The Industrial RevolutionSection 1: Origins of the Industrial RevolutionSection 2: The Factory SystemSection 3: New Methods and Business OrganizationsSection 4: Living and Working ConditionsSection 5: Socialism

Origins of the Industrial Origins of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Objectives:Explain why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain.Describe how inventions in the textile industry led to other new inventions.Analyze the effects that developments in transportation and communication had on the spread of the Industrial Revolution.Video

The Agricultural Revolution Enclosure movement

Smaller landholdings combined into more efficient, larger holdings

Fewer subsistence farmers Farmers who farm only what they need to sustain life More commercial farming took place

Farming to make a profit

New farming methods Bronze and iron tools

Seed drill – planted seeds in straight rows (Jethro Tull) Advancement of plow

Crop rotation A few field would be left unfarmed for a year to let

them regain nutrients (video)

Factors of Production Land

All natural resources Capital

Money Tools Machinery Equipment Inventory

Labor Migration into cities Population growth

Video

The Textile IndustryNew inventions

Mechanization Most early machines were water powered

Effects of mechanization Supply increased Prices decreased Demand increased

Steam Engines, Iron, and Steel Iron and steel

Mechanization meant that more iron was needed

Henry Bessemer – came up with more efficient and better way to make steel

Pump air into pig iron when it was smelted

Other Industrialization Production of:

Shoes Clothing Ammunition Furniture

Printing, papermaking, lumber, and food processing all came about in mass quantities during this period

Vulcanization Basis of modern rubber industry

TransportationSteam engine

Locomotive Steamboat

Robert Fulton was the first build a successful steamboat

Video

The Communications RevolutionScientific researchBattery

First built by Alessandro Volta Batteries are measured in volts

Electricity Thomas Edison

Telegraph Samuel Morse

The Spread of IndustryCotton gin

Eli Whitney Separated cotton from seeds

Mechanical reaper Harvested the fields

Canals and railroads Improved transportation and movement of

peopleSteel industry

Needed for everything else to improve

The Factory SystemThe Factory SystemObjectives:

Explain how the increased use of machinery affected workers and working conditions.Identify the differences between the middle class and the working class.Analyze how the lives of women changed during the Industrial Revolution.

How Machines Affected WorkMechanization made jobs simpler and

less skilled Allowed people to master a few simple

tasks instead of entire process Video

The Wage System Costs of production

Overhead Materials Employee pay

Labor supply Available workers

Wages for other work Contract work not done in-house

Gender Higher wages for men Considered superior

The Lives of Factory WorkersMany rules to followCold and damp in winter, steamy in

summerFrequent accidentsShabby, cramped apartment buildings

Development of the Middle Class Industries and cities grewWell-educated middle class thrivedFamilies could rise in social (class)

standing Final break from class system and

feudalism

Effect of Industrialization on Women’s LivesWomen began working outside the

homeWomen gained independence In America – 19th amendment

Women’s suffrage

New Methods and Business New Methods and Business OrganizationsOrganizations

Objectives:Explain how and why the methods of production changed during the Industrial Revolution.Identify what caused corporations to emerge and the effects they had on business.Define the business cycle and explain how it affected society.

Capitalism and Changing Production MethodsDivision of labor and interchangeable

parts Unskilled labor lowered cost of production Interchangeable parts allowed speedy and

inexpensive repairs (video)The assembly line – mass production

Rise of the Corporation Sold stocks in companies to raise money to

run and expand business J.P. Morgan was one of the first corporations

Steel

Monopoly One corporation had almost complete control over

production or sale of a single good or service Cartels

Business combinations to control every stage of an entire industry

Business CyclesAlternating periods of prosperity and

decline One aspect of business often affects

others When business declines this is called a

depression

Living and Working ConditionsLiving and Working ConditionsObjectives:

Identify Adam Smith’s ideas and explain how they affected people’s views of industrialization.Explain the causes of reform movements.Analyze how workers tried to improve their lives.

Economic Theories Laws of economics

Law of supply and demand When a product is high demand prices go up The opposite happens when there is a surplus

A surplus is when there is too much of one product Ideal point is called a equilibrium point

Law of competition Competition drives prices down

Malthus and Ricardo Believed that human misery and poverty are

inevitable Laissez-faire

No government regulation of business

Reformers AriseHumanitarians

Work to improve conditions of othersUtilitarianism

Greatest happiness for greatest number of people

John Stuart Mill Government should work for good of all its

citizens

Early Reform LawsFactory Act

Improved work conditions for children Established child labor laws

Collective ActionStrikes

Workers protest by refusing to workUnions

Workers’ associations to bargain on workers’ behalf

SocialismSocialismObjectives:

Describe the type of society that early socialists wanted to establish.Explain how Robert Owen put his socialist beliefs into action.Explain what Karl Marx believed would happen to the capitalist world of the 1880s.Identify some of the competing ideas that arose out of Marxism.

SocialismUtopian socialists

Believed people could live peacefully with each other and work for the common good

Robert Owen “villages of cooperation” Built homes and schools for workers

The Theories of Karl Marx Believed production would

stop without workers Along with Frederick

Engles he wrote Communist Manifesto

Said that government should own everything and people should all be equal

Started a movement that would change history of the world

Variations of SocialismCommunism

Classless society Common ownership Government provides for people Command economy

Democratic socialism Socialist philosophy of government where

people still elect leaders