Aabsorb: to take in.accounting: the area in which financial affairs

employees keep records of the financialtransactions of the company.

active collectors: solar collectors that usepumps to circulate the water that collects,stores, and distributes the heat they con-vert from solar energy.

activist: an individual who uses public opin-ion to shape practices and societal values.

actuating: initiating the work related to anaction plan.

adhesive bonding: a bonding technique thatuses substances with high adhesive forcesto hold parts together.

adjusting devices: devices that modify a sys-tem to produce better outputs.

adjustment: the step in the repair process inwhich misaligned parts are adjusted.

advertising: an activity that includes the printand electronic messages that promote acompany or its products.

aerobic exercise: exercise that uses oxygen tokeep large muscle groups movingcontinuously.

agricultural and related biotechnologies: thetechnologies used in growing food andproducing natural fibers.

agriculture: people using materials, informa-tion, and machines to produce food andnatural fibers.

agriculture technology: a technology that usesmachines and equipment to help plant,grow, and harvest crops and to raiselivestock.

air transportation: systems that use airplanesand helicopters to lift passengers and cargointo the air so that they can be moved fromplace to place.

airfoil: an object designed to produce somedirectional motion when in movement rel-ative to the air.

altering: extending the useful life of a product.alternating current: the flow of electrons in

both directions along a conductor, revers-ing at regular intervals.

alumina: aluminum oxide. It is the input to thesecond phase of making aluminum.

amplitude: the height of a wave. It measuresthe strength of the wave.

amplitude modulation: a system that mergesa message onto a carrier wave by chang-ing the strength of the carrier signal.

anaerobic digestion: a controlled decayingprocess that takes place without oxygen.

anaerobic exercise: exercise that involvesheavy work by a limited number of muscles.

analytical systems: systems that mathemati-cally or scientifically make comparisons.

animal husbandry: the type of agriculturethat involves breeding, feeding, and train-ing animals.

annealing: a process used to soften andremove internal stress in a part.

antibiotics: substances derived from microor-ganisms that are able to kill othermicroorganisms.

apogee: the farthest distance away from theearth.

appearance: a factor to consider before buyinga product.

applied research: a type of research that seeksto reach a commercial goal by selecting,using, and adapting knowledge gatheredduring basic research.

apprenticeship training: a program throughwhich highly skilled workers are developed.

aquaculture: growing and harvesting waterorganisms in controlled conditions.

aquifers: underground water-bearing layers ofrock, sand, or gravel.

arbors: spindles or shafts used to hold tablesaw blades and milling cutters.

arch bridges: bridges that use curved membersto support the deck.

architectural drawings: documents used tospecify characteristics of buildings andother structures.

area: the size of the surface an object covers.armature: the inner magnet in an electric

motor. It is an electromagnet that canrotate.

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articles of incorporation: an application for acorporate charter.

artifacts: objects made by humans.artificial intelligence (AI): intelligence exhib-

ited by a manufatured device or system.aseptic packaging: a process that uses heat to

separately sterilize a food and its package.assembling: the manufacturing process in

which materials and parts are broughttogether to make a finished product.

assembling processes: processes that connectparts together to make assemblies andproducts.

assembly drawings: engineering drawingsthat show how parts fit together.

audience assessment: actions that study audi-ence needs and wants. It is the first step inthe process of communication design.

audio: sound.authority: the right to direct actions.automatic control systems: systems that can

monitor, compare, and adjust a systemwithout human interference.

automatic transmissions: transmissions thatuse valves to change hydraulic pressure sothe transmission shifts its input and out-put ratios.

avionics: the instruments that help pilots mon-itor and properly control aircraft.

Bbackbones: fiber-optic communication lines

built by large communications companiesto connect regions in their systems.

balance: the design principle of having theinformation on both sides of a centerlineappear equal in visual weight.

baler: a machine used to gather, compact, andcontain hay.

ballast: extra weight added to a locomotive togive it better traction.

band saw: a saw that uses a blade made of acontinuous strip or band of metal. Thesebands usually have teeth on one edge.

barbed-wire fences: fences consisting of woodor steel posts with strands of barbed wireattached to them.

basic research: a type of research that seeksknowledge for its own sake.

bauxite: aluminum ore.

beam bridges: bridges that use concrete orsteel beams to support the deck.

benefit: a type of reward provided by a company.berries: plants grown in many parts of the

country and cultivated for their edibleparts.

bill of materials: a document containing infor-mation regarding the materials and hard-ware needed to complete a project.

billets: long, square pieces of steel.biochemical processes: processes that use

chemical reactions caused by fungi,enzymes, or other microorganisms.

biofuels: organic material that can be burnedor converted into methane.

biogas: a mixture of methane and carbon diox-ide produced by the bacterial decomposi-tion of organic wastes and used as a fuel.

biological future: a type of future that dealswith the sorts of plant and animal life wewant.

biomass: a type of resource having a livingorigin.

biomass resource: vegetable and animal wastegenerated through biological actions. It isa source of renewable energy beingactively considered as an alternate energysupply.

biotechnology: 1. practices that improve prop-agation, growing, and harvesting activities.2. using biological agents in processes toproduce goods or services.

blast furnace: a furnace commonly used in ironsmelting.

blimp: a lighter-than-air nonrigid airship.blooms: short, rectangular pieces of steel used

to produce structural shapes and rails.blow molding: a process using mated dies to

make bottles and jars from plastic andglass.

blowout: a dangerous and wasteful occur-rence in which oil surges out of a well.

board of directors: a group of people electedto represent the interests of stockholders.

bonding: an assembling process that usescohesive or adhesive forces to hold partstogether.

bonding agent: a material used to achievebonding.

bonds: debt securities sold by corporationsin large denominations.

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bow thrusters: maneuvering propellersmounted at right angles to the keels onlarge ships.

brainstorming: seeking creative solutions to anidentified problem.

broadcast frequencies: frequencies aboveaudible sound.

broadcast systems: systems that send radiowaves through the air carrying the signalfrom the sender to the receiver.

Bronze Age: the stage in human history thattook place after the Stone Age. During thistime, farming developed, villages andtowns started to appear, and copper andcopper-based metal tools replaced stonetools.

browser: a software program that acts as aninterface between a user and the WorldWide Web.

bucker: a worker who removes the limbs andtops of trees.

buildings: structures erected to protect people,materials, and equipment from the out-side environment.

buoyancy: the upward force exerted on anobject immersed in a fluid.

buttress dam: a dam that uses its structure tohold back water.

bylaws: general rules under which an incor-porated company will operate.

Ccable-wire fences: fences that consist of 3/8-

inch steel wire cables stretched from oneanchor post to another.

cam: a pear-shaped disk with an off-centerpivot point, used to change rotating motioninto reciprocating motion.

canning: a preservation method that puts foodinto glass jars or metal cans.

cant: the square center section of a log.cantilever bridges: bridges that use trusses

extending out like arms.capacity: the amount of a substance an object

can hold.carrier frequency: a frequency used by radio

broadcast systems that radiates from thetransmitter.

casting: a process through which on-cameraperformers are employed.

casting and molding processes: processes inwhich a liquid material is poured into acavity in a mold, where it solidifies into theproper shape and size.

catalyst: a chemical agent used to cause areaction.

ceiling: the inside surface at the top of a room.ceiling joists: beams, resting on the outside

walls and some interior walls, that supportthe weight of the ceiling.

center lines: lines that pass through the centerof holes.

central processing unit (CPU): the heart of acomputer.

ceramic minerals: fine-grained minerals thatare formable when wet and become hardwhen dried or fired.

channel: a carrier.charge-coupled device (CCD): an image-

capture sensor used in most digital cameras.charging: the first step in the process of mak-

ing steel in a basic oxygen furnace. Whenbeing charged, the furnace tilts to one sideto receive pig iron, scrap steel, and flux.

charts: graphic models that show relationshipsbetween people, actions, or operations.

chemical action: a change (for example, chang-ing a material from a liquid to a solid)caused by adding chemicals.

chemical conditioning: a type of conditioningprocess that uses chemical actions tochange the properties of a material.

chemical energy: energy stored within a chem-ical substance.

chemical machining: a nontraditional machin-ing process using chemical reactions toremove material from a workpiece.

chemical processes: processes that break downor build up materials by changing theirchemical compositions.

chief executive officer (CEO): the top managerin a company.

chip removal: a separating process using atool to cut away excess material in theform of small pieces, or chips.

chop saw: a circular saw used to cut narrowstrips of material to length.

chucks: attachments used to hold and rotatedrills and router bits.

circular saws: saws that use a blade in theshape of a disk with teeth arranged aroundthe edge.

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civil engineering structures: structures suchas bridges, airports, or highways that aredesigned by civil engineers.

civilized conditions: societies in whichhumans make tools, grow crops, engineermaterials, and develop transportationsystems.

classification: the division of a problem intomajor segments.

classroom training: a program in which spe-cialized skills may be developed.

clear cutting: a logging method in which alltrees, regardless of species or size, areremoved from a plot of land.

closed-loop control: a type of control systemthat uses feedback.

coal: a combustible solid composed mostly ofcarbon.

cold bonding: a joining technique that usesextreme pressure to squeeze two parts tocreate a bond.

combine: a machine that can be used to har-vest a wide range of grains and other seedcrops.

commercial aviation: industry that makesmoney by transporting people and cargoin airplanes.

commercial buildings: buildings used forbusiness and government purposes.

commercial ships: large ships used for trans-porting people and cargo for a profit.

commercial structures: buildings used to con-duct business.

commercial transportation: enterprises thatmove people and goods for money.

commission: a salesperson’s pay, consisting ofa percentage of the total dollar value ofgoods sold by that person.

communication and information technologies:the technologies used in processing datainto information and communicating ideasand information.

communication processes: processes used toproduce graphic and electronic media.

communication technology: a system thatuses technical means to transmit informa-tion or data from one place to another orfrom one person to another.

composed: designed.composite materials: combinations of natural

and synthetic materials that are used to cre-ate items with other desirable properties.

compounding: the act of mixing the parts ofa fluid for casting.

comprehensive layout: a layout for a finaldesign.

computer: an information-processing machinethat has changed the way we handle infor-mation. It can store information, and itsprograms can be changed.

computer models: models produced by com-puters that help designers to test the effectsof color on a product’s appearance andacceptance, to test strengths of materialsand structures, and to observe the productduring normal operation.

computer-aided design (CAD): a computer-based system used to create, modify, andcommunicate a plan or product design. Itreduces product design and engineeringcosts.

computer-controlled machining: a processthat adds automatic control, provided bya computer program, to basic machines.

computerized tomography: a type of scan-ning that produces cross-sectional imagesof any part of the body without using dyes.

conceptual models: models that show a gen-eral view of the components and theirrelationships.

conditioning processes: those in which heat,chemicals, or mechanical forces are used tochange the internal structure of a material.

conduction: the movement of heat through asolid material or between two solid mate-rials that touch each other.

conductor: a metal that conducts an electricalcurrent.

constraints: the limits on a design.construction processes: the type of activities

that produces structures using technolog-ical actions.

construction technologies: the technologiesused in building structures for housing,business, transportation, and energytransmission.

consumer: a person who financially supportsa technological system by spending moneyon products or services.

consumer products: outputs developed forend users in the product cycle.

contact printing: a simple procedure used toproduce prints in which a negative is

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placed directly on top of a piece of light-sensitive photographic paper.

container ships: ships that carry quantities ofgoods sealed in large, box-like metalcontainers.

continuous manufacturing: a manufacturingsystem in which a production line assem-bles products continuously.

contrast: the design principle used to empha-size portions of a message.

control: 1. the feedback loop that causes man-agement and production activities tochange through evaluation, feedback, andcorrective action. 2. the system that makeschanges in speed and direction of a vehi-cle possible.

control system: a vehicular system that controlsthe speed and direction of the vehicle.

controlling: the function of comparing sys-tem outputs to the goals.

convection: the transfer of heat between orwithin fluids.

convergent thinking: a type of thinking thatseeks to narrow and focus ideas until themost feasible solution is found.

conversion: a process that changes hydrocar-bon molecules into different sizes, bothsmaller and larger.

conversion/processing: the final step in agri-cultural practices that changes a foodproduct into a foodstuff for human use.

converted surface finish: a finish on the sur-face of a metal that has been chemicallychanged to protect the metal.

copy: text.core: the center layer of plywood.corporate charter: an operating permit.corporate participation: the spirit of coopera-

tion in developing and operating a tech-nological system.

corporation: a legal entity people form to ownan operation. It is a business in whichinvestors have purchased partial owner-ship in the form of shares of stock.

cracking: the process of breaking heavierhydrocarbons into smaller ones.

crank: a pivot pin near the outside edge of awheel or disk that changes reciprocatingmotion into rotating motion.

creative personnel: in the theater, film, and tel-evision fields, a group of people whodevelop scripts and design scenery.

creativity: the ability to see a need or a way ofmaking life easier and design systems andproducts to meet the need or desire.

criteria: the features a product or system musthave in order to meet the expectations ofthe customer.

crop production: the type of agriculture thatgrows large quantities of plants for food orother uses.

crossbands: the layers between the faces inplywood.

cultivator: a machine used to control weeds. Itis a series of hoe-shaped blades that arepulled through the ground.

curing: a technique used to preserve meat thatinvolves adding a combination of naturalingredients to the meat.

current technologies: the range of techniquesused to produce most products and servicestoday.

custom manufacturing: a manufacturing sys-tem that involves producing a limitedquantity of a product to a customer’s specifications.

cutting motion: an action that causes materialto be removed from a workpiece.

cutting tool: a tool used in cutting actions.cycle: a complete set of motions needed to

produce a surge of power.cylindrical grinders: grinders that use the

lathe principle to machine a material. Aworkpiece is held in a chuck or betweencenters and rotated. A grinding wheel isrotated in the opposite direction.

Ddata: the raw, unorganized facts and figures col-

lected by people and machines.debt financing: raising money by borrowing

money from a financial institution or pri-vate investors.

decode: to change coded information backinto a recognizable form.

dedicated access: a system in which a sub-scriber’s computer is directly connectedto the Internet at all times.

degrees of freedom: the limited number ofways or directions a vehicle can move.

delayed outputs: various chemicals that haveaccumulated over decades and are harm-ful to the environment.

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dental hygienists: individuals who clean teethand assist dentists.

dentists: individuals who diagnose, treat, andhelp prevent diseases of the teeth andgums.

depth of field: the range of distances in whicha camera will capture objects in focus.

descriptive methods: methods designers use torecord observations of present conditions.

design: the stage in which a message isdeveloped.

desirable outputs: the outputs from agricul-tural and related biotechnology, commu-nication and information, construction,energy and power, manufacturing, medi-cine, and transportation technologies thatbenefit people.

desktop publishing: a computer system thatproduces type and line illustration lay-outs for printed messages.

detail drawings: drawings that communicatethe designer’s specifications and contain allthe information needed to manufacture aparticular part.

detailed sketches: sketches that communicatethe information needed to build a modelof a product or structure.

developing: the first step in developing filmin which chemicals are used to alter light-sensitive crystals in an emulsion.

development: the work technologists do bybuilding products and structures to makelives better.

diagnosis: 1. the area of medicine that involvesusing knowledge, technological devices,and other means to determine the causesof abnormal body conditions. It is per-formed by conducting interviews, physi-cal examinations, and medical tests. 2. thestep in the repair process in which thecause of a problem is determined.

diagrams: graphic models that show the rela-tionships between components in a system.

dial-up access: a system in which computersare connected to the Internet through amodem.

diaphragm: the aperture control or a camera.It regulates the amount of light that canenter at any given moment.

dies: forming tools made of hardened steel.dimension lines: the lines between extension

lines that have arrows pointing to the

extension lines, indicating the range of adimension.

dipping: a technique in which stock is runthrough a vat of molten metal.

direct active solar system: a type of activecollector system that does not have a heatexchanger.

direct current: the flow of electrons in onedirection through a conductor.

direct gain solar system: a system that allowsradiant energy to enter a home throughwindows, heating inside surfaces.

direct waves: waves used by television and FMstations.

direction: the path that a light wave travels.direction control: a type of control system

that makes a vehicle change its direction.direct-reading measurement tools: measure-

ment tools an operator manipulates andreads.

dirigibles: rigid airships with metal framescovered with skins of fabric.

disease: any change that interferes with theappearance, structure, or function of thebody.

distance: the separation between two points.It is also called length.

distance multiplier: a simple machine thatincreases the amount of movementapplied to the work at hand.

distribution: physically moving a productfrom a producer to a consumer.

divergent thinking: broad thinking that letsthe mind soar and seeks to create as manydifferent solutions as possible.

dividend: a periodic payment to stockholdersfrom a company’s profits.

domain name: the address of a site on theInternet.

domestic transportation: transportation thattakes place within the geographic bound-aries of one country.

drawing machines: machines that pull mate-rials through die openings to form them.

drift mining: a type of underground miningused when a coal vein extends to the sur-face of the earth. Miners dig a horizontalshaft directly into the vein.

drilling: the process of obtaining materials bypumping them through holes drilled intothe earth.

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drilling machines: separating machines thatproduce or enlarge holes using a rotatingcutter for the cutting motion.

drip irrigation: a type of irrigation that deliv-ers water slowly to the base of plants.

drug: a substance used to prevent, diagnose,or treat a disease.

dry-cargo ships: ships used to haul both cratedand bulk cargo.

drying: 1. a common thermal conditioningprocess that removes excess moisture frommaterials. 2. a method used to preservefood that involves removing water from thematerial.

drywall: gypsum wallboard. It is used as aninterior wall covering.

duplex systems: basic systems used in mobilecommunication that use two channels.

dynamic process: a process that is constantlychanging or causing change.

Eearth orbit travel: a type of space travel rep-

resented by communication satellites andspace shuttles.

economic activity: an activity including alltrade in goods and services paid for withmoney.

economic enterprises: institutions that design,produce, and deliver the basic goods andservices required by a society.

edger saw: a machine that has a number ofblades on a shaft.

education: an institution that communicatesinformation, ideas, and skills from oneperson to another and from one generationto another.

edutainment: creating a situation in whichpeople want to gain information.

elastic range: the range between a material atrest and the material’s yield point.

electric fences: fences that use electricalcharges to contain animals in a field.

electrical and electronic controllers: devicesthat control other devices to adjust opera-tion of machines.

electrical discharge machining: a nontradi-tional process that uses electrical sparks tomake a cavity in a piece of metal.

electrical energy: energy associated with elec-trons moving along a conductor.

electrical or electronic sensors: a type of mon-itoring device that can be used to determinethe frequency of or changes in electric cur-rent or electromagnetic waves.

electrocardiograph: a type of machine thatproduces a visual record of the heart’s elec-trical activity.

electrochemical processes: processes thatbreak down or build up materials bychanging their chemical compositions.

electromechanical controllers: adjustingdevices that use electromagnetic coils andforces to move control linkages and oper-ate switches to adjust machines or otherdevices.

electronic commerce: a type of commerceinvolving selling products and servicesover the Internet.

electronic mail: a computer-based communi-cation tool that allows messages to moveover the Internet.

electronic publishing: complex systems thatcan function as typesetting and layout sys-tems. They produce and combine text andillustrations into one layout.

electrostatic printing: a process for printingthat uses a machine with a special drum.A strong light is reflected off an image andonto the drum, creating an electricallycharged likeness of the image on thedrum’s surface. It is also called copying orphotocopying.

emergency medicine: an area that deals withunexpected illnesses and injuries.

emerging technologies: new technologies thatare not widely employed today, but mightbe commonly used in a later period oftime.

emotions: feelings that can be communicated.employee relations: programs that recruit,

select, develop, and reward a company’semployees.

employment: the task that involves determin-ing a company’s need for qualified work-ers. It is the first action in the employee rela-tions process.

enamel: a varnish that has color pigmentadded.

encoding: the step in the communicationprocess that involves changing a messageinto a format that can be transmitted.

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endoscope: a narrow, flexible tube contain-ing a number of fiber-optic fibers thatallows a physician to look inside the body.

energy: the ability to do work.energy and power technologies: the tech-

nologies used in converting and applyingenergy to power devices and systems.

energy-processing converters: converters thatprocess energy in various ways.

engineer: a person who conducts research andapplies scientific and technological knowl-edge to the design and development ofproducts, structures, and systems.

engineering: an activity that develops thespecifications for products, structures,processes, and services.

engineering drawings: documents that com-municate the basic information needed toconstruct a manufactured product orstructure.

entertain: the goal of communication to amusepeople as they participate in or observeevents and performances.

entrepreneurs: people with very special talentswho look beyond present practices andproducts and create businesses.

entrepreneurship: searching for opportuni-ties for change and responding to them.

equity financing: raising money by selling aportion of ownership in a company.

ergonomics: the science of designing prod-ucts and structures around the people whouse them. It is also called human factorsanalysis.

ethical drugs: drugs prescribed by physiciansand dispensed by pharmacists.

ethical information: information thatdescribes the values people have regard-ing devices and systems.

evaporation: a way to extract minerals from theoceans using solar energy.

exhaustible: capable of being entirely used up.exhaustible energy resources: materials that

cannot be replaced.exhaustible materials: materials that, once

depleted, cannot be replaced by humanaction or nature.

exosphere: the last layer of space above theearth that blends directly into outer space.

expendable molds: molds that are destroyedto remove the cast item.

expenses: money that pays for resources.

experimental methods: methods designersuse to compare different conditions.

exploded views: drawings that show the partsthat make up a product, as if it were takenapart.

extension lines: lines that indicate the pointsfrom which measurements are taken.

external combustion engines: engines pow-ered by steam.

external storage devices: devices on whichdata can be stored outside the basic com-puter circuitry.

extrusion: a process in which material ispushed through a hole in a die.

Ffaces: the outside layers of plywood.family: an institution that provides a founda-

tion for social and economic actions.fares: the costs of tickets.fascia: a type of board used to finish the ends

of rafters and an overhang.fasteners: devices used to hold parts together.feed motion: an action that brings new mate-

rial in contact with a cutting tool and allowsthe cutting action to be continuous.

feedback: the process of using informationabout the output of a system to regulate theinputs to the system.

feller: a logger who uses a chain saw to cutdown appropriate trees.

fermentation: a technology that uses microor-ganisms to break down complex organiccompounds into simpler substances.

fertilizer: a liquid, powder, or pellet that con-tains important chemicals that will encour-age and support plant growth.

fiberglass: strands of glass used as the matrixfor composite materials and insulation.

fiber-optic cables: strands of glass used totransmit voice, television, and computerdata at high speeds.

field magnet: the stationary outer magnetused in electric motors.

filmstrips: a series of transparencies designedto be viewed one at a time.

finances: the money and credit necessary forthe economic system to operate.

financial affairs: the activities that obtain,account for, and disburse the money and

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physical resources and maintain the finan-cial records needed to manage a system.

finishing: the process in which the surface ofparts and products are coated or modifiedto protect them or make them more appeal-ing to consumers.

finishing processes: secondary processesthat protect products and enhance theirappearance.

finite: having a limited quantity.firing: a thermal conditioning process used

for ceramic products.first-class levers: the class of levers in which

the fulcrum is between the load and theeffort.

fission: the process of splitting atoms to releasevast quantities of energy.

fixed-wing aircraft: passenger and cargo air-craft. See rotary-wing aircraft.

fixing: the step in developing film thatremoves unexposed silver halide crystalsremaining in the emulsion.

flame cutting: cutting material to size andshape using burning gases.

flexible manufacturing: a computer-basedmanufacturing system that combines theadvantages of intermittent manufacturingwith the advantages of continuousmanufacturing.

flexography: an adaptation of letterpress. Ituses a plastic or rubber image carrier.

float glass: glass that is changed into sheets forwindows and similar products by floatingthe molten glass on a bed of molten tin.

flood irrigation: systems that use large quan-tities of water advancing across fields.

floor joists: beams that carry the weight ofthe floor.

flow bonding: a method of joining materialsthat uses a metal alloy as a bonding agent.

flow coating: a process that passes a productunder a flowing stream of finishing material.

fluid mining: a mining method in which hotwater is pumped down a well into amineral deposit. The water dissolves themineral and is forced up a second well.

fluidic controllers: adjusting devices that usefluids to adjust machines or other devices.

foot-pounds: a measurement of the amount ofenergy needed to move an object from onelocation to another.

forage crops: plants grown for animal feed.

force multiplier: a simple machine thatincreases the force applied to the work athand.

forced-air heating: a type of system in whichfurnaces heat air as a conduction medium.

forming processes: those in which forceapplied by a die or roll is used to reshapematerials.

Forstner bits: two-lipped woodcutters thatproduce flat-bottomed round holes.

fossil fuels: exhaustible resources that aremixtures of carbon and hydrogen.

foundation: the base of a structure.fractional distillation: a process in which

petroleum is pumped through tubes andheated until it becomes a series of hot liq-uids and vapors.

fractionating tower: a tower that is used to sep-arate the different liquids and vapors inpetroleum.

fracture point: the point at which a materialcannot withstand any more force.

freezing: a low-temperature preservation tech-nique that keeps foods at or below 32°F.

frequency: the number of cycles that passsome point in one second.

frequency division multiplexing: multiplex-ing that uses a separate frequency to trans-mit each message.

frequency modulation: a system that encodesa message on a carrier wave by changingits frequency.

fruits: plants grown in many areas of the coun-try and cultivated for their edible parts.

f-stop numbers: numbers that identify thesizes of the openings in a camera’sdiaphragm.

fuel converters: devices that convert fuel intoenergy.

fulcrum: the support on a lever on which thelever arm rests and turns.

function: a factor to consider before buying aproduct.

furrow irrigation: a system that uses smallditches created between rows of plants.

fuselage: the body of an aircraft that containsthe flight crew, passenger, and cargo units.

fusion: the process of combining two atomsinto a new, larger atom to release largeamounts of energy.

fusion bonding: a bonding technique that usesheat or solvents to melt the edges of a joint.

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futuring: a research technique that helps peo-ple select the best of many possible coursesof action. It is also called futures research.

Ggalvanized steel: zinc-coated steel used for

automobile parts and containers.gases: materials that easily disperse and

expand to fill any space.gasification: a process in which a material is

heated in the absence of oxygen.gear and rack: a rotating gear that meshes

with a bar that has gear teeth along itslength. It changes rotating motion into lin-ear motion.

gears: wheels with teeth on their circumferencethat change the direction of a rotatingforce.

gems: stones that are cut, polished, and prizedfor their beauty and hardness.

gene splicing: the process of producing anorganism with a new set of traits.

general aviation: travel for pleasure or busi-ness in an aircraft owned by a person orbusiness.

genetic engineering: a process that producesnew pest-resistant and chemical-tolerantcrops that help combat diseases.

genetic materials: organic materials that havelife cycles and can be regenerated. They areobtained during the normal life cycles ofplants or animals.

geometry dimensions: dimensions that indi-cate the shapes of features and the anglesat which surfaces meet.

geosynchronous orbit: a type of orbit in whicha satellite travels the same speed the earthis turning.

germination: birth.glass: a material produced using thermal

processes by solidifying molten silica in anamorphous state.

global impacts: effects the actions of a smallpercentage of the world’s population haveon the world as a whole.

goals: the reasons or purposes for a system.grain: a widely grown crop that has large edible

seeds. It is a member of the grass family.grain drill: a seed planter that is pulled behind

a tractor.

graphic communications: communicationsprocesses in which messages are visualand have two dimensions.

graphic models: models used to explore ideasfor components and systems.

graphs: graphic models that allow designersto organize and plot data. They displaynumerical information that can be usedto design products and assess testingresults.

gravity dam: a dam in which the lake side is ver-tical, while the other side slopes outward.

gravure printing: a type of process that printsfinely detailed items.

green chain: the area of a sawmill where lum-ber is sorted and stacked prior to drying.

greenhouse effect: the problem in which ultra-violet rays, combined with increased lev-els of carbon dioxide and other gases, willcause the earth to retain more heat.

green-sand casting: a casting process that usesexpendable molds and sand held togetherwith a binder.

grievance: a dispute that arises over a con-tract’s interpretation.

grinding machines: machines that use bondedabrasives to cut material.

growth: a major step in agricultural practicesthat involves providing feed and waterfor animals or cultivating and wateringcrops.

guidance: the system that gathers and dis-plays information so a vehicle can be kepton course.

guidance system: a vehicular system that pro-vides information.

Hhammers: devices that deliver force to com-

plete a forming action. They drop or drivea ram down with a quick action.

hand tools: simple, handheld artifacts thatrequire human muscle power, air, or elec-tric power to make them work.

hardening: a process used to increase the hard-ness of a material.

hard-wired system: a system that sends itssignals through a physical channel.

hardwood lumber: a type of lumber producedfrom trees that lose their leaves at the endof each growing season.

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harmony: the design principle achieved byblending the parts of a design to create apleasing message.

harvesting: a step in agricultural practices thatinvolves removing edible parts of plantsfrom trees and stocks and butchering ani-mals to produce meat and other productsfor consumption. It is the process of gath-ering genetic materials from the earth orbodies of water at the proper stage of theirlife cycles.

head rig: a very large band saw that cuts nar-row slabs from a log.

headers: parts of a building framework thatcarry the weight from the roof and ceilingacross the door and window openings.They are held up by trimmer studs.

heat pump: a unit used in climate control thatworks as a cooling and heating system bycapturing heat in the atmosphere.

heat treating: the thermal conditioningprocesses used on metals.

heavy engineering structures: structures, suchas bridges, highways, and airports, thathelp our economy function effectively.

hertz: the unit of measurement for the numberof cycles per second.

hidden lines: light, dotted lines used to showdetails that are hidden in one or more of theviews in a drawing.

high technology (high tech): new technologiesthat are not in wide use today, but maybecome common in time. They are alsocalled emerging technologies.

historical information: information aboutdevices and systems that were developedto solve problems similar to the currentproblem to be solved.

historical methods: methods designers use togather information from existing records.

horsepower: a measurement used to describethe power output of mechanical systems.

hot water heating: an indirect climate controlsystem that uses water to carry heat.

hovercraft: a special type of boat suspended ona cushion of air.

hub-and-spoke system: a route pattern air-lines use.

human information: information that willaffect the acceptance and use of a device orsystem.

humanities: a type of knowledge thatdescribes the relationships between andamong groups of people.

human-psyche future: a type of future thatdeals with the mental condition of people.

human-to-human communication: a type ofcommunication used to inform, persuade,and entertain other people.

human-to-machine communication: a type ofcommunication system that starts,changes, or ends a machine’s operations.

hydraulic systems: systems that use liquids asthe transfer medium.

hydroelectric generating plant: a water-poweredplant that uses a dam to develop a waterreservoir.

hydrofoil: a type of special boat that has anormal hull and a set of underwater wings.

hydroponics: the growing of plants in nutrientsolutions without soil.

hyperlinks: connections between one webpage and other pages and web sitesthrough URLs.

hypertext markup language: a type of codingthat tells a receiving computer how a pageshould look.

Iidea: a mental image of what a person thinks

something should be.ideation: a process in which designers create

many possible answers by letting theirminds create solutions.

illness: a state of poor health.illustration preparation: an activity required for

useful communication. It includes sizingand converting line art and photographs.

illustrations: pictures and symbols thatadd interest and clarity to printedcommunication.

image carrier: a printing block.immediate outputs: products or services that

have been designed and produced forimmediate use.

inclined plane: an application of the principlethat it is easier to move up a slope than avertical surface.

income: money that is the end result of salesor employment.

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indirect active solar system: a system thathas a series of collectors that absorb solarenergy.

indirect gain solar system: a system that usesa black concrete wall with glass panels infront of it.

indirect-reading measurement tools: systemsthat bring sensors and computers togetherto automate measurement.

induction: the process in which magnetic linesof force increase and decrease in strength,causing electrons to flow in an adjacent wire.

industrial buildings: buildings that house themachines that make products.

industrial materials: materials that are the inputsto secondary manufacturing activities.

industrial products: items used by compa-nies in conducting their businesses.

industrial relations: the activities that developand manage programs, ensuring an efficientwork force and positive relations among thecompany, its workers, and the public.

Industrial Revolution: the historical period from1750 to 1850, when tremendous changes intechnology occurred. Many machines anddevices were invented, including the steamengine and the telegraph.

industrial structure: a building housingmachines that make products, or used tostore raw materials or finished products.

industry: an economic enterprise that usesresources and systems to produce prod-ucts, structures, and services with intent tomake a profit.

inexhaustible: unable to be entirely used upor consumed.

inexhaustible energy resource: a part of thesolar weather system that exists on earth.

inexhaustible resources: resources that areincapable of being used up.

inform: the goal of communication to provideinformation about people, events, orrelationships.

information: facts and figures, called data,that have been sorted and arranged forhuman use. It is vital to taking an activepart in society.

Information Age: occurring after the IndustrialRevolution, this time period places mostimportance on information processing andcooperative working relations betweenproduction workers and managers.

information processing: gathering, storing,manipulating, and retrieving informationthat can be found in books and photo-graphs and on tape and film.

information skills: the abilities to locate,select, and use information.

infotainment: providing information in anentertaining way.

ink-jet printing: a printing process in whicha computer generates a printed messagemade up of tiny ink dots.

inland waterway transportation: transporta-tion on rivers, on lakes, and along coastalwaterways.

inorganic materials: materials that do notcome from living organisms.

input devices: devices that allow an operatorto enter data into a computer’s operatingsystem.

input unit: a device used to enter data into asystem.

inputs: materials that flow into the systemand are consumed or processed by thesystem.

inside directors: top managers of a companywho serve on the company’s board ofdirectors.

insolation: the solar energy available in a spe-cific location at any given time.

inspection: the part of a quality control pro-gram that compares materials and prod-ucts with set quality standards.

intended outputs: products or servicesdesigned and produced with a specificgoal in mind.

interference: anything that impairs the accu-rate communication of a message.

intermittent manufacturing: a manufactur-ing system in which a group of productsis manufactured to a company’s or cus-tomer’s specification.

intermodal shipping: cargo traveling on twoor more modes of transport before reach-ing its destination.

internal combustion engines: common powersources in land vehicles in which fuel isburned inside the engine to convert energyfrom one form to another.

international transportation: a level of trans-portation that moves passengers and cargobetween nations.

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Internet: interconnected networks of comput-ers that share information.

Internet protocol address: the identifyingnumber assigned to each computer con-nected to the Internet.

Internet service provider: a company thatforms a network into which home com-puters are connected.

interstate commerce: business dealings thatextend across state lines.

intervention radiology: a technique that usesimages produced by radiology for non-surgical treatment of ailments.

intrapreneurship: the application of entre-preneurial spirit and action within an exist-ing company structure.

invasive diagnostic equipment: a type of diag-nostic device used when drawing and test-ing a blood sample.

investment casting: a casting process that usesexpendable molds made from plaster.

ionosphere: the region lying just above themesosphere. It is also called the thermosphere.

Iron Age: the historical period beginningaround 1200 B.C. During this period, ironand steel became the primary materialsfor tools. Trade, transportation, and com-munication all improved, and civilizationexpanded.

irradiation: a technology that uses gammarays or X rays to kill most molds and bac-teria that may be in food.

irrigation: artificial watering to maintain plantgrowth.

isolated solar system: a system that uses solarcollectors separate from the house.

isometric sketches: sketches in which theangles formed by the lines in the upper-right corner are equal.

iterative: repetitious.

Jjet engines: engines that power businesses

and commercial aircraft.joints: places where parts meet.joules: newtons per meter.judgmental systems: systems that use human

opinions and values to enter into the con-trol process.

just-in-time (JIT): a type of inventory controlsystem that schedules materials to arriveat manufacturing sites when needed.

Kkilohertz: a basic unit of measurement in

telecommunication. It equals 1000 cyclesper second.

kilowatt hour: the work that 1000 watts willcomplete in one hour.

kinetic energy: energy involved in movingsomething.

knowledge: information learned and appliedto a task.

Llabor agreements: contracts negotiated

between a company and a union toestablish pay rates, hours, and workingconditions for all employees covered by thecontracts.

labor relations: programs that deal withemployees’ labor unions.

lacquer: a solvent-based, synthetic coatingthat dries through solvent evaporation.

landscaping: the activities that help preventerosion and improve the appearance of asite.

language and communication skills: the abil-ities to read, write, and speak the language.

laser machining: a nontraditional process thatuses the intense light generated by a laserto cut material.

lathes: machines that produce a cutting motionby rotating the workpiece.

layout: the stage in which a message is puttogether. It is the physical act of designinga message.

legal information: information about the lawsand regulations that will control the instal-lation and operation of a device or system.

length: the separation between two points. Itis also called distance.

lens: the part of a camera that focuses light onthe film.

letterpress: a type of relief printing that usesmetal plates or type as the image carrier.

lever: a simple machine that multiplies theforce applied to it. It changes the directionof a linear force.

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lever arm: a rod or bar on a lever that rests andturns on the fulcrum.

lifestyle: what a person does with business andfamily life.

lift: the force that holds or lifts a craft in the air.It is critical for all flight.

light meter: the part of a camera that measuresthe amount of light available for a photo.

lighter-than-air vehicles: air vehicles that useeither a light gas or hot air to produce lift.

limited liability: the feature of a corporationthat limits an owner’s loss, if the companyfails, to the amount of money he or she hadinvested.

linear motion: a cutting and feed motion inwhich the cutter or work moves in onedirection along a straight line.

links: connections between one web page andother pages and web sites through URLs.

liquefaction: a process in which a biofuel isheated at moderate temperatures underhigh pressure.

liquid fuel rockets: rockets with two tanks.One contains the fuel, and the other con-tains oxygen.

liquidification: a process in which a materialis heated in the absence of oxygen.

liquids: visible, fluid materials that will notnormally hold their size and shape.

lithographic printing: a method of printingthat uses a flat-surface image carrier. It isalso called offset lithography.

local area network: a system used in a singlebuilding or site to connect several per-sonal computers or workstations to a cen-tral server.

location dimensions: dimensions that indi-cate the position of features on an object.

locomotive: in rail systems, the vehicle inwhich the power and operator units areplaced.

logging: the activity of cutting down, trim-ming, and hauling off timber.

lumber: wood used to make frameworks inresidences or other types of structures.

lumber core plywood: a type of core used forplywood that is made from pieces of solidlumber that have been glued to form asheet.

Mmachine tools: machines used to make other

machines.machines: artifacts that amplify the speed,

amount, or direction of a force. They trans-mit or change the application of power,force, or motion.

machine-to-human communication: a typeof communication system used to displaymachine operating conditions.

machine-to-machine communication: the typeof communication computer-controlledoperations use.

machining: a separating process based on themotion of a tool against a workpiece.

magnetic (electromagnetic) sensors: moni-toring devices that can be used to deter-mine whether changes are occurring inthe amount of current flowing in a circuit.

magnetic resonance imaging: an imagingtechnique that can produce computer-developed cross-sectional images of anypart of the body very quickly.

maintenance: a type of program that strives tokeep products or structures in good con-dition and in good working order.

management: the act of planning, directing,and evaluating any activity.

management processes: the actions peopleuse to ensure that production processesoperate efficiently and appropriately.These processes are also designed andused to guide and direct the design, devel-opment, production, and marketing of thetechnological device, service, structure, orsystem.

manager: a person who organizes and directsthe work of others in a business, by settinggoals, structuring tasks to be completed,assigning work, and monitoring results.

manned space flight: a space flight that car-ries human beings into space and returnsthem safely to the earth.

manual control systems: systems that requirehumans to adjust the process.

manufactured home: a special type of build-ing mostly built in a factory.

manufacturing processes: processes used tochange the size, shape, combination, andcomposition of materials.

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manufacturing technologies: the technolo-gies used in converting materials intoindustrial and consumer products.

maritime shipping: water transportation onoceans and large inland lakes.

market research: an activity that gathers infor-mation about a product’s market.

marketing: the stage of promoting, selling,and delivering a product, structure, orservice.

mass: the quantity of matter present in anobject.

mated dies: dies that have the desired shapemachined into one or both halves of the dieset.

material processing: changing the form ofmaterials using tools and machines.

materials: natural, synthetic, or composite sub-stances from which artifacts are made.

mathematical models: models that show rela-tionships in terms of formulas.

maturity: the period of time in the life cyclesof plants and animals when growth slowsdown as they reach older age.

measurement: the practice of comparing thequalities of an object to a standard.

mechanical: in graphics, a sheet that looksexactly like the finished message.

mechanical conditioning: a type of condition-ing process that uses mechanical forces tochange the internal structure of a material.

mechanical controllers: adjusting devices thatuse cams, levers, and other types of link-ages to adjust machines or other devices.

mechanical energy: energy produced bymotion of technological devices.

mechanical fastening: an assembling processthat uses mechanical forces to hold partstogether.

mechanical processes: processes that usemechanical forces to change the form ofnatural resources.

mechanical processing: a way food can beprocessed using machines to change theform of the food product physically.

mechanical sensors: monitoring devices thatcan be used to determine position of com-ponents, force applied, or movement ofparts.

mechanical transmissions: transmissions thathave a clutch between the engine and thetransmission.

mechanics: skilled workers in serviceoperations.

medical technologies: the technologies used inmaintaining health and curing illnesses.

medical technologists: individuals who gatherand analyze specimens to assist physiciansin diagnosis and treatment.

medicine: an area that involves diagnosing,treating, and preventing diseases andinjuries.

megahertz: a basic unit of measurement intelecommunication. It equals 1 millioncycles per second.

memory: a major part of a computer wheredata and operating instructions are stored.

memory unit: the section of the computer thatholds information and instructions.

merchant ships: cargo-carrying ships.mesosphere: the layer that extends from 22 to

50 miles (35 to 80 km) above the earth.metric system: a measurement standard based

on a unit of length called a meter.microgravity: very low gravity.micrometer: a measuring device used to estab-

lish precise diameters.Middle Ages: the historical period beginning

around 400 A.D. It is known for its variousupheavals, as tribes continually fought eachother for territory, but technology still pro-gressed. One of the major inventions of thistime was printing from movable type,developed by Johann Gutenberg in 1445.

middle management: the level of manage-ment below the president and vice presi-dents of a company, but above operatingmanagement.

military ships: vessels owned by a governmentthat provide for the defense of the country.

milling: grinding or processing.milling machines: separating machines that

use a rotating cutter for the cutting motion.minerals: any substances with a specific chem-

ical composition that occur naturally.mining: the process of obtaining materials

from the earth through shafts or pits.mock-up: an appearance model designed to

show people how a product or structurewill look.

modeling: the process of simulating expectedconditions to test design ideas.

molding: a process that gives size and shapeto pieces of material.

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motion pictures: a series of transparencies,shot over a span of time, that create the illu-sion of motion.

mud: a mixture of water, clay, and chemicals.multiple-point tool: a cutting device on which

a series of single-point tools are arranged.multiplex systems: basic systems used in

mobile communication that use multiplefrequencies to accommodate differenttypes of units.

multiplexing: a system used to increase thecapacity of a waveguide.

multiview method: a drawing method thatplaces one or more views of the object inone drawing.

Nnatural gas: a combustible gas that occurs in

porous rock.natural material: a material that occurs natu-

rally on earth.negative film: film that produces a reverse

image of the photographed scene.network access points: points that allow a

customer of one company to connect witha customer of another company.

networks: connections through which com-puters can communicate with othercomputers.

noise: unwanted sounds or signals thatbecome mixed in with desired information.

nonfood crops: plants grown on farms(such as cotton) that are not for humanconsumption.

noninvasive diagnostic equipment: a type ofdiagnostic device that gathers informa-tion about a patient without entering thebody.

nonmetallic minerals: substances that do nothave metallic qualities.

nonrenewable resources: exhaustible energyresources.

nontraditional machining: processes that useelectrical, sound, chemical, and lightenergy to size and shape materials.

nuclear energy: energy produced by the fusionof atoms.

nurse practitioners: individuals who performsome of the basic duties that physiciansonce provided.

nurses: individuals who help physicians diag-nose and treat illnesses and injuries.

nuts: crops grown in selected parts of theworld for their hard-shelled seeds.

Oobject lines: the solid, dark lines in a drawing

that outline an object and its major details.oblique sketches: pictorial sketches that show

the front view as if a person were lookingdirectly at it.

obsolete technologies: technologies that canno longer efficiently meet human needs forproducts and services.

ocean mechanical energy conversion systems:systems that use the mechanical energy inthe oceans to generate power.

ocean thermal energy conversion systems:systems that use the differences in tem-perature between the various depths ofthe ocean to generate power.

offset lithography: a method of printing thatuses a flat-surface image carrier.

one-view drawings: drawings used to showthe layout of flat, sheet metal parts.

on-the-job training: a program through whichsimple skills are taught at a workstation byan experienced worker.

open dies: simple dies consisting of two flat diehalves.

open-loop control: a type of control system inwhich output information is not used toadjust the process.

open-pit mining: a type of mining used whena coal vein is not very deep underground.

operating management: the managers closestto the people producing a company’sproducts and services.

optical sensors: a type of monitoring devicethat can be used to determine the level oflight or changes in the intensity of light.

ores: minerals that have a metal chemicallycombined with other elements.

organic materials: materials that come fromliving organisms.

organizing: a function that involves dividingtasks into major segments and structuringa work force so goals can be met andresources can be assigned to complete eachtask.

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orthographic assembly drawings: assemblydrawings that use a single view to show themating of parts.

orthographic projection: the projection of a sin-gle view of an object onto a drawing sur-face in which the lines of projection are per-pendicular to the drawing surface.

outboard motor: a type of power sourceattached to the stern of a boat.

output devices: devices on which data can beviewed.

output unit: a device used to display andrecord the results of the processing unit’sactions.

outputs: the results, good and bad, of the oper-ation of any system.

outside directors: people outside of the man-agerial structure who are selected to serveon a company’s board of directors. Theyprovide a different view of the company’soperation.

owners: individuals who have final authorityover company activities.

owners’ manual: manuals that contain infor-mation needed to complete periodic ser-vicing of a device.

ozone layer: the upper part of the stratosphere.

Ppackaging: an activity that deals with design-

ing, producing, and filling containers.page: a text file someone creates to share infor-

mation or ideas.pagination systems: complex and expensive

computer systems that allow the operator tomerge text and illustrations very accurately.

paints: coatings that dry through polymerization.panchromatic: a type of black-and-white film

that reacts to all colors of visible light andrecords them as shades of gray.

particleboard core plywood: plywood thathas a core made of particleboard.

partnership: a form of private ownership inwhich businesses are owned and operatedby two or more people.

passenger ships: vessels that carry people.passive collectors: solar collectors that directly

collect, store, and distribute the heat theyconvert from solar energy.

pasteup: a sheet that looks exactly like the fin-ished message.

pasteurization: a technology that uses heat tokill harmful microorganisms.

pathways: the structures along which vehi-cles travel.

people skills: the abilities needed to workwith people in a cooperative way.

performers: a group of people who deliver amessage.

perigee: the point at which an orbit comesclosest to earth.

permanent molds: molds that withstandrepeated use.

personal skills: the abilities to grow and man-age personal actions on a job.

personal transportation: travel using a vehi-cle owned by one person.

perspective sketches: sketches that show anobject as the human eye or a camera wouldsee it.

persuade: the goal of communication to con-vince people to act in a certain way.

petroleum: an oily, flammable, nonuniformmixture of a large number of different solidand liquid hydrocarbons.

pharmacists: individuals who dispense pre-scription drugs and advise people on theiruse.

photograph: a picture made on light-sensitivematerial using a camera.

photographic communication: the process ofusing photographs to communicate anidea or information.

photography: the act of producing a photograph.photovoltaic cell: a converter that generates an

electrical current when struck by light.physical models: three-dimensional repre-

sentations of reality.physician assistants: individuals who deliver

basic health services under the supervi-sion of a physician.

physicians: individuals who diagnose dis-eases and injuries.

pickling: dipping a material in a solvent toremove unwanted materials. Also calledchemical cleaning.

pictorial assembly drawings: assembly draw-ings that show an assembly using oblique,isometric, or perspective views.

pig iron: the basic input for steelmaking thatresults from thermal and chemical actions.

pile foundations: types of foundations used onwet, marshy, or sandy soils.

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pivot sprinkler: a type of sprinkler systemthat uses one long line attached at one endto a water source.

place utility: a value provided by the move-ment of people and cargo from one placeto another.

planing machines: machine tools that pro-duce flat surfaces. They move the work-piece back and forth under the tool to gen-erate the cutting motion.

planning: the process of setting goals anddeveloping courses of action for a companyor parts of the company to reach the goals.

plastic range: the range in which a material canbe stretched, compressed, or bent.

plating: an electrolytic process.pleasure craft: vessels owned by private citi-

zens for recreation.plow: a piece of tilling equipment that breaks,

raises, and turns soil.pneumatic systems: systems that use air as the

transfer medium.point of interest: the place to which your eye

is drawn.point of presence: a connection point that lets

local users access a company’s network.political/legal: institutions that establish and

enforce society’s rules of behavior andconduct.

political power: the ability of a person ororganization to gain the attention andcooperation of elected officials.

pollution: a product of human activity thatdiminishes air or water quality.

polymerization: a conversion process thatcauses small hydrocarbon molecules tojoin together.

positive transparencies: slides.potable water: water safe for drinking.potential energy: stored energy.potential field: an area that has never pro-

duced oil or gas.power: the rate at which work is done.power generation system: a system that uses

an engine as an energy converter.power transmission system: a system that

controls and directs the power of an engineto do work.

precision measurement: a type of measure-ment used when exact size is critical to thefunction of a device.

preservatives: chemicals added to food insmall amounts to delay spoilage andensure the food retains its quality.

president: the top manager in a company.press fit: a fit in which friction between parts

will cause them to remain together.presses: devices in which force is delivered to

complete a forming action. They slowlyclose die halves by lowering a ram to pro-duce a squeezing action.

pressure bonding: a bonding technique thatapplies heat and pressure to a bond area.

prevention: the area of medicine that involvesusing knowledge, technological devices,and other means to help people maintainhealthy bodies.

preventive maintenance: maintenancedesigned to prevent breakdowns.

price: what someone must pay to buy or usea product or service.

primary food-processing technology: a typeof process that produces the basic ingre-dients for food.

primary processing: the step in which mate-rial resources are converted into indus-trial materials.

prime interest rate: the low interest rate banksand insurance companies charge theirsafest customers.

prime mover: a device that changes a naturalsource of energy into mechanical power.

primitive conditions: conditions determinedby nature. Primitive societies weredependent on nature to provide food, shel-ter, and clothing.

printed graphic communication: a mass com-munication system that uses technology tocommunicate through a printed medium.

printing: a communication system that placesthe images of written words on a material.

private enterprises: enterprises owned byindividuals or groups of people.

problem-solving/design process: the proce-dure used to develop technology that willattempt to satisfy people’s technologicalneeds and wants.

process development: a type of develop-ment that devises new or improvedways of completing tasks in manufac-turing, construction, communication, ortransportation.

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processes: the steps needed to complete aseries of identifiable tasks within a system.

processing unit: the part of the computer, alsocalled a central processing unit (CPU) ormicroprocessor, that manipulates the data.

producer: an individual who oversees everyelement of a show.

product development: an area of develop-ment that applies knowledge to designnew or improved products, structures, andservices.

production: the stage of developing and oper-ating systems for producing a product,structure, or service.

production personnel: In the film and tele-vision industries, a group of peoplewho record the sights and sounds of aperformance.

production processes: the actions completedto perform the function of the technologi-cal system.

production workers: people who process mate-rials, build structures, operate transporta-tion vehicles, service products, or produceand deliver communication products.

profit: the amount of money left over after allthe expenses of a business have been paid.

program: the instructions a computer uses toprocess data and produce output.

programmable logic controller (PLC): a devicethat uses a microprocessor to controlmachines or processes.

projection printing: a basic technique used toproduce prints by shining light through anegative onto a piece of photographicpaper.

propagation: a step in agricultural practicesthat allows a biological organism toreproduce.

proportion: the design principle that dealswith the relative sizes of the parts of adesign.

proprietary drugs: drugs that are consideredsafe for unsupervised use by consumers.

proprietorship: a type of business ownershipin which the business has a single owner.

propulsion: the system in a vehicle that gen-erates motion through energy conversionand transmission.

propulsion system: a vehicular system thatproduces a force to propel the vehicle fromits starting point to its destination.

prosthesis: an artificial body part developedthrough biomechanical engineering.

prototype: a working model of a system,assembly, or product that is built to test theoperation, maintenance, and safety of theitem.

proven reserves: producing oil or gas fields.public enterprises: enterprises controlled

by the government or a special form ofcorporation.

public relations: programs that communicatea company’s policies and practices to gov-ernmental officials, community leaders,and the general population.

pulleys: grooved wheels attached to an axlethat can be used to change the direction ofa force, multiply force, or multiply distance.

pulleys and V-belt: a technique in which twopulleys with a V-belt stretched betweenthem change the speed or power of amotion.

pyrolysis: a thermochemical process in whichmaterials are heated in the absence ofoxygen.

Qquality control: a process that includes all the

systems and programs that ensure the out-puts of technological systems will meetengineering standards and customerexpectations.

Rradial saw: a circular saw that moves a rotat-

ing blade across the workpiece.radiant energy: energy in the form of electro-

magnetic waves.radiation: heat transfer by using electromag-

netic waves.radiation therapy: a treatment that uses high-

energy radiation to treat cancer cells.radio waves: a series of frequencies within the

electromagnetic spectrum extending fromaround 30 hertz to 300 gigahertz.

radiology: methods that use electromagneticwaves and ultrasonics to diagnose dis-eases and injuries.

rafters: angled boards that extend from thetop plate of exterior walls to the ridge of theroof.

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rail fences: fences used as border fencesaround farm buildings or homes.

random-access memory: memory that can beread or changed by both the computer andthe user.

read-only memory: memory that can be readby the computer, but cannot be changed.

receiver: the end of the communication chan-nel that gathers and decodes a message.

receiving: recognizing and accepting infor-mation.

reciprocating motion: a back-and-forthmovement.

recruiting: a searching process through whichjob applicants are acquired.

recycling: a choice of disposal method inwhich the materials in a product or struc-ture are reclaimed.

refined sketch: a sketch that merges ideasfrom two or more rough sketches.

refining: the second step in the process ofmaking steel in a basic oxygen furnace.

reflect: to prevent passage of and cause tochange direction.

reflected waves: waves used in a broadcastsystem in which a signal is bounced off theionosphere.

refrigeration: a preservation technique thatmaintains foods at temperatures from 32°Fto 40°F.

regulation: an order issued by an executiveauthority.

reinforced concrete: a material used in theframeworks of industrial and commercialbuildings.

relief printing: a printing process that uses animage on a raised surface.

religion: an institution that develops and com-municates values and beliefs about lifeand appropriate ways of living.

Renaissance: the historical period that beganin the early 1300s in Italy and lasted until1600. This period is known for new ideasin art, literature, history, and political sci-ence, but technological developments,such as the calculator and the telescope,also occurred.

renewable: capable of being used up, butreplaceable with the normal life cycle of theenergy source.

renewable energy resource: a biological mate-rial that can be grown and harvested.

renewable resources: resources that have alife cycle.

repair: the process of putting a broken, dam-aged, or defective product or buildingback into good working order.

replacement: the step in the repair process inwhich worn or broken parts are replaced.

resaw: a machine that uses a group of evenlyspaced circular or scroll saw-type blades tocut many boards at once.

research: the work scientists do by gatheringinformation to try to explain why some-thing exists or happens in a certain way.

research and development: the stage ofdesigning, developing, and specifying thecharacteristics of a product, structure, orservice. These activities might result innew or improved products and processes.

residential buildings: structures in whichpeople live.

responsibility: accountability for actions.retained earnings: profits held by a company

and used to enlarge its operations.retrieving: a process that allows information

to be brought back.rewards: something received for some service

or attainment.rhythm: the design principle dealing with the

flow of a communication.risks: possibilities of loss.robot: a mechanical device that can perform

tasks automatically or with varyingdegrees of direct human control.

rolling machines: machines that use two rollsrotating in opposing directions to form amaterial.

rotary motion: a cutting and feed motion inwhich the work or the tool rotates.

rotary-wing aircraft: an aircraft that develops liftby spinning an airfoil. See fixed-wing aircraft.

rotating motion: a motion that uses roundcutters or spins a workpiece around anaxis.

rough sketches: drawings that show only basicideas of the size, shape, and appearance ofa product. They integrate and refine ideasgenerated in the thumbnails.

route: the path a vehicle follows.routers: specialized computers that determine

how to send information from one com-puter to another.

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routine diagnostic equipment: a type ofdevice used to gather general informationabout a patient.

rudder: a large flat plate at the stern of a ship,used to guide the vessel.

rule: a strip of metal, wood, or plastic withmeasuring marks on its face. It is the mostcommon linear measurement device.

Ssalary: payment based on work over a period

of time, such as a month or year.sales: the activity that involves the physical

exchange of products for money.sawing machines: machines that use blades

with teeth to cut materials to desired sizesand shapes.

schedules: lists of departure and arrival timesfor trips.

science: knowledge of the natural world.scientific information: information about nat-

ural laws and principles that must be con-sidered in developing a solution.

scientists: people who generally develop abasic knowledge of physics, materials sci-ence, geology, or chemistry to help createproducts and processes.

scope: panorama.screen printing: a printing process that uses

stencils with openings the shape of themessage.

screening: a type of process that allows qual-ified people to be selected from an appli-cant pool.

screw: an inclined plane wrapped around ashaft.

script: a document that identifies characters,develops a situation, and communicates astory.

scroll saws: saws with a blade that is a strip ofmetal with teeth on one edge.

search engines: special sites on the Internet thatoperate on the principle of key words.

secondary food-processing technology: a typeof process used to make finished foodproducts.

secondary manufacturing processes: theactions used to change industrial materi-als into products.

secondary processes: manufacturing processesthat change industrial materials into indus-trial equipment and consumer products.

secondary processing: a type of activity thatchanges industrial materials into products.

second-class levers: levers in which the loadis between the effort and the fulcrum.

seed-tree cutting: a logging method in which alltrees, regardless of species, are removedfrom a large area except three or four peracre. These trees are used to reseed the area.

seismographic study: an accurate way toexplore for petroleum and natural gasusing shock waves.

selective cutting: a logging method in whichmature trees of a desired species areselected and cut from a plot of land.

separating processes: processes in which toolsor machines are used to remove excessmaterial to make an object of the correctsize and shape.

separation: a process used in petroleumrefineries that breaks petroleum into majorhydrocarbon groups.

server: a special computer used to store pro-grams and data for a network.

service: routine tasks that keep a productoperating.

servicing: maintenance, repair, and recondi-tioning. It is the scheduled adjustment,lubrication, or cleaning required to keep aproduct or structure operating properly.

shaft mining: a type of underground miningthat requires a vertical shaft to reach a coaldeposit.

shaped dies: dies used to form plastic objects.shaping machines: metalworking machine

tools that produce flat surfaces. They movea single-point tool back and forth over theworkpiece to produce the cutting motion.

shearing: a separating process that uses op-posing edges of blades, knives, or dies tofracture unwanted material away from aworkpiece.

sheathing: covering.shell molding: a casting process that uses

expendable molds and a sand and resinmixture.

shutter: the device that opens and closes to per-mit or prevent light from entering a camera.

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silk screening: a printing process that usesstencils mounted on silk fabric. It is alsocalled screen printing.

sill: wood piece attached to the top of afoundation.

simplex systems: basic systems used in mobilecommunication that use the same channelfor both base and mobile transmissions.

simulation: the process of imitating expectedconditions to test design ideas.

single-point tool: a simple cutting device witha cutting edge on the end or along theedge of a rod, bar, or strip.

site preparation: the step in a construction proj-ect that involves removing existing build-ings, structures, brush, and trees that willinterfere with locating the new structure.

size dimensions: dimensions that indicate thesize and major features of an object.

skelps: strips of steel used to form pipes.slab foundation: a type of foundation used for

structures erected on soft soils.slabs: wide, flat pieces of steel.slides: single transparencies designed to be

viewed independently.slope mining: a type of underground mining

used when a coal vein is not too deepunder the ground. Miners dig a slopingshaft to reach the coal.

smelting: the thermal process using heat toextract metals from their ores.

smith forging: a common process using opendies.

smoking: a process that adds flavor to meatand fish, while preserving them.

social future: a type of future that suggests thetype of relationships people want witheach other.

socioethical skills: skills involving the under-standing of the implications of actions onpeople, society, and the environment.

soffit: the underside of a building’s roof edge.softwood lumber: a type of lumber produced

from needle-bearing trees. It is used forconstruction, for shipping containers andcrates, and for railroad ties.

solar converter: an inexhaustible energy con-verter that uses the constant energy sourceof the sun.

solar weather system: the natural cycle thatstarts with solar energy.

sole plate: the strip at the bottom of a framedwall.

sole proprietorship: a business or operationowned by one person.

solid fuel rockets: rockets that use a powderor spongelike mixture of fuel and oxidizer.

solid model: a complex computer model thattakes into account both the surface andthe interior substance of an object.

solids: materials that hold their size and shapeand can support loads.

spade bits: flat cutters on the end of a shaft,used to drill holes.

specification sheets: documents that com-municate the properties a material mustpossess for a specific application.

speed control: a type of control system thatmakes a vehicle go faster through accel-eration or slower by braking or coasting.

spraying: a process that uses air to carry fineparticles of finishing materials to the sur-face of a product.

spread foundations: types of foundations usedon rock and in hard soils.

sprinkler irrigation: an irrigation system thatproduces artificial rain to water crops.

squares: angle-measuring devices that haveblades at right angles to the heads.

stamping: a process in which both forming andcutting are done.

standard measurement: a type of measure-ment in which the exact size of a part is notcritical to the function of a product.

standard views: drawings that show a prod-uct in one piece, as it would be after it isassembled.

steel: an alloy of iron and carbon used forframeworks in industrial and commercialbuildings.

stock: a portion of the ownership of a company.Stone Age: the earliest period in history. First,

simple stone tools were used to cut andpound vegetables and cut meat from ani-mal carcasses; later, pointed stone huntingtools were developed. Humans alsolearned how to harness fire for heating,cooking, and protection.

stop bath: an acidic solution that neutralizesdevelopers.

stopping: a step in developing film that stopsthe chemical action of a developer.

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storing: processes that allow information to beretained for later use.

stratosphere: the region above the troposphere.stroke: the movement of a piston from one

end of a cylinder to another.structural system: a vehicular system that

helps people arrive safely and in comfortand protects cargo.

structure: the system that provides spaces fordevices in vehicles.

studs: uprights nailed to a sole plate.subfloor: a base, usually made from plywood

or particleboard, that goes under tile, car-peting, or other flooring materials.

submersible: a type of special boat that cantravel on the surface of or under water.

substrate: a material on which a printing isapplied.

superstructure: the framework of a building ortower constructed on a foundation. It alsoincludes the pipes for pipelines, surfaces forroads and airport runways, and tracks forrailroads.

supervisors: the managers closest to the peo-ple producing a company’s products andservices.

support staff: nonmanagerial workers whocarry out such tasks as keeping financialrecords, maintaining sales documents, anddeveloping personnel systems.

surface grinders: grinding machines that workon the metal planer principle.

surface mining: a type of coal mining used whenthe coal vein is not very deep underground.

surface model: a three-dimensional computermodel that is a wire frame with a sheet.

surgery: a way to treat diseases and injurieswith operations.

suspension bridges: bridges that use cables tocarry loads.

suspension system: a vehicular system thatproduces proper support for the weight ofthe vehicle and cargo.

swather: a machine that cuts and windrowshay in one pass over a field.

synergism: the concept that solutions pro-posed by one or more individuals in agroup will often cause other members ofthe group to think of more ideas. The num-ber of ideas generated by the group is morethan the number they could develop ifeveryone worked alone.

synthetic materials: human-made materials.system: a group of parts working together in a

predictable way, designed to achieve a goal.systems drawings: drawings used to show

how parts in a system relate to each otherand work together.

Ttable saw: a circular saw that uses a linear

feed of the material. The workpiece ispushed into the rotating blade to generatethe cut.

tail assembly: a structure that provides steer-ing capability for an aircraft.

tankers: large vessels used to move liquidsacross oceans.

tapping: the final step in the process of mak-ing steel in a basic oxygen furnace.

technical data sheets: documents that com-municate the specifications for manufac-tured products.

technical graphic communication: a type of sys-tem that prepares and reproduces engineer-ing drawings and technical illustrations.

technicians: skilled workers in laboratoriesand product-testing facilities. They workclosely with production workers, but domore specialized jobs.

technological assessment: an evaluation thatinvolves groups of people evaluating theimpacts of technology on people, society,and the environment.

technological future: a type of future thatlooks at the type of human-built world wedesire.

technological knowledge: knowledge of thehuman-built world used to design, pro-duce, and use tools and materials.

technological opportunity: a “nonproblem”condition that can be improved withtechnology.

technological problem: a problem that canaffect individuals and groups of people.These problems can be solved with devicesor systems.

technological product: an artifact built by people. technological service: outputs we use, but do

not own.technologically literate: having the understand-

ing and ability to direct new technology.

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technologist: a highly trained technicalemployee.

telecommunication: a communication processthat depends on electromagnetic wavesto carry a message over a distance.

temperature: the measurement of how hot orcold a material is.

tempering: a process used to relieve internalstress in a part.

terminals: the structures where transporta-tion activities begin and end. They housepassenger and cargo storage and loadingfacilities.

testing: the step in the repair process in whicha repaired product is checked to ensure itworks properly.

thermal conditioning: conditioning processesusing heat.

thermal energy: heat energy.thermal processes: the types of processes that

use heat to melt and reform naturalresources.

thermal processing: food-processing methodthat uses heat as the primary energy to con-vert the food.

thermal sensors: monitoring devices that can beused to determine changes in temperature.

thermochemical conversion: a basic processthat produces a chemical reaction byapplying heat.

thinking skills: skills involving the ability touse mental processes to address problemsand issues.

third-class levers: levers in which the effort isplaced between the load and the fulcrum.

three-view drawings: multiview drawingsused to show the size and shape of rec-tangular and complex parts.

thumbnail sketches: sketches that allow agraphic designer to experiment with vari-ous arrangements of copy and illustrations.

tillage: the process of breaking and pulveriz-ing soil to condition a seedbed.

timber cruising: a process in which forestersmeasure the diameter and height of treesto find stands of trees that can be eco-nomically harvested.

time: the measurement of how long an eventlasts. It is a key resource in developingand operating technological systems.

time division multiplexing: multiplexing thatdivides time into very brief segments.

tin plate: tin-coated steel used to make foodcans.

tolerance: a number indicating the amount ofdeviation that will be allowed in a dimension.

tools: artifacts humans use to expand theircapabilities.

top management: presidents and vicepresidents.

top plate: a double ribbon of 2 x 4s.tractor: 1. the part of a long-distance truck

where the power and operator units areplaced. 2. a power source that providespower to pull all types of farm equipment.

trailers: cargo units attached to a tractor.transducers: technological devices that change

energy of one form into energy of anotherform.

transmitter: a sender.transmitting: 1. to send a coded message from

a sender to a receiver. 2. to pass through amaterial.

transportation: all activities that relocatehumans or their possessions.

transportation processes: processes used tomove people and cargo.

transportation technology: the technologyused in moving people and cargo fromone place to another.

treating: a petroleum-refining process thatadds or removes chemicals to change theproperties of petroleum products.

treatment: the area of medicine that involvesusing knowledge and technologicaldevices and applying medical proceduresto fight diseases, heal injuries, or easesymptoms.

trim saw: a machine that has a series of spacedblades.

troposphere: the lowest region of space abovethe earth in which spacecraft and satellitesoperate.

truss: a triangle-shaped structure that includesboth the rafter and ceiling joist in one unit.

truss bridges: bridges that use small partsarranged in triangles to support the deck.

turbofan engine: an engine used in most com-mercial aircraft in use today. It operates atlower speeds than a turbojet engine.

turbojet engine: a type of jet engine that wasdeveloped during World War II.

turboprop engine: a variation of the jet enginethat operates efficiently at low speeds.

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turning machines: separating machines thatrotate a workpiece against a single-pointtool to produce a cutting motion.

twist drills: shafts of steel with points on theends to produce chips.

two-view drawings: multiview drawings usedto show the size and shape of cylindricalparts.

typesetting: an activity that produces thewords of a message.

UUHF: ultrahigh frequency.ultrasound: an imaging technique that uses

high-frequency sound waves and theirechoes to develop an image of the body.

underground mining: a type of mining thatrequires shafts in the earth to reach thecoal deposits.

undesirable outputs: outputs that are notwanted.

uniform resource locator: a code that is amethod of naming documents or sites onthe World Wide Web.

unintended outputs: outputs that were notconsidered when the system was designed.

unlimited liability: a disadvantage in whicha proprietor cannot separate businessincome and liabilities from his personalfinances.

unmanned space flights: space flights thatuse rockets to place payloads into orbit.

U.S. customary: a type of system used as ameasurement standard in the United Statestoday.

utilities: the systems of a structure that pro-vide water, electricity, heat, cooling, andcommunications.

Vvalue: a measure of the functional worth a

customer sees in a product. It is a factor toconsider before buying a product.

variety: the design principle that makes a mes-sage unique and interesting.

varnish: a clear finish made from a mixture ofoil, resin, solvent, and a drying agent.

vegetables: an important farm crop. They haveedible leaves, stems, roots, and seeds that

provide important vitamins and mineralsfor the daily diet.

vehicle: a technological artifact designed tocarry people and cargo on a pathway.

vehicular systems: the onboard technical sys-tems that make a vehicle work.

veneer: a thin sheet of wood that is sliced,sawed, or peeled from a log.

veneer core plywood: the most common typeof core used for plywood.

VHF: very high frequency.vice presidents: managers who report to the

president or CEO of a company.video: visual.volume: the amount of space an object occu-

pies or encloses.

Wwage: a set rate paid for each hour worked.wastewater: the water from sinks, showers, tubs,

toilets, and washing machines. It is drainedaway by part of the plumbing system.

water cycle: a cycle powered partially by solarenergy.

water transportation systems: systems thatuse water to support a vehicle.

waterwheel: a series of paddles that extend intoflowing water, which produces a rotatingmechanical motion.

watt: one joule of work per second.wavelength: the distance from the beginning

to the end of one wave cycle.wedge: a device used to split and separate

materials and to grip parts.weight: the force of the earth’s pull on a mass.wellness: a state of physical well-being.“what if” scenarios: outrageous proposals that

could lead to solutions after their goodand bad points have been investigated.

wheel and axle: a shaft attached to a disk.wide area network: a type of computer net-

work that covers large geographic areas.windmill: a wind-driven wheel that produces

a rotating mechanical motion.windrows: bands of hay.wing: the part of an aircraft that separates the

air into two streams, providing lift.wire frame model: three-dimensional com-

puter model developed by connecting allthe edges of an object.

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work: applying a force that moves a mass a dis-tance in the direction of the applied force.

World Wide Web: a computer-based networkof information resources.

woven-wire fences: fences that use posts witha special wire product attached to them.

Xx-ray machine: a diagnostic imaging machine

that essentially is a camera.

Yyarding: the process of gathering logs in a

central location.yield point: the point at which a material will

not return to its original shape after beingstretched.

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