Section 1Section 1The Market RevolutionThe Market Revolution

Technological changes create greater Technological changes create greater interaction and more economic interaction and more economic

diversity among the regions of the diversity among the regions of the nation.nation.

U.S. Markets ExpandU.S. Markets Expand

Changing Economic ActivitiesChanging Economic Activities Early 1800s- Farm families were self-Early 1800s- Farm families were self-

sufficient sufficient Only bought what they couldn’t makeOnly bought what they couldn’t make Mid1800s - Farmers began Mid1800s - Farmers began specializationspecialization

- Raised 1or 2 cash crops - Raised 1or 2 cash crops

U.S. Markets ExpandU.S. Markets Expand

Market revolutionMarket revolution - People bought and sold - People bought and sold goods rather than make themgoods rather than make them

U.S. economic growth depended on U.S. economic growth depended on CapitalismCapitalism - Private control of means of production, used - Private control of means of production, used for profitfor profit- Business capital (money, property, machines) - Business capital (money, property, machines) fueled growing economyfueled growing economy

EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs invested own money in new invested own money in new industriesindustries- Great loss or profit - Great loss or profit

New InventionsNew Inventions

Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs developed new developed new productsproducts

1839- 1839- Charles Charles GoodyearGoodyear created created vulcanized rubbervulcanized rubber

- Didn’t freeze or melt - Didn’t freeze or melt in cold and hot in cold and hot weather weather

New InventionsNew Inventions

1846 - 1846 - Elias HoweElias Howe patented sewing patented sewing machinemachine

11stst used in shoe used in shoe factories factories

New InventionsNew Inventions

I. M. SingerI. M. Singer added added foot treadle foot treadle

- Enabled - Enabled homemakers to make homemakers to make garments faster garments faster

- Enabled Factories to - Enabled Factories to mass produce mass produce clothing (prices clothing (prices dropped by over 75%)dropped by over 75%)

Impact on Household EconomyImpact on Household Economy

Farmers began using mechanized farm Farmers began using mechanized farm equipmentequipment

- boosted industry output- boosted industry output Technology Technology lowered cost of factory itemslowered cost of factory items Workers became consumers Workers became consumers

- Clock prices dropped from $50 in 1800 to - Clock prices dropped from $50 in 1800 to 50 cents by 1850 50 cents by 1850

Impact on CommunicationImpact on Communication

1837- 1837- Samuel F. B. Samuel F. B. MorseMorse developed developed electromagnetic electromagnetic telegraphtelegraph: : - Messages tapped in - Messages tapped in code & carried by code & carried by copper wirecopper wire- Businesses & - Businesses & railroads transmitted railroads transmitted informationinformation

Impact on TransportationImpact on Transportation

1807 - 1807 - Robert Fulton’sRobert Fulton’s steamboat traveled 150 steamboat traveled 150 miles up Hudson in 32 miles up Hudson in 32 hours hours ((ClermontClermont)) - By 1830 - steamboats - By 1830 - steamboats on western rivers cut on western rivers cut freight costs & speeded freight costs & speeded traveltravel- Water transport was key - Water transport was key for moving heavy for moving heavy machinery & raw machinery & raw materialsmaterials

Impact on TransportationImpact on Transportation

Erie CanalErie Canal lowered lowered cost of shipping cost of shipping

- Dozens of canals - Dozens of canals follow follow

- Canals connected - Canals connected Midwest farmers to Midwest farmers to Northeast and world Northeast and world marketsmarkets

Emergence of RailroadsEmergence of Railroads

1840s- shipping by railroad was much costlier 1840s- shipping by railroad was much costlier than by canal than by canal

Railroads Railroads offered advantages offered advantages - Faster (Could pull freight more than 4 times - Faster (Could pull freight more than 4 times faster (10mph) than boats in a canal faster (10mph) than boats in a canal - Operated in winter- Operated in winter- Could go inland- Could go inland

Early train travel uncomfortable for passengersEarly train travel uncomfortable for passengers By 1850s - railroads expanded, cost drops, & By 1850s - railroads expanded, cost drops, &

safety increasedsafety increased

New Markets Link RegionsNew Markets Link Regions

Improved transportation, communication Improved transportation, communication made regions interdependentmade regions interdependent

By 1838 - By 1838 - National RoadNational Road extended from extended from Cumberland, MD to Springfield, ILCumberland, MD to Springfield, IL

Growing links led to development of Growing links led to development of regional specialtiesregional specialties

Southern AgricultureSouthern Agriculture

Southern agricultural relied on cotton, Southern agricultural relied on cotton, tobacco & ricetobacco & rice

South lacked capital for factories; money South lacked capital for factories; money tied up in land & slavestied up in land & slaves

Northeast Shipping & Northeast Shipping & ManufacturingManufacturing

Canals & railroads turned Northeast into Canals & railroads turned Northeast into center of American commercecenter of American commerce

New York CityNew York City became central link became central link between U.S. farms and European between U.S. farms and European markets after the markets after the Erie CanalErie Canal was opened was opened in 1834 in 1834

Great rise in manufacturing created more, Great rise in manufacturing created more, better, & less expensive goodsbetter, & less expensive goods

Midwest FarmingMidwest Farming

People began moving to the Midwest as People began moving to the Midwest as the Northeast industrializedthe Northeast industrialized

Had to clear land and to make it arableHad to clear land and to make it arable Two inventions enabled farmers to Two inventions enabled farmers to

cultivate the land efficiently and cheaply cultivate the land efficiently and cheaply (Farming profitable)(Farming profitable)

Midwest FarmingMidwest Farming

John DeereJohn Deere invented invented steel plowsteel plow that took that took less power to pull less power to pull

- - Farmers replaced Farmers replaced oxen with horsesoxen with horses

Midwest FarmingMidwest Farming

Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick invented mechanical invented mechanical reaperreaper

- - Enabled 1 farmer to Enabled 1 farmer to the work of 5the work of 5

Farmers shifted from Farmers shifted from subsistence farming subsistence farming to growing cash cropsto growing cash crops

Section 2Section 2Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Americans move west, energized by Americans move west, energized by their belief in the rightful expansion of their belief in the rightful expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the United States from the Atlantic to

the Pacific.the Pacific.

Across a ContinentAcross a Continent 1823 – Mountain Man 1823 – Mountain Man

Jedediah SmithJedediah Smith led a led a party of hunters to party of hunters to through through South Pass South Pass (South of the Teton (South of the Teton Mountains) Mountains) - Learned about it from - Learned about it from the Crow Indians the Crow Indians

Wagons could get Wagons could get through the South Passthrough the South Pass

Across a ContinentAcross a Continent Explored California and the Oregon CountryExplored California and the Oregon Country

- 1818 – U.S. and Great Britain agreed to - 1818 – U.S. and Great Britain agreed to occupy the region together occupy the region together - Region had rich wheat crop, fruit trees and fat - Region had rich wheat crop, fruit trees and fat livestocklivestock

Smith wrote a letter to the Secretary of War Smith wrote a letter to the Secretary of War telling him that the British were taking over the telling him that the British were taking over the Oregon Country even though Americans could Oregon Country even though Americans could legally settle itlegally settle it - Also said that it was possible for Americans to - Also said that it was possible for Americans to reach the Oregon Trail by wagonreach the Oregon Trail by wagon

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail 1836 - settlers go to 1836 - settlers go to

Oregon, prove wagons Oregon, prove wagons can go into Northwestcan go into Northwest

Methodists missionaries Methodists missionaries were the 1st white were the 1st white people to migrate to people to migrate to OregonOregon- Sent back reports about - Sent back reports about Oregon’s rich farmland Oregon’s rich farmland and forest and forest

Before 1840- few Before 1840- few Americans went to Americans went to Louisiana TerritoryLouisiana Territory

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail

1843 – People began 1843 – People began migrating to Organ in migrating to Organ in larger numbers larger numbers

Many settlers tried Many settlers tried fresh start in West fresh start in West after panic of 1837after panic of 1837

Manifest destinyManifest destiny - - belief that U.S. was belief that U.S. was destined to expand to destined to expand to Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail

People traveled along the People traveled along the Oregon TrailOregon Trail - trail from - trail from Independence, MO to Portland, ORIndependence, MO to Portland, OR- Started at Independence, Missouri crossed the Platte - Started at Independence, Missouri crossed the Platte River and continued through the South Past into River and continued through the South Past into modern-day northeast Utahmodern-day northeast Utah- Pioneers used Conestoga wagons & pushed handcarts - Pioneers used Conestoga wagons & pushed handcarts (trip took months)(trip took months)

Trail Split in UtahTrail Split in Utah- Branch of the trail went across desert to California- Branch of the trail went across desert to California- - Oregon TrailOregon Trail continued northwest to the Colombia continued northwest to the Colombia River River

Life on the TrailLife on the Trail 1845 – The 1845 – The Emigrants GuideEmigrants Guide was a guide book to help settlers was a guide book to help settlers

cross the trailcross the trail Wagon and animals to pull it was the biggest expense (Oxen Best)Wagon and animals to pull it was the biggest expense (Oxen Best) - Also needed spare parts - Also needed spare parts Food for each adult Food for each adult

-200 pounds of flour, 150 pounds of Bacon, 10 pounds of Coffee, 20 -200 pounds of flour, 150 pounds of Bacon, 10 pounds of Coffee, 20 Pound of Sugar, and 10 pounds of SaltPound of Sugar, and 10 pounds of Salt- Some people carried dried beef, rice, beans, fruit, vinegar, and - Some people carried dried beef, rice, beans, fruit, vinegar, and pickles pickles

Made journey in Groups Made journey in Groups - Circled wagons at night (Used as animal pen)- Circled wagons at night (Used as animal pen)

Indians helped settlers in the beginningIndians helped settlers in the beginning - Traded food for cloth, needles or other goods- Traded food for cloth, needles or other goods

Indians became more hostile as Settlers increaseIndians became more hostile as Settlers increase - Feared losing their lands- Feared losing their lands

Attitudes Toward the FrontierAttitudes Toward the Frontier

Land for farming, & speculation were Land for farming, & speculation were important for building prosperityimportant for building prosperity

Merchants seeking new markets followed Merchants seeking new markets followed farmers, minersfarmers, miners

Oregon Territory harbors expanded trade Oregon Territory harbors expanded trade with Asiawith Asia

Served as naval stations for the Pacific Served as naval stations for the Pacific fleetfleet

The Mormon MigrationThe Mormon Migration

MormonsMormons belonged to the Church of Jesus belonged to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day SaintsChrist of Latter-Day Saints- Founded by - Founded by Joseph SmithJoseph Smith

Believed in cooperation not competitionBelieved in cooperation not competition- Angry neighbors viewed their cooperation as a - Angry neighbors viewed their cooperation as a monopoly monopoly - Neighbors also didn’t like Mormon practice of - Neighbors also didn’t like Mormon practice of polygamypolygamy

1844 – Mob in Illinois killed Joseph Smith1844 – Mob in Illinois killed Joseph Smith- - Brigham YoungBrigham Young became Mormon Leader became Mormon Leader

The Mormon MigrationThe Mormon Migration 1847 – 1847 – Brigham YoungBrigham Young led led

the Mormons in search of a the Mormons in search of a new home (Great Migration)new home (Great Migration)- Settled near - Settled near Salt Lake CitySalt Lake City

- Wanted a place far away - Wanted a place far away from other settlements from other settlements

Succeeded as a result of their Succeeded as a result of their sharing policy (water)sharing policy (water)- Built canals and diverted - Built canals and diverted mountain streams to water mountain streams to water fields fields

Settlers and Native AmericansSettlers and Native Americans

Most Native Americans maintain their own Most Native Americans maintain their own traditions even if forced to movetraditions even if forced to move

Some assimilate into white culture & a few Some assimilate into white culture & a few fought to keep whites outfought to keep whites out

The Black Hawk WarThe Black Hawk War

1830s - settlers in Illinois, Iowa pressured 1830s - settlers in Illinois, Iowa pressured natives to go westnatives to go west

Chief Black HawkChief Black Hawk led rebellion in Illinois led rebellion in Illinois & Wisconsin Territory & Wisconsin Territory

Illinois militia slaughtered more tan 200 Illinois militia slaughtered more tan 200 Sauk and Fox people Sauk and Fox people

Sauk & Fox tribes were defeated & forcibly Sauk & Fox tribes were defeated & forcibly moved west of the Mississippimoved west of the Mississippi

Middle GroundMiddle Ground Good relations existed when settlers needed Native American Good relations existed when settlers needed Native American

trading partners in the Middle Ground trading partners in the Middle Ground Middle groundMiddle ground is area not dominated by Native Americans or is area not dominated by Native Americans or

settlerssettlers Middle groundMiddle ground was west of Mississippi as a result of 1830 Indian was west of Mississippi as a result of 1830 Indian

Removal ActRemoval Act Small numbers of displaced natives fought settlers moving westSmall numbers of displaced natives fought settlers moving west 1851 - 1851 - Treaty of Fort LaramieTreaty of Fort Laramie between U.S. government & native- between U.S. government & native-

American nationsAmerican nations- Native Americans gained control of Central Plains- Native Americans gained control of Central Plains- Promised not to attack settlers- Promised not to attack settlers- U.S. pledged to honor boundaries- U.S. pledged to honor boundaries

Settlers increased & depleted buffalo & elkSettlers increased & depleted buffalo & elk U.S. violated treatyU.S. violated treaty

Resolving Territorial DisputesResolving Territorial Disputes Parts of Northern border Parts of Northern border

of the United States were of the United States were disputed by the U.S. and disputed by the U.S. and Great BritainGreat Britain

Early 1840s – Britain still Early 1840s – Britain still claimed parts of modern claimed parts of modern day Maine and Minnesota day Maine and Minnesota - 1842 - - 1842 - Webster-Webster-Ashburton TreatyAshburton Treaty settled border disputes in settled border disputes in East & MidwestEast & Midwest

Continued to jointly Continued to jointly occupy the Oregon occupy the Oregon TerritoryTerritory

Resolving Territorial DisputesResolving Territorial Disputes

Election of 1844 – Democrat James K. Polk presidential Election of 1844 – Democrat James K. Polk presidential platform called for the annexation of the entire Oregon platform called for the annexation of the entire Oregon Territory Territory - - “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!”“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” slogan calls for slogan calls for annexation of Oregonannexation of Oregon

1846 - U.S & Britain agreed to extend boundary west 1846 - U.S & Britain agreed to extend boundary west along 49th parallelalong 49th parallel- Britain’s interest in area waned as fur trade declined- Britain’s interest in area waned as fur trade declined- Polk’s advisors deemed the land north of the 49th - Polk’s advisors deemed the land north of the 49th parallel unsuitable for parallel unsuitable for

agriculture agriculture

Section 3Section 3Expansion in TexasExpansion in Texas

Mexico offers land grants to American Mexico offers land grants to American settlers, but conflict develops over religion settlers, but conflict develops over religion

and other cultural differences, and the and other cultural differences, and the issue of slaveryissue of slavery

Changes in the Spanish Changes in the Spanish BorderlandsBorderlands

June 30, 1821 – Mexico June 30, 1821 – Mexico gained its independence gained its independence from Spainfrom Spain

Agustin de IturbideAgustin de Iturbide became emperor became emperor

Antonio Lopez de Santa Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaAnna led a revolt against led a revolt against Iturbide’s harsh ruleIturbide’s harsh rule

- Santa Anna would rule - Santa Anna would rule off and on for 30 years off and on for 30 years

Opening up the BorderOpening up the Border

Mexico opened up its border to trade with the Mexico opened up its border to trade with the U.S.A. U.S.A.

- Spain hadn’t allowed foreigners or foreign trade - Spain hadn’t allowed foreigners or foreign trade within it border provinces within it border provinces

Mexican Government set two conditionsMexican Government set two conditions

- Settlers had to covert to Catholicism and - Settlers had to covert to Catholicism and become Mexican citizens become Mexican citizens

American traders saw an opportunity for profit in American traders saw an opportunity for profit in the Santa Fe in the province of New Mexicothe Santa Fe in the province of New Mexico

Opening up the BorderOpening up the Border

William BecknellWilliam Becknell of of Missouri led a Missouri led a caravan of traders to caravan of traders to Santa FeSanta Fe

- Hardware, cloth, - Hardware, cloth, needles, and Chinaneedles, and China

- Becknell became - Becknell became known as the father of known as the father of the Santa Fe Trailthe Santa Fe Trail

Opening up the BorderOpening up the Border

Santa Fe TrailSanta Fe Trail- busy - busy trade route; trade route; Independence, MO to Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NMSanta Fe, NM

- First 150 miles - First 150 miles wagons go alone, wagons go alone, then band together for then band together for protectionprotection

Opening up the BorderOpening up the Border

1824 – Becknell became the 11824 – Becknell became the 1stst western trader western trader to carry his goods in a Conestoga Wagon to carry his goods in a Conestoga Wagon - Called - Called Prairie schoonersPrairie schooners in the West in the West- Carried about 5,000 pounds of goods- Carried about 5,000 pounds of goods- Pulled by three pares of oxen, mules, or horses - Pulled by three pares of oxen, mules, or horses

Many Americans who crossed into New Many Americans who crossed into New Mexico’s Rio Grande Valley decided to stay Mexico’s Rio Grande Valley decided to stay - Built mills and brick kilns- Built mills and brick kilns- Blacksmiths, tinsmiths, and gunsmith skills - Blacksmiths, tinsmiths, and gunsmith skills brought prosperity to New Mexicobrought prosperity to New Mexico

Changing CaliforniaChanging California

1833 - Mexico’s government ordered that 1833 - Mexico’s government ordered that missionaries turn over half of their lands to the missionaries turn over half of their lands to the IndiansIndians

Land ended up in the hands of Land ended up in the hands of RancherosRancheros – – landowners who lived on large ranchos or large landowners who lived on large ranchos or large land grants awarded by the government land grants awarded by the government

Ranchos were like feudal statesRanchos were like feudal states

- Indians worked for food, clothing and shelter- Indians worked for food, clothing and shelter Began trading with the U.S.A. Began trading with the U.S.A.

Texas BorderlandTexas Borderland

1821 – Texas had about 4000 1821 – Texas had about 4000 TejanosTejanos (Mexicans living in Texas)(Mexicans living in Texas)

Rancheros grew rich rounding up wild Longhorn Rancheros grew rich rounding up wild Longhorn cattle and killing them for their hidescattle and killing them for their hides

- Wore wide brimmed hats, leather straps, and - Wore wide brimmed hats, leather straps, and heeled bootsheeled boots

LonghornsLonghorns were a tough breed were a tough breed

- Could travel for miles without water, run fast, - Could travel for miles without water, run fast, and survive extreme hot or cold and survive extreme hot or cold

Anglo-Americans in TexasAnglo-Americans in Texas 1821 – 1821 – Moses AustinMoses Austin

received a land grant from the received a land grant from the Spanish government to settle Spanish government to settle in Texasin Texas (Before (Before Mexican independence)Mexican independence)- Spain hoped they would - Spain hoped they would protect territory from illegal protect territory from illegal American settlers and American settlers and Comanche Indians Comanche Indians

Moses Austin Died and his Moses Austin Died and his son son Stephen AustinStephen Austin led the led the settlers into Texassettlers into Texas

grow as a result of illegal grow as a result of illegal immigrantsimmigrants

Anglo-Americans in TexasAnglo-Americans in Texas Other people received land grants to carry settlers to Texas (Texas Other people received land grants to carry settlers to Texas (Texas

Boomed)Boomed) 1830 – Population had grown to about 30,000 1830 – Population had grown to about 30,000

- Anglo- Americans outnumbered Tejanos- Anglo- Americans outnumbered Tejanos - Both Free African settlers and slaves (90% were slaves) - Both Free African settlers and slaves (90% were slaves) U.S. wanted to buy lands south to Rio Grande but Mexico refused to U.S. wanted to buy lands south to Rio Grande but Mexico refused to

sell Texassell Texas Anglo-Americans had agreed to become Mexican citizensAnglo-Americans had agreed to become Mexican citizens

- Still thought like Americans - Still thought like Americans - Held onto strong ideas about freedoms - Held onto strong ideas about freedoms - Angered when Mexico ended slavery- Angered when Mexico ended slavery

1830 – Mexico closed Texas to Anglo-American settlers1830 – Mexico closed Texas to Anglo-American settlers- Placed high tariffs on American goods- Placed high tariffs on American goods- Anglo- American population in Texas continued to- Anglo- American population in Texas continued to

The Texas RevolutionThe Texas Revolution 1832 – 1832 – Sam HoustonSam Houston

moved to Austin Texasmoved to Austin Texas Tension between Tension between

Mexican Government and Mexican Government and Texas settlersTexas settlers- Settlers were angry that - Settlers were angry that Texas wasn’t a separate Texas wasn’t a separate state within Mexicostate within Mexico- Objected to being forced - Objected to being forced to covert to Catholicism to covert to Catholicism - Hated laws that banned - Hated laws that banned American immigration American immigration and placed high tariffs on and placed high tariffs on American goodsAmerican goods

The Texas RevolutionThe Texas Revolution

New immigrants wanted to break from MexicoNew immigrants wanted to break from Mexico

- Hoped U.S. government would help- Hoped U.S. government would help Stephen Austin didn’t want to break his promise Stephen Austin didn’t want to break his promise

to the Mexican government to the Mexican government Austin persuaded Santa Anna to lift restrictions Austin persuaded Santa Anna to lift restrictions

on immigration on immigration Local Legislature allowed the settlers to practice Local Legislature allowed the settlers to practice

their own religion and approved the use of their own religion and approved the use of English in public documents English in public documents

War Breaks Out in TexasWar Breaks Out in Texas

1834 - Santa Anna became dictator1834 - Santa Anna became dictator- Ruled without any regard to laws or people’s rights - Ruled without any regard to laws or people’s rights

Wanted to strengthen his control over TexasWanted to strengthen his control over Texas - Sent more troops and tax collectors - Sent more troops and tax collectors Army and settlers fought over cannon used for Army and settlers fought over cannon used for

protection against the Indians protection against the Indians - Texans hung a white flag over it that said “come and - Texans hung a white flag over it that said “come and take it”take it”

December 1843 – Texans drove army from the AlamoDecember 1843 – Texans drove army from the Alamo Santa Anna led 6000 troops to TexasSanta Anna led 6000 troops to Texas

Battle of the AlamoBattle of the Alamo 150 men held the 150 men held the AlamoAlamo Force included Force included William William

Travis, Davy Crockett, Travis, Davy Crockett, and Jim Bowieand Jim Bowie

February 23, 1836 – February 23, 1836 – Santa Anna attacked Santa Anna attacked San AntonioSan Antonio - Flew a red flag (No - Flew a red flag (No mercy would be shown, mercy would be shown, no prisoners taken)no prisoners taken) - Texans responded by - Texans responded by firing a cannonfiring a cannon

Battle of the AlamoBattle of the Alamo

February 24, 1836 – February 24, 1836 – Siege of the Alamo beganSiege of the Alamo began- Settlers held the army - Settlers held the army off for 12 daysoff for 12 days- 13- 13thth day – Santa Anna day – Santa Anna ordered his troops to go ordered his troops to go over the wallover the wall- Settlers ran out of - Settlers ran out of ammunition ammunition - Fought hand-to-hand- - Fought hand-to-hand- combatcombat

Battle of the AlamoBattle of the Alamo

183 Settlers were killed183 Settlers were killedWomen and Children were sparedWomen and Children were sparedSusan Dickenson was sent to Susan Dickenson was sent to

Sam Houston with a message Sam Houston with a message that said any other revolt would that said any other revolt would be put down just as harshlybe put down just as harshly

The Defeat of Santa AnnaThe Defeat of Santa Anna

After Alamo Mexican forces attacked After Alamo Mexican forces attacked Texas forces led by James Fannin at Texas forces led by James Fannin at GoliadGoliad

- Texans surrendered - Texans surrendered Santa Anna had all of the prisoners killedSanta Anna had all of the prisoners killed

- Thought it would destroy Mexican - Thought it would destroy Mexican resistance resistance

The Defeat of Santa AnnaThe Defeat of Santa Anna Santa Anna went after Santa Anna went after

last remaining force led last remaining force led by Sam Houston by Sam Houston

April 21, 1836 – April 21, 1836 – Houston's forces Houston's forces surprised attacked and surprised attacked and defeated Santa Anna in defeated Santa Anna in the afternoonthe afternoon- - “Remember the “Remember the Alamo”Alamo”

Battle of San JacintoBattle of San Jacinto – – Texas won its Texas won its independenceindependence

The Lone Star RepublicThe Lone Star Republic

September 1836 – Texas raised a flag with a September 1836 – Texas raised a flag with a single starsingle star

- - Lone Star RepublicLone Star Republic 1836 – Texas asked Congress to be annexed 1836 – Texas asked Congress to be annexed United States refused Texas requestUnited States refused Texas request

- Northern Sates opposed another slave state - Northern Sates opposed another slave state (Balance in Congress) (Balance in Congress)

- Some government leaders feared that - Some government leaders feared that annexing Texas would mean war with Mexicoannexing Texas would mean war with Mexico

Section 4Section 4The War with MexicoThe War with Mexico

Tensions over the U.S. annexation of Tensions over the U.S. annexation of Texas leads to war with Mexico, Texas leads to war with Mexico,

resulting in huge territorial gains for the resulting in huge territorial gains for the United States.United States.

Election 1844Election 1844 Annexing Texas was a Annexing Texas was a

major issuemajor issue Henry ClayHenry Clay opposed opposed

annexing itannexing it - Didn’t want a war with - Didn’t want a war with

MexicoMexico James PolkJames Polk supported supported

the annexation of Texasthe annexation of Texas - Also supported the re-- Also supported the re-

occupation of the occupation of the northern territory to gain northern territory to gain northern support (Fifty-northern support (Fifty-Four Forty or Fight)Four Forty or Fight)

Election 1844Election 1844 Many Americans felt it was our the nation’s Many Americans felt it was our the nation’s

destiny to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific destiny to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific (Manifest Destiny) (Manifest Destiny) - Meant taking Oregon, California and Texas- Meant taking Oregon, California and Texas

1844 – Polk became President and Manifest 1844 – Polk became President and Manifest Destiny became government policy Destiny became government policy

1846 – U.S. and Britain and agree to divide the 1846 – U.S. and Britain and agree to divide the Oregon country at the 49th parallel Oregon country at the 49th parallel

- Already reached from- Already reached from Great Lakes to Rocky Great Lakes to Rocky MountainsMountains

Trouble with TexasTrouble with Texas December 1845 –Texas entered the Union after being December 1845 –Texas entered the Union after being

annexedannexed U.S. and Mexico disputed the southern border of TexasU.S. and Mexico disputed the southern border of Texas

- U.S. claimed Rio Grande River- U.S. claimed Rio Grande River- Mexico claimed Nueces River - Mexico claimed Nueces River

President Polk sent President Polk sent John SlidellJohn Slidell to buy Southwest & to buy Southwest & negotiate Texas bordernegotiate Texas border Santa Anna had been ousted & Mexican government Santa Anna had been ousted & Mexican government

was unstablewas unstable ignored Slidellignored Slidell

January 1846 – New Mexican government claimed the January 1846 – New Mexican government claimed the border was father north border was father north - Sabine River- Sabine River

Trouble with TexasTrouble with Texas

General Zachary TaylorGeneral Zachary Taylor led American forces into led American forces into disputed territorydisputed territory

Attacked by Mexican forcesAttacked by Mexican forces

- 9 Americans killed- 9 Americans killed

- Polk sent war - Polk sent war message to Congress & message to Congress & withholds factswithholds facts

- Congress approved - Congress approved war& stifles opposition war& stifles opposition

Trouble with TexasTrouble with Texas

May 1846 – U.S. declares WarMay 1846 – U.S. declares War (Mexican War)(Mexican War) South and West supported warSouth and West supported war

- Northeast opposed it (called it a war of conquest) - Northeast opposed it (called it a war of conquest) - - Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau – Went to jail for refusing to pay – Went to jail for refusing to pay taxes to support Mexican wartaxes to support Mexican war

(His practice of passive resistance later influenced (His practice of passive resistance later influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.)Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.)

Polk’s war plan was to seize New Mexico and CaliforniaPolk’s war plan was to seize New Mexico and California Stephen KearneyStephen Kearney led forces into Santa Fe led forces into Santa Fe

- Took New Mexico without firing a shot- Took New Mexico without firing a shot- Headed for California- Headed for California

Bear Flag RevoltBear Flag Revolt John C. FremontJohn C. Fremont led a led a

rebellion against Mexican rebellion against Mexican authority in Californiaauthority in California

Seized the Mexican leader Seized the Mexican leader Mariano Vallejo and threw him Mariano Vallejo and threw him in jailin jail- Made a flag with a grizzly - Made a flag with a grizzly bear and a single star and bear and a single star and declared California thedeclared California the Bear Bear Flag RepublicFlag Republic or or Republic of Republic of CaliforniaCalifornia

1846 – Kearney’s troops joined 1846 – Kearney’s troops joined the Americans rebellingthe Americans rebelling

1847 – Americans controlled 1847 – Americans controlled CaliforniaCalifornia

Defeating MexicoDefeating Mexico U.S. Forces invaded MexicoU.S. Forces invaded Mexico Zachary TaylorZachary Taylor led forces led forces

South from Texas South from Texas - Defeated Santa Anna’s - Defeated Santa Anna’s troops troops

Winfield ScottWinfield Scott landed at landed at Veracruz and moved inland Veracruz and moved inland toward Mexico Citytoward Mexico City- Killed 1,000 Mexican soldiers - Killed 1,000 Mexican soldiers and 100 cadets at and 100 cadets at Chapultepec Chapultepec - 1847 – conquered Mexico - 1847 – conquered Mexico City City

Defeating MexicoDefeating Mexico

Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the warended the war- Mexico accepted Rio Grande - Mexico accepted Rio Grande as its northern border as its northern border - Mexico gave up a vast - Mexico gave up a vast stretch of land between Texas stretch of land between Texas and the Pacific Ocean that and the Pacific Ocean that included present day states of included present day states of California, Nevada, Utah, and California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming, Colorado, parts of Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona New Mexico and Arizona (Mexican Cession)(Mexican Cession)

Defeating MexicoDefeating Mexico

Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase (1853) – U.S. purchased (1853) – U.S. purchased strip of land across strip of land across southern New Mexico southern New Mexico and Arizona for $10 and Arizona for $10 millionmillion

- Completed the present-- Completed the present-day southwestern day southwestern boundary of the United boundary of the United States States

Election of 1848Election of 1848

Democrats divided over extension of slaveryDemocrats divided over extension of slavery Nominated Nominated Lewis CassLewis Cass and hesitated about the and hesitated about the

extension of slavery into the territoryextension of slavery into the territory Small group of antislavery Democrats nominated Small group of antislavery Democrats nominated

Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren to lead then to lead then Free Soil PartyFree Soil Party

- He won 10% of the vote - He won 10% of the vote Whig nominee Whig nominee Zachary TaylorZachary Taylor easily won the easily won the

electionelection

- He was a war hero - He was a war hero

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush January 1848 – January 1848 – James James

MarshallMarshall discovered gold at discovered gold at John Sutter’s MillJohn Sutter’s Mill

1849 – 1849 – California Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush - People who rushed to - People who rushed to California looking for gold were California looking for gold were called called Forty-ninersForty-niners- Most Forty-niners were men - Most Forty-niners were men looking to get rich quick and looking to get rich quick and return home return home - Some women earned money - Some women earned money cooking, washing and running cooking, washing and running boarding houses boarding houses

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush

Mining Camps Mining Camps developed along developed along stream and rivers of stream and rivers of the Sierra Nevada the Sierra Nevada foothills foothills

- Populations rose - Populations rose and disappeared and disappeared quickly in quickly in BoomtownsBoomtowns

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush

People from all over the went to California People from all over the went to California (especially (especially ChineseChinese) )

- Chinese came as indentured servants- Chinese came as indentured servants

- Faced prejudice and were forced out of - Faced prejudice and were forced out of the mining campsthe mining camps

- Many found jobs cooking and washing - Many found jobs cooking and washing clothesclothes

Effects of the Gold RushEffects of the Gold Rush 1849 – 1852 – ¼ of a million 1849 – 1852 – ¼ of a million

people migrated to Californiapeople migrated to California San Francisco became a San Francisco became a

major banking, manufacturing, major banking, manufacturing, and trading center and trading center

Anglo-American culture Anglo-American culture replaced Mexican culturereplaced Mexican culture

Indian population dropped Indian population dropped - Many were hunted down and - Many were hunted down and killed (Progress)killed (Progress)

1850 – California applied for 1850 – California applied for statehood as a free statestatehood as a free state- 1850s – Issue of slavery - 1850s – Issue of slavery begins to tear the nation apartbegins to tear the nation apart