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Enlightenment and Revolution

Chapter 22

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The Scientific Revolution

Section 1

Nicolaus Copernicus

Johannes Kepler

Galileo Galilei

Francis Bacon

Isaac Newton

Zacharias Janssen

Scientific Revolution

Causes of the Scientific

Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus

Studied planetary movements Reasoned that the stars and planets revolve around

the sun Idea became known as the heliocentric theory

Johannes Kepler

Brilliant mathematician Used the data of Tycho Brahe to prove the accuracy

of Copernicus’s ideas about the motion of the planets

Galileo Galilei

Scientific discoveries Proposed the heliocentric theory

Sun-centered theory Law of the pendulum Falling objects accelerate at fixed predictable rates

Francis Bacon

Helped develop the scientific method

Isaac Newton

Great mathematician and physicist Brought together theories and discoveries of

Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion called the law of universal gravitation All physical objects are affected equally by the same

forces

Zacharias Janssen

Invented the microscope Made the Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries

possible

Scientific Revolution

Caused improvements in medicine and scientific instruments

What was so revolutionary

about the Scientific

Revolution?

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The Enlightenment in Europe

Section 2

Hobbes

Locke

Philosophes

Voltaire

Montesquieu

Rousseau

Cesare Beccaria

Mary Wollstonecraft

Thomas Hobbes

Contradicted the ideas of the U.S. constitution

Social contract Explained the idea of direct democracy

John Locke

Political thinker

Felt people are reasonable

Supported self-government

Argued that the purpose of government is to protect people’s natural rights If government can’t protect natural rights- people

can overthrow it

What influence did the ideas of John

Locke have on the Declaration of Independence?

Philosophes

Believed in progress for all of society Used reason to address social issues

Voltaire

Fought for tolerance, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech Got him into trouble with the clergy, aristocracy, and

the government of France

Montesquieu

Devoted to the study of political liberty

Wrote On the Spirit of the Laws Proposed that separation of powers would keep any

individual or group from gaining total control of a government Influenced the Constitution

How? Separation of powers

Rousseau

Had many disagreements with other philosophers Many philosophers believed that reason, science,

and art improved the lives of all people He argued that civilization corrupts people’s natural

goodness

Cesare Beccaria

Greatly influenced criminal law reformers

Argued against the use of torture and other common abuses of justice

Mary Wollstonecraft

Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women Presented an argument for the education of women Declared that women should have the same political

rights as men

What were some of the most important

effects of the Enlightenment?

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The Enlightenment Spreads

Chapter 22.3

Fredrick II (Great)

Joseph II

Catherine the Great

Fredrick II (Great)

Ruled Prussia as an enlightenment despot

Supported freedom of worship

Joseph II

Ruled Austria as an enlightened despot

Abolished serfdom

Catherine the Great

Ruled Russia as an enlightened despot Believed a monarch should have absolute authority* Gave nobility absolute power over the serfs

Brutally crushed a massive uprising of serfs

Why do you think

Catherine the Great was

attracted to the ideas of

the philosophes?

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The American Revolution

Section 4

Thomas Jefferson

Constitutional Convention

Articles of Confederation

Congress

Bill of Rights

Scientific Revolution

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Constitutional Convention

Occurred after the American Revolution

Articles of Confederation

Created the first national government of the 13 individual states in North America

Congress

Created by the Articles of Confederation

Bill of Rights

Influences Voltaire John Locke Jean Jacques Rousseau

Scientific Revolution

Influenced the American Revolution How?

Questioned assumptions that led to challenging ideas about government

Enlightenment ideas

U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights