SynGas Gasifier

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

Technology Presentation

COAL GASIFICATION versus COAL COMBUSTION

Basic Gasification Technology

• Dry Feed Entrained Flow Gasifier using: – Pyrolysis – Thermal conversion or destruction of

organics in the absence of oxygen (reducing atmosphere).

– Gasification – Thermal conversion of organic materials at elevated temperatures and reducing conditions to produce syngas (Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide)

– Steam Reformation – Vaporized water (steam) added to carbon creates syngas (Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide)

From: NREL:Biomass Gasification Overview, Richard L. Bain, January 28, 2004

ProvisionalPatentEffectiveDate:April 11, 2006

PatentPendingEffectiveDate:

ExclusivePatent RightsAssignedToThermal Conversions, LLC

175 dry ton per day Gasification Plant

www.eastman.com/company/gasification/overview.htm

Coal 12,500 BTU

Syngas

Variable gas compositions available depending upon operation parameters

• Carbon Dioxide • Carbon Monoxide • Hydrogen • Methane • Other

• Ash– Sulfur– Silica– Mercury– Chlorine– Sodium, etc

Removed

Heatup to

1800° F

Pressure80 psi

PlusIonizedWater

Injection

Gasification

Feed for Chemical/ Refinery

Processes and

ElectricalGeneration

Energy Mass Balance(Btu Basis)

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H2 Concentration (mol % dry gas)

Ga

s C

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CO

CH4

CO2

H2

Desired operating range for synthesis

H2:CO = 2H2:CO = 1

Syngas composition operating range for pyrolysis/steam reforming system which includes the range of H2:CO most desirable for production of synthesis fuels. Data collected on pilot scale pyrolysis/steam reforming system operated on biomass feedstock. (Schuetzle, et al. 2007)

Gasification Chemistry

• The following chemical equations describe the process that takes place in the conversion of coal or other carbonaceous fuels into synthesis gas.

Process Equations

Combustion with Oxygen: C + O2 ↔ CO2

Gasification with Oxygen: 2C + O2 ↔ 2CO

Gasification with Carbon Dioxide: C + CO2 ↔ 2CO

Gasification with Steam: C + H2O ↔ CO + H2

Gasification with Hydrogen: C + 2H2 ↔ CH4

Water Gas Shift Reaction: CO + H2O ↔ H2 + CO2

Methanation Reaction: CO + 3H2 ↔ CH4 + H2O

SynGas Gasifier Unique Equations

NOx Emission Control:

CO + NOx +H2O ↔ O2CNO + H2O2

Reaction creates Nitroxyl reactive ions and hydrogen peroxide vapor which provides additional quench water purification and final Nitroxyl precipitation into water filters.

SynGas GasifierUnique Equations Continued

Sulfur Emission Control:

CO + SOx +H2O ↔ O2CSO + H2O2

Reaction creates Sulfinoxyl reactive ions and hydrogen peroxide vapor which provides additional quench water purification and final Sulfinoxyl precipitation into water filters.

SynGas GasifierUnique Equations Continued

Metals Emission Control:

O-x + M ↔ MOx

Ionized oxygen reaction creates metal oxides which are coagulated and precipitated into water filters.

Major US Gasification System Vendors and Projects

• E-GAS ConocoPhillips – Upflow, wet fed (slurry)• GE Energy – Downflow, wet fed (slurry)• Shell Gasification – Upflow, dry fed

• All use an entrained flow oxygen-blown system of gasification

• ConocoPhillips (Global Energy/PSI Wabash River) and GE Energy (Tampa Electric Polk Station) have demonstrated and proven technology in commercial scale IGCC plants

Technology Name/

Design Feature

GE Energy

(formerly Texaco)

E-Gas

(ConocoPhillips)

Shell SynGas Gasifier

Feed System Coal in Water Slurry Coal in Water Slurry

Dry coal, Lock Hopper & Pneumatic Conveying

Dry (As Received)

Coal, Air lock Drag Conveyor

Gasifier Configuration

Single Stage Downflow

Two Stage Upflow Single Stage Upflow 4 Stage Horizontal Circular Flow

Gasifier Wall Refractory Refractory Membrane Wall Inconel

Pressure (psig) 500-1000 Up to 600 Up to 600 80

Notes Offered as Quench or with Heat Recovery

Currently only offered with Heat Recovery

Currently only offered with Heat Recovery

Quench Only

Comparison with Major Entrained Flow Gasifiers

Reference: Publication No. LFEE 2005-002 WP MIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environment

Fischer Tropsch Liquid Fuels Process

The Fischer Tropsch Process

Tax Credits

• SynGas gasification projects can qualify for several tax credits:– Investment tax credits– Clean coal technology– Alternative fuels– Bio-mass conversion– Waste conversion– Job creation

PC Emissions Improvements

IGCC Power Plant Mass Flow

Power Plant Efficiency

Efficiency is defined as the amount of electrical energy produced for sale as a fraction of the amount of fuel consumed in the process, expressed as a percentage.

• Conventional – 32 to 37 %• Supercritical – 35 to 43 %• Ultra-supercritical – 45 % potential• Circulating Fluidized Bed – 29 to 34 %• IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle)

– 37 to 43 % with potential of 50 %

Electricity Flow, 2005(Quadrillion Btu)

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/contents.html

65.1%

34.9%

31.3%

Efficiency in Electricity Generation by Process

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Eff

icie

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www.umweltbundesamt.at/.../site/umweltthemen/industrie/IPPC_Konferenz/donnerstag_kraftwerke/6-_Van_Aart.ppt

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

CO2 Emission Sources

Bio-Mass SynGas Flame