THE RISE OF INTERCHANGEABLE THE RISE OF INTERCHANGEABLE PARTSPARTS

Remember the story of Chauncey Remember the story of Chauncey JeromeJerome Started as an apprentice for a master Started as an apprentice for a master

clockmakerclockmaker Started on company by age of 24 and Started on company by age of 24 and

realized he could mass produce clocks realized he could mass produce clocks by using interchangeable parts.by using interchangeable parts.

Prices dropped from $20 to $2Prices dropped from $20 to $2

A. Situation at outset of nineteenth century1. Market revolution already underway2. Widespread isolation from markets

a. Reasons forb. Young Lincoln’s illustration

1. Formsa. Toll roads; “turnpikes”b. Steamboatsc. Canals

i. Erie Canalii. Competing canal projects

d. Railroadse. Telegraph

TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION

The National Road – Cumberland, Md. The National Road – Cumberland, Md. To Vandalia, Ill. 1818 - 1839To Vandalia, Ill. 1818 - 1839

TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION

The Steamboat – 1807 Robert Fulton The Steamboat – 1807 Robert Fulton – – The ClermontThe Clermont traveled up the traveled up the Hudson River – Why important?Hudson River – Why important?

Later will help improve transportation Later will help improve transportation on the Mississippi R. on the Mississippi R.

Canals- To carry corn and wheat and Canals- To carry corn and wheat and manufactured goods – Canal systemmanufactured goods – Canal system

Robert Fulton & the Robert Fulton & the SteamboatSteamboat

Robert Fulton & the Robert Fulton & the SteamboatSteamboat

The Clermont

THE ERIE CANALTHE ERIE CANAL

11stst major engineering feat in major engineering feat in America. America.

Supported by the New York City Supported by the New York City Merchants, Gov. DeWitt Clinton, and Merchants, Gov. DeWitt Clinton, and the tax payers.the tax payers.

Moved millions of cubic yards of dirt, Moved millions of cubic yards of dirt, quarry rocks and build locks to raise quarry rocks and build locks to raise and lower boatsand lower boats

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal SystemErie Canal SystemErie Canal System

The Erie Canal, 1820sThe Erie Canal, 1820sThe Erie Canal, 1820sThe Erie Canal, 1820s

THE ERIE CANALTHE ERIE CANAL

Brought prosperity to central and Brought prosperity to central and western New Yorkwestern New York

Towns and industries developed Towns and industries developed along the routealong the route

Led to a canal building boomLed to a canal building boom

In 1830 the first American-built locomotives were put into regular operation on the Baltimore and Ohio, Charleston and Hamburg, and Mohawk and Hudson railroads

Vested interests, including turnpike and bridge companies, stagecoaches, ferries, and canals, sought laws to prohibit trains from carrying freight

After 1830 that railroads were destined to become the nation's chief means of moving freight.

During the 1830s, construction companies laid down 3,328 miles of track, roughly equal to all the miles of canals in the country.

With an average speed of 10 miles an hour, railroads were faster than other vehicles and could travel in any season.

The transportation revolution sharply reduced the cost of shipping goods to market and stimulated agriculture and industry.

New roads, canals, and railroads speeded the pace of commerce and strengthened ties between the East and West.

During the 1790s, it took 3 weeks for a letter to travel from New York to Cincinnati or Detroit and 4 weeks to arrive in New Orleans.

In 1799 it took 1 week for news of George Washington's death to reach New York City from Virginia.

A decade and a half later, it still took 49 days for word of the peace treaty ending the War of 1812 to reach New York from London.

As early as the 1720s, it was known that electricity could be conducted along a wire to convey messages

Iit was not until 1844 that an American artist and inventor named Samuel F. B. Morse demonstrated the practicality of the telegraph and devised a workable code for sending messages

Consequencesa. Opening of interior to

settlement, commerceb. Lower transportation costsc. Spread of instant, long-distance

communicationd. Linkage of western farmers to

distant markets

1. Pace and magnitude2. Contributing factors

a. Industrial demand for cottonb. Invention of cotton ginc. Opening of Deep South to white settlement

3. Revitalization and spread of plantation slaverya. Growth of domestic slave tradeb. Consequences for slavesc. Consequences for South’s social and

economic development

Commercialization of northwest farming1. Eastern markets2. Transportation networks3. Availability of credit4. Improved farm machinery

Growth of cities1. Place on western frontier2. Pace of growth

From craft production to mass production1. Decline of artisan tradition

a. Larger workshopsb. Subdivision of tasksc. Increased supervision

GROWTH CITIES AND TOWNSGROWTH CITIES AND TOWNS

Chicago – fastest growing boom townChicago – fastest growing boom town ClevelandCleveland DetroitDetroit BuffaloBuffalo St. Louis – 2St. Louis – 2ndnd fastest growing boom fastest growing boom

towntown

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Individuals efforts to make industrial Individuals efforts to make industrial changeschanges

Leads to a new economic era, but Leads to a new economic era, but also led to class-divided societyalso led to class-divided society

DIVISION OF LABOR IN THE DIVISION OF LABOR IN THE FACTORYFACTORY

Take semi-skilled workers and teach Take semi-skilled workers and teach the employee a specific task. the employee a specific task.

No longer a master cobbler in shoe No longer a master cobbler in shoe factories, but mass production of factories, but mass production of product.product.

Leads to lower prices.Leads to lower prices.

PORKOPOLISPORKOPOLIS

SAMUEL SLATERSAMUEL SLATER FATHER OF THE INDUSTRIAL FATHER OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

British government forbade anyone British government forbade anyone migrating to the America’s who were migrating to the America’s who were textile mechanics .textile mechanics .

Slater comes to the U.S. in 1789 Slater comes to the U.S. in 1789 having memorized Richard having memorized Richard Arkwright's spinning frame plans. Arkwright's spinning frame plans.

Worked with Moses Brown in Worked with Moses Brown in Providence Rhode Island. Providence Rhode Island.

SAMUEL SLATERSAMUEL SLATER FATHER OF THE INDUSTRIAL FATHER OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

FYIFYI

Before machinery, thread was spun Before machinery, thread was spun by unmarried women, orphan girls, by unmarried women, orphan girls, and widows with no prospects for and widows with no prospects for remarriage. Thus the term for remarriage. Thus the term for unmarried women became “spinster”unmarried women became “spinster”

THE LOWELL FACTORY GIRLSTHE LOWELL FACTORY GIRLS

Francis Cabot Lowell went to England Francis Cabot Lowell went to England and stole the best of the ideas of the and stole the best of the ideas of the British Factory SystemBritish Factory System

Opens factories in Waltham, Opens factories in Waltham, MassachusettsMassachusetts

Built the largest and fastest mill in the Built the largest and fastest mill in the world.world.

To lower prices, recruit farm girls and To lower prices, recruit farm girls and women to work in the millwomen to work in the mill

THE LOWELL FACTORY GIRLSTHE LOWELL FACTORY GIRLS

Provide boarding houses and cultural Provide boarding houses and cultural activitiesactivities

Strict curfews and prohibition of Strict curfews and prohibition of alcoholalcohol

Work 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. Work 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. Most sent money home to help the Most sent money home to help the familyfamily

Created a competitive textile industry Created a competitive textile industry

THE LOWELL FACTORY GIRLSTHE LOWELL FACTORY GIRLS

LOWELL FACTORY GIRLLOWELL FACTORY GIRL

Oh! isn't it a pity, such a pretty girl Oh! isn't it a pity, such a pretty girl as Ias IShould be sent to the factory to pine Should be sent to the factory to pine away and die?away and die?Oh! I cannot be a slave, I will not be Oh! I cannot be a slave, I will not be a slave,a slave,For I'm so fond of liberty,For I'm so fond of liberty,That I cannot be a slave. That I cannot be a slave.

LOWELL FACTORY GIRLLOWELL FACTORY GIRL

We must leave our looms. We are daughters of free men We must leave our looms. We are daughters of free men and are being forced to work under conditions that and are being forced to work under conditions that approach slavery. Do we need this money so badly that we approach slavery. Do we need this money so badly that we will submit to these inhumane working conditions while this will submit to these inhumane working conditions while this aristocracy of mill owners lives off the profits of our sweat? aristocracy of mill owners lives off the profits of our sweat? Are we not entitled to reasonable breaks in our toil to eat Are we not entitled to reasonable breaks in our toil to eat our meals as decent people do - not racing to our our meals as decent people do - not racing to our boardinghouses and bolting our food like piglets at the boardinghouses and bolting our food like piglets at the trough? And is it not reasonable to limit the workday to ten trough? And is it not reasonable to limit the workday to ten hours so we have time in the evenings to improve our hours so we have time in the evenings to improve our minds as we were promised? WE must prevent our sex from minds as we were promised? WE must prevent our sex from being made into living machines to do the bidding of being made into living machines to do the bidding of incorporated aristocrats and reduced to a sum for their incorporated aristocrats and reduced to a sum for their services hardly sufficient to keep soul and body together. services hardly sufficient to keep soul and body together. The mill managers have been deaf to our petitions and our The mill managers have been deaf to our petitions and our rallies. They will only hear us when the factories are stilled rallies. They will only hear us when the factories are stilled by workers leaving their looms to secure their dignity and by workers leaving their looms to secure their dignity and their rights their rights

Initial featuresi. Large concentrations of

workersii. Centralized supervisioniii. Water poweriv. Power-driven machineryv. “Outwork”

Evolving featuresi. Steam powerii. Widening range of

locationsiii. Widening range of goodsiv. Interchangeable partsv. Standardized products

Regional variationsi. Concentration of early

industry in New Englandii. Small-scale manufacturing

elsewhere in Northiii. Minimal industrialization

in South

1. Sharpening of line between work time and leisure time

2. From labor’s “price” to labor’s “wage”

3. Early aversion of working men to wage labor

4. Women at Lowell

CHANGES IN SOCIAL STRUCTURECHANGES IN SOCIAL STRUCTURE

New Urban PoorNew Urban Poor By 1840 half of the native born freemen By 1840 half of the native born freemen

were working for otherswere working for others They had money for food and rent and They had money for food and rent and

not for muchnot for much Lived in slums amid great squalor and Lived in slums amid great squalor and

verminvermin Mass consumption of alcohol added to Mass consumption of alcohol added to

the squalor the squalor

1. Flow of (Push Pull Factors)2. Factors behind

a. Access to jobs and land in Northb. Displacement of peasants and

craft workers in Europec. Advances in long-distance traveld. Appeal of American freedomse. Irish potato famine

Experience ofa. Irishb. Germansc. Others

Rise of Nativisma. Chapter in ongoing American anxiety over

immigrationb. Perception of Irish as subversive to ideals

of democratic republicc. Anti-immigrant initiatives

i. Riotsii. Electoral campaigns

IMMIGRATIONIMMIGRATION

Large rise of CatholicismLarge rise of Catholicism Leads to NativismLeads to Nativism

Protestantism worried about thisProtestantism worried about this Samuel Morse wrote books about the Samuel Morse wrote books about the

conspiracy of the Catholic Churchconspiracy of the Catholic Church Boston – Burning of conventsBoston – Burning of convents Philadelphia – Riots when the Catholic Bishop Philadelphia – Riots when the Catholic Bishop

persuaded the schools to add a Catholic Bible persuaded the schools to add a Catholic Bible along with the Protestant Biblealong with the Protestant Bible

Blamed Immigrants for job losses among the Blamed Immigrants for job losses among the poor Protestantspoor Protestants

Founding of the Know Nothing PartyFounding of the Know Nothing Party

1.Corporate charters – investors and directors are not liable for corporate debt

Limited liability2.Charters as contracts3.Rejection of state-sponsored monopoly4. Support for state-sponsored competition6.Exculpation of companies for property

damage7.Affirmation of employer power at workplace8.Criminalization of strikes

Competition and material advancement as measures of

“freedom”1. The “self-made man”

Beneficiaries of market revolution1. Wealthy bankers, merchants, industrialists, planters2. Middle-class employees3. Successful farmers4. Successful craftsmen5. Professionals

Discriminatory barriers to opportunitya. Forms – could practice as an artisan.b. Impetus behind – thought they would work for lessc. Impact on black status

downward spiral economically.d. The West?

1. Decline of home as realm of economic production2. The “cult of domesticity”

a. Separate spheresb. Distinctive ideals of femininity and

masculinity3. Wage-earning women

a. Limited rights and optionsb. Meager terms of labor

4. Middle-class womena. Domestic respectabilityb. Freedom from household labor

1. Acquisitiveness as threat to public good

2. Cycle of boom and bust3. Irregular employment4. Widening inequalities of living

standards5. Erosion of craft skills6. Specter of wage dependency; “wage

slavery”