Technical areasEmily Kennedy

Camera WorkSHOTS

1. Establishing shot - often the first shot of a new scene, use to show the audience where the action is taking place

2. Master shot - captures all of the action/dialogue in a scene, keeping all the actors in view

3. Close-up shot - a certain feature or part of the subject takes up the frame, this allows for focus on detail, or is used for a cut in

4. Mid-shot - a shot taken from medium distance, showing part of the subject in more detail

5. Long shot - a shot from considerable distance so that features are indistinguishable

6. Wide shot - a shot where the whole subject takes up the full f r a m e w i t h s o m e o f t h e surroundings in view

7. Two-shot - shows the view of two characters (the subjects) most often with the two next to each other but some shots have one in the foreground and one in the background

8. Aerial shot - A shot from above, usually by a helicopter, or person on a building (bird’s eye view)

9. Point of view shot - shows what a character is looking at, from the character’s perspective

10. Over the shoulder shot - shot of the subject from the perspective of someone behind the shoulder of another character.

Camera WorkANGLE

1. High angle - shot taken from a high angel (above eye level) usually in order to make the subject seem weak and vulnerable

2. Low angle - shot taken from a low angle (below eye level) to ensure the character looks strong and powerful

3. Canted angle - also known as the Dutch tilt, is a shot where the camera is set at an angle so the horizon line is not parallel with the bottom of the camera frame. Often used in Horror to show unease, disorientation or madness

Camera WorkMOVEMENT

1. Pan - moving the camera f rom one s ide to another; left to right

2. Tilt - moving the camera lens up or down whilst keeping the horizontal axis constant. Like nodding up and down in a straight line

3. Track - the camera is mounted on a cart on tracks so it can follow parallel to the action

4. Dolly - a specialised piece of equipment that the camera is attached to, creating smooth movements

5. Crane - a shot where the camera is attached to a crane so the characters can be viewed from above

6. Steadicam - a type of stabilising shot, making a handheld camera’s motion smooth

7. Hand-held - used when action moves too quickly/unpredictably. Often the camera is held by the operator

8. Zoom - changing the focal length of the lens, so that the subject appears closer or further away

9. Reverse Zoom - also known as the Hitchcock zoom, where the camera moves toward or away from the subject (on a dolly) whilst simultaneously addicting the zoom to keep the subject the same size whilst the background size changes

Camera WorkCOMPOSITION

1. Framing - this is the presentation of visual elementals within a frame, especially the placement of the subject in relation to the other objects

2. Rule of thirds - a shot can be divided into nine equal parts, by two equally spaced horizontal lines and two equally spaced reticule lines. Points of interests should then be places at the intersections on these lines

3. Depth of field - the focus range, it’s the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that are considered sharp

4. Deep focus - using a large depth of field, where the foreground mid doe ground and background are all in focus

5. Shallow focus - using a small depth of field, one plane of the shot is in focus while the rest is out of focus. This draws attention to specific objects in the shot

6. Focus pull - a shot where the focus is changed whilst filming, often adjusting it from one subject to another

EditingGENERAL TERMS

1. Continuity editing - a style of editing that tries to recreate reality within the film

2. Montage editing - a style of editing where shots are juxtaposed in a fast paced fashion to compress time and give the audience a lot of information in a short period

3. Long take - an uninterrupted shot, usually lasting several minutes. A stabiliser or Dolly are usually used for this.

4. Short take - scenes that are no more than five seconds long 5. Slow motion - where the action in a scene is slowed down, appearing

slower than they would in real life. Achieved by running film through the camera faster than the standard 24 frames per second.

6. Ellipsis - is the omission of a section of the narrative that is deemed to obvious or concealed for purpose such as suspense or mystery, this is achieved through different transitions

7. Expansion of time - making the duration of the film longer than real time

8. Post-production Visual Effects - imagery created, altered or enhanced for situations that may be difficult to film

EditingCUTTING

1. Shot reverse shot - where one character (A) is shown to be looking at another character (B) and then B is shown to be looking back at A

2. Eyeline match - associated with continuity editing style, it’s based on the fact that the audience will want to see what the character on screen is seeing

3. Graphic match - relating two disconnected scenes by matching two objects/elements (colour, shape, size) so that the transition flows smoothly between the scenes

4. Action match - where the editor cuts from one shot to the other which has the same action as the first shot

5. Jump cut - when a shot is cut so that a subject seems to jump in an abrupt way (forward in time)

6.C r o s s c u t t i n g - alternating two (or more) s c e n e s t h a t h a p p e n s imu l taneous ly bu t in

different locations 7. Parallel edit ing -

alternating two (or more) s c e n e s t h a t h a p p e n s imu l taneous ly bu t in

different locations, often culminating in a single place where the parties meet

8. C u t a w a y - t h e interruption of a continuous s h o t w i t h a v i e w o f something else

9. Insert (cut in) - a close-up of something within a scene from a different p e r s p e c t i v e ( o b j e c t /subject/action etc)

EditingTRANSITIONS

1. Cut - a visual break, it’s a simplest type of film transition cutting from one shot to another

2. Cross-dissolve - this is a gradual transition from one image to another

3. Fade in - when the picture gradually turns to a single colour, or when a picture gradually appears on screen. Fade ins often occur at the beginning of a film or act

4. Fade out - when the picture gradually turns to a single colour, or when a picture gradually appears on screen. Fade outs are typically found at the end of the film or act

5. Wipe - a type pf transition where one shot replaces the other by travelling from one side of the frame to another in a certain shape

6. Superimposition - the placement of an image or video on top of a pre-existing image or video

Sound10. Voiceover - narration/dialogue by an unseen

narrator/ character usually portraying thoughts 11. Mode of address/direct address -

the manner in which the narrative is portrayed (e.g dialect/

accents)/ when the character speaks directly to the audience 12. Sound perspective - a sound’s position in

space as heard by the audience given by volume, timbre and pitch

13. Soundtrack: score - original music written specifically to accompany a film

14. Incidental music - music in media that is not

primarily musical 15. Themes and stings - music that always

accompanies a certain film/programme/ short bursts of music to link sections of a show

16. Ambient sound - can be recorded on location or added to the soundtrack

1. Diegetic - sound from a source which is visible on screen e.g dialogue

2. Non-diegetic - sound whose source is not visible on screen, such as narrator’s commentary

3. Sound mixing - where a multitude of recorded sounds are combined into one or more channels

4. Synchronous sound - sounds which are synchronised with what is viewed, e.g hearing sirens whilst watching a police chase

5. Asynchronous sound - sounds which aren’t matched with a visible source of sound on screen

6. Sound effects - artificially created or enhanced sounds

7. Sound motif - a sound effect or combination of sound effects that are associated with a particular character, location or idea throughout the film

8. Sound Bridge - associated with continuity editing, where the music is still the same between the transition from one scene to another

9.Dialogue - conversation between characters used to portray feelings or narrative

Mise-en-scene

1.Production design - the overall style of the production, shown through use of lighting, set, filter, costume etc. Say the show was historical, a dark filter is often used to show this

2.Location - Where it has been filmed, e.g for Lord of The Rings being filmed in New Zealand where it’s a beautiful and vast country. This portrays the fantasy world Tolkien would've wanted

3.Studio - where the production has been filmed within a studio (often made to look like a location)

4.Set design - this shows the audience a lot about the genre of the production

5.Costume and make-up - this again shows a lot about the genre, with certain styles of make-up/costume representing eras in time. As well as this lack of costume/make-up may be used to show reality in a production

6.Properties - items within the frame that add to the overall style/genre of the production

7.Lighting - different types of lighting; high key, low key, naturalistic and chiaroscuro portray different moods within the production

8.Colour design - different coloured filters give different impressions of scenes. E.g the dusty orange/yellow filter in Dune, representing the sand and heat of the planet Dune