washington to head the Continental Army.

4. The Battle at Bunker Hill resulted in turning back two British advances.

a) The colonial militia only retreated due to a lack of ammunition.

b) It was a huge boost to American confidence that the untrained colonials could stand up to the feared British army.

c) The situation reached a stalemate with the British trapped in Boston surrounded by militia.

Ch. 4-2 cont.III. Decision for Independence

A. Olive Branch Petition1. July 17752. It stated that the colonies were still loyal to King

George III and asked the king to call off the army while a compromise could be made.

3. At the same time, radicals in Congress had ordered an attack on the British troops in Quebec.

4. This convinced the British that there was no hope of reconciliation. King George refused to look at the Olive Branch Petition.

Ch. 4-2 cont.B. Fighting Spread

1. Two Loyalist armies were organized to assist the British troops in Virginia.

a) One was composed of all white loyalists, the other of enslaved Africans. The Africans were promised freedom if they fought for the Loyalist cause.

b) Southern planters, fearing they would loose their lands and labor force, wanted the colonies to declare independence.

2. Patriot troops defeated the British in Norfolk, Virginia; Charles Town, South Carolina; and Boston, Massachusetts.

3. In December 1775, the king shut down trade with the colonies and ordered the British navy to blockade the coast. The British began recruiting mercenaries from Germany.

Ch. 4-2 cont.C. Common Sense and Independence

1. In January 1776, the persuasive pamphlet called Common Sense, by Thomas Paine, caused many colonists to call for independence from Britain.

2. On July 4, 1776, a committee of Patriot leaders approved a document written by Thomas Jefferson that became known as the Declaration of Independence.

Chapter 4-3: The War for Independence

I. The Opposing SidesA. British

1. General House2. 32,000 men (Redcoats)3. Well disciplined, trained and equipped

B. Continentals1. General Washington2. 230,000-no more than 20,000 at once3. Militias from each colony-guerilla warfare4. Inexperienced, poorly equipped and paid5. Money problems from debt

C. British Problems1. Pop. Not united for war2. War expensive3. Wanted quick victory4. Many European enemies- French, Spanish, Dutch5. Americans fight war of attrition

4-3 cont.II. The Northern Campaign

A. Howes 2 part strategy1. Capture New York and demoralize colonists2. Diplomatic-try to keep peace

B. Opening moves1. Washington defends NY2. British captures NY3. Brits move to slowly

C. Crossing the Delaware1. Brits move toward Philadelphia2. Winter stops fighting3. De. 25, 1776 Washington crosses Delaware to

Trenton4. Attacks Hessians5. Princeton, New Jersey Washington scatter

British

4-3 cont.D. Philadelphia Falls

1. General Burgoyne plans to isolate NE2. Gen. Howe goes to Philadelphia3. Philly falls- Continental Congress Escapes4. Washington goes to Valley Forge5. Lafayette helps train soldiers

E. France Enters the War1. Brits unable to defeat Americans in NE2. Brits defeated at Saratoga NY3. General Benedict Arnold wins, but doesn’t get credit.4. Saratoga- turning point

a) Improved American moralb) France commits troops

5. Spain and France secretly supply Americans6. 1778 Treaties

a) France recognizes USb) Alliance between US and France

7. 1778- France declares war on Britain8. 1779- Spain declares war on Britain.

4-3 cont.III. The War in the West

A. What was the West?B. Brits and Indians uniteC. Americans too strongD. Native Americans were real losers.

IV. The War at SeaA. British fleet too strongB. Attacked British merchant shipsC. Letter of Marque?D. John Paul Jones

1. Bonhomme Richard2. Serapis defeated

4-3 cont.V. The Southern Campaign

A. British focus on the South (1778)1. More loyalists2. Tobacco and rice

B. Fall of Savannah and Charles TownC. Cornwallis left in commandD. The Patriots rally

1. British use brutal treatment2. Southern farmers fight back3. Battle of Kings Mtn.- Southern turning point4. Nathanial Greene/Francis Marion-guerrilla

tactics

4-3 cont.VI. The War is won

A. Cornwallis invades VAB. Battle of Yorktown

1. Cornwallis retreats to Yorktown2. Washington and Rochambeau race South3. French fleet arrives4. Cornwallis is cut off and surrenders

C. Treaty of Paris1. Parliament starts negotiations2. Franklin, Washington and John Jay3. British recognized US as a new country (from

Atlantic to Mississippi River)4. Spain got Florida Back5. France got Caribbean and African colonies back.

(taken in 1763)6. Nov. 24, 1783- all Brit. Troops are gone.

Ch. 4-4 The war Changes American Society

I. New Political IdeasA. RepublicB. New State Constitutions

1. Written down2. Limits governments power over people3. Checks and Balance4. True democracy: tyranny of the majority5. Elected government, Senate and

assemblies6. Listed Specific rights

Ch. 4-4 cont.I. Cont.

C. Voting Rights Expand1. Feeling of equality2. Reduced requirements to vote3. Property requirement decreased4. Power of wealthy decreases

D. Freedom of Religion1. Separation of Church and state2. Government aid to churches ends.3. VA statute for Religious Freedom

Ch. 4-4 cont.II. The War and American Society

A. Women at war1. Farm2. Nurse3. Fight4. Molly Pitcher

B. African Americans1. British offer Freedom2. State militia’s and Continental Army offer Freedom3. 5,000 serve in Revolutionary War.4. North free slaves5. Discrimination6. South continues slavery

C. The Loyalists Flee1. Property seized2. 100,00 left

Ch. 4-4 cont.III. An American culture emerges

A. American Painters- symbols and patriotic themes leaders

1. John Trumbull 2. Chas. Willson Peale

B. Changes in Education1. Sate Universities (UNC in 1795)2. Elementary taught American centered

themes.

Terms to KnowRepublicEmancipation Mary Ludwig

HaysVA Statute for Religious Freedom Tyranny of

the MajorityEcclesiastical Tyranny Judith

Sargent Murray