soil health management through carbon sequestration under changing climate
TRANSCRIPT
1
‘‘Soil Health
Management Through
Carbon Sequestration
Under Changing
Climate’’
2
OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Climate change
• Impact of climate change on agriculture
• Carbon sequestration
• Agricultural management strategies for carbon sequestration
• Conclusions.3
Carbon dioxide is one of the main greenhousegases that is causing global warming and forcingclimate change .
4
GREENHOUSE GASES
METHANEHYDROFLUOROCARBONNITROUS OXIDE
PERFLUOROCARBON
SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE
5
Increasing greenhouse gases trap heat energy
6
Outgoing Short wave
Change in concentration of greenhouse
gases since the industrial revolution
GAS Pre – 1750 concentration
Present concentration
Percent increase since 1750
Carbon dioxide (ppm)
280 390.5 39.5
Methane (ppb) 700 1871 167.2
Nitrous oxide (ppb)
270 323 19.6
CFC-11 (ppt) zero 241 -
CFC-12 (ppt)zero 534 -
7Blassing (2012)
Sources of carbon dioxide emission
Man made sources
Industries Transportation Land use change Biomass burning Soil cultivation
8
31.6 Gt
Sources of carbon dioxide emission
Natural sources
Volcanoes
Wild fires
Decomposition
Respiration
9
Carbon dioxide emission in top five
countries
CHINA, 9700
USA, 5420
INDIA, 1970
RUSSIA, 1830
JAPAN, 1240
Million tonnes per annum
10Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2012 report
JULY 2012 – 391.07ppmJULY 2011 – 389.03ppm
11
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2012
Trend in CO₂ emission in India
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
billion tonnes
12Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2012 report
1.06
1.97
OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Climate change
• Impact of climate change on agriculture
• Carbon sequestration
• Agricultural management strategies for carbon sequestration
• Conclusions.13
CLIMATE CHANGE
14
OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Climate change
• Impact of climate change on agriculture
• Carbon sequestration
• Agricultural management strategies for carbon sequestration
• Conclusions.15
Impact on agriculture
16http://www.fao.org/NEWS/FACTFILE/FF9721-E.HTM
Climate change in India
0.4⁰C rise in surface air temperature
Increasing monsoon seasonal rainfall (+10 to +12%)
Decreasing monsoon seasonal rainfall (-6 to -8%)
4–5 million tonnes loss in annual wheat productionwith every 1⁰C rise in temperature.
Sharma and Sharma (2011) 17
The change in drought status
18National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2012
Impact on apple plantation in Himachal
Pradesh
Apple plantation at higher altitude due to climate change
19
Impact of potential climate change on soil
health
Climate change affects :
Soil moisture regimesSoil temperature regimes SOC poolSoil vegetation
20
Functions of the SOC pool:On– site functions
• Source and sink of essential plant nutrients
• substrate for energy for soil biota
• increase cation exchange capacity
• absorbent of water at low moisturepotentials
• promoter of soil aggregation
• high water infiltration capacity
• high Buffering capacity
• moderator of soil temperature.21
Off– site functions
• Reduces sediment load in streams andrivers
• filters pollutants of agricultural chemicals
• reactors for biodegradation ofcontaminants and
• buffers the emissions of GHGs from soil tothe atmosphere.
22
OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Climate change
• Impact of climate change on agriculture
• Carbon sequestration
• Agricultural management strategies for carbon sequestration
• Conclusions.23
CARBON SEQUESTRATION
The term “carbon sequestration” isused to describe both natural anddeliberate processes by which CO₂is either removed from theatmosphere or diverted fromemission sources and stored indifferent sinks.
24
CARBON SEQUESTRATION SINKS
–In plants and soil “terrestrial sequestration”
–Underground “geological sequestration”
–Deep in ocean “ocean sequestration”
–As a solid material (still in development)
25
SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION
• Soil can be a major source or sink of atmospheric CO₂.
• Soil carbon sequestration refers to the storage of carbon in soil.
• It is considered to be a strategy for mitigating climate change.
26
SOIL :THE LARGEST TERRESTRIAL CARBON POOL
The global soil carbon pool amounts to 2500 Gt
The total soil carbon pool is four times the bioticpool and three times the atmospheric pool
Lal (2004)
Soil organic C stocks in soils of India have beenestimated to be 21 Pg (upper 30 cm) and 63 Pg(upper 150 cm) Velayutham et al. (2000)
27
1 tonne of carbon lost from soil ≈ 3.7 tonnes ofCO₂ to the atmosphere
Climate change and agriculture (2012)
Soil : as a sink of carbon sequestration
AtmosphericCO2
Plantrespiration
Animalrespiration
Soil respiration
Photosynthesis
Soilorganisms
Soilorganicmatter
DissolvedCO
in water2
Leachate
AtmosphericN2
Mineralization
Denitrification
BiologicalN fixation
Carbonateminerals
Fossil fuels
CO2
N
N O
N
2
2
O
NH
volatilization3
NH
fixation4
Plantuptake
Fertilizer
Carbon
Output
Carbon
Input
Soil
Carbon
Sequestration
28
OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Climate change
• Impact of climate change onagriculture
• Carbon sequestration
• Agricultural managementstrategies for carbonsequestration
• Conclusions.29
Agricultural Management Strategies for
Carbon Sequestration
Nutrient managementMulching Residue managementConservation tillageCrop rotationTree planting or agro-forestry
30
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
31
Long term effect of manure and fertilizers
on total organic carbon (g kg-1)
6.1
5.15.7
6.3
7.47.9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
fallow control N NP NPK NPK + FYM
0- 15cm
15- 30cm
30- 45cm
Manna et al. (2006)Barrackpore (West Bengal) 32
Long – term effect of chemical
fertilizers and amendments on SOC
7 7.2 8 8
11.28.4
12.49 8.2
(0.0- 0.15m)S…g kg-1
33Kaushal (2006)Palampur
Soil organic carbon ( % ) as affected by the long
term application of fertilizers and organics
TREATMENTS 0 – 30 (cm)
T1 : (control) 0.37
T2 :100% NPK (fertilizers) 0.46
T3 :50% N (FYM )+ 50% through NPK (fertilizers) 0.54
T4 :50% N (wheat straw ) + 50% NPK (fertilizers) 0.51
T5 : 50% N green manure (sesbania aculeata) + 50% NPK (fertilizers) 0.52
Kumar et al. (2012)Hisar (Sandy loam ) 34
Change in TOC (Mg ha-1) w.r.t. INM
0
5
10
15
20
25
Fallow Control NPK NPK +FYM
NPK +PS NPK +GM
18.8
14.7
17.8
21.319.9
18.3
TOC
35BCKV, West Bengal (Sandy loam, pH- 7.2) Ghosh et al. (2012)
Soil organic carbon (%) as
influenced by organic nutrition
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
100% FYM
100%VM
100%PM
100% UREA
125%FYM
125%VM
125%PM
150%FYM
150%VM
150%PM
Meena and Singh (2012)(Sandy clay loam, pH- 7.12) 36Varanasi ,UP
Effects of amendments on soil organic
carbon (%) of cocoa cultivated soilsTREATMENTS NON – COCOA
CULTIVATED SOILS5 - YEARS COCOA CULTIVATED SOILS
7- YEARS COCOA CULTIVATED SOILS
T1: soil alone 0.45 0.83 0.92
T2: soil alone 0.44 0.83 0.92
T3: lime 0.41 0.77 0.87
T4: fly ash 0.46 0.86 0.94
T5 : biochar 0.77 1.12 1.21
T6: FYM 0.58 0.91 1.03
T7: VM 0.48 0.89 0.96
Vignesh et al. (2012)Moorje , Dakshinakannada (Karnataka) 37
MULCHING AND RESIDUE
MANAGEMENT
38
Soil organic carbon (0-30cm) as
influenced by crop residues and FYM
Noresidues
Noresidues
Clusterbean
Mungbean
Pearlmillet
FYM
1.9
1.8
2.1
2 2
2.1
O…
Aggarwal et al. (1997)Jodhpur (Loamy sand, pH- 8.0)39
mg g-1
Change in soil organic carbon
under lantana application
M0 F100% M10 F100% M20 F100% M30 F100%
0.06
0.31
0.410.46C ha-1 yr-1
Raina (2007)Palampur40
Effect of straw management and tillage
system on carbon sequestration
Treatment Organic carbon (%) C sequestered (% of added carbon)
Straw burned- CT 0.35 -
Straw burned- ZT 0.36 -
Straw incorporated- CT 0.44 16.6
Straw mulched- ZT 0.48 25.2
Ludhiana (Sandy loam, pH- 7.85) Singh et al. (2009)41
Changes in soil carbon due to mulch
additions in a shade coffee agro ecosystems
YEAR NO MULCH MULCH NO MULCH MULCH
Carbon (g kg-1 ) Carbon (Mg ha-1 )
2006 28.3 28.3 53.9 53.9
2008 29.2 39.0 49.1 64.7
CHANGE 0.9 10.7 -4.8 10.8
Youkhana and Idol (2009)Hawaii (Vertic Haplustolls, pH- 6.0- 6.5)42
CONSERVATION TILLAGE AND
CROP ROTATION
43
Tillage effects on soil organic carbon
content (0 – 5cm)
53.51
33.97
22.85
35.38
29.3
15.13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Brady sandy loam Fox sandy loam Huron clay loam
g C kg⁻1 soil
NT
MB
Yang and Kay (2001)44
Canada
Effect of tillage on Soil organic
carbon (%) of 0- 15 cm soil
TREATMENT 2004- 2005 2005- 2006
Conventional tillage
1.22 1.22
Reduced tillage
1.22 1.29
45
Sudha and George (2011)Vellayani (Kerala) Clay loam, pH- 5.8
Effect of tillage and crop rotation on
soil organic carbon (Mg ha-1)
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
CRP CW W- F W- L W- W- F W- P- F
19.819.4
19.9
20.4
19
19.7
22.3
20.9
19.4
21
20
20.9
CT
NT
Sainju et al. (2006)Clay loam 46
Change in soil organic carbon under
different cropping sequencesSequences Organic carbon (%)
Rice(100) – wheat(100) - 0.004
Rice(100) – lentil(100) 0.006
Rice(75) – lentil(100) 0.004
Pigeon pea(100) – wheat(100) 0.006
Pigeon pea(100) – wheat(75) 0.003
Rice(100) – wheat(100) - GM 0.010
Rice(75) – wheat(75) - GM 0.007
Rice(50) – wheat(50) - GM 0.001
Singh et al. (1996)Pantnagar 47(over a period of 5 years)
Soil organic carbon (Mg C ha-1) in a spring
wheat- fallow and annual crop rotation
16.3
18.4
17.8
19.5
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
SW - F ANNUAL CROP
0- 7.6 cm depth
CT
MT
Halvorson et al. (2002)Silt loam48
(after 12yr)
Soil organic carbon (%) under
different cropping systems
CROPPING SYSTEMS 2004- 2005 2005- 2006
Coconut + banana1.23 1.25
Coconut + maize1.18 1.21
Coconut + pineapple1.25 1.30
49Sudha and George (2011)Vellayani (Kerala)
Clay loam, pH- 5.8
TREE PLANTING
50
Changes of soil organic carbon as
affected by land use practicesLand use system Initial OC (%) After 5 years OC
(%)
Sole crops 0.22 0.29
Eucalyptus – based system 0.25 0.37
Acacia – based system0.28 0.48
Poplar – based system0.26 0.43
Singh et al. (1997)alkali soil (Karnal )51
Soil organic carbon under different tree
speciesTREE SPECIES Organic carbon (g kg-1 soil)
Fallow 4.6
Acacia ferugenia 9.6
Albizzia lebbek 9.3
Casuarina equisetifolia 12.6
Dalbergia sissoo 14.4
Inga dulse 10.5
Eucalyptus hybrid 10.8
Pongamia pinnata 10.5
Glyricidia maculata 11.4
Manjunatha et al. (2002)Saline waterlogged soil (Karnataka)52
Soil organic carbon for shelterbelt
and cultivated fields
SOILPROPERTY
0 – 7.5 cm 7.5 – 15 cm
SHELTER BELT
FIELDS SHELTER BELT
FIELDS
SOC (%) 3.04 1.96 1.99 1.77
Sauer et al. (2007)Silt loam53
Soil organic carbon (%) as influenced by
poplar- based agro - forestry system
0.61
0.47
0.40.37
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0- 15cm 15- 30cm
AGRO FORESTRY
SOLE CROP
Gupta et al. (2009)Loamy sand 54
Soil organic carbon (%) as influenced by
poplar- based agro - forestry system
0.63
0.53
0.410.37
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0- 15cm 15- 30cm
AGROFORESTRY
SOLE CROP
Sandy clay Gupta et al. (2009) 55
Accumulation of soil organic
carbon under different tree species
Tree species Organic C (%)
Dek (S1) 39.72
Control (S1) 29.17
Shisham (S2) 32.50
Eucalyptus (S2) 36.40
Control (S2) 27.22
Singh et al. (2011)PAU, Ludhiana56
(0-120 cm)
Soil organic carbon (%) in
adjacent, fringe, deep forest area
0.1
0.92
1.12
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Adjacent area Fringe area deep forest
Thakare et al. (2012)Gadchiroli district (Maharashtra)57
Soil organic carbon under different
land use
22%
30%
48%
SOC (t ha-1)
FOREST LAND USE
HORTICULTURE LAND USE
GRASSLAND
Negi and Gupta (2012) Chamoli district (Uttarakhand)58
Total organic carbon under different
land use
Udawatta et al. (2009)59
Missouri (USA)
ed
---------------------------
---------------------------------
------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------
-
Carbon sequestration after new agricultural
management
2.38
4.6
3.75
1.49
Permanent cover Addition of forage No till Summer fallowreduction
(Tg C yr-1)
Smith et al. (2011) 60Canada
OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Climate change
• Impact of climate change on agriculture
• Carbon sequestration
• Agricultural management strategies for carbon sequestration
• Conclusions.61
CONCLUSIONS
• Carbon dioxide is one of the primary greenhousegas that contributes to climate change which isthe biggest global challenge affecting theenvironment.
• Reducing CO₂ emissions is necessary to preventthe projected negative impacts of climatechange.
• Soil carbon sequestration is an importantstrategy to mitigate climate change as it removesCO₂ from the atmosphere .
62
Contd……
• Agricultural management practices boost thecapacity of soil to store carbon:
Application of FYM, vermi-compost, poultrymanure along with the recommended dose offertilizers
Use of amendments like fly ash, biochar
Mulch farming, residue management, reducedtillage (no- till or zero tillage)
Land use management : grassed waterways,crop rotations, agro- forestry, planting trees ondegraded land
63
Contd…
• Soil carbon sequestration using innovative soiland crop management practices is neededboth to augment soil carbon storage, andimprove soil health and sustainability.
• No single agricultural management practicesin isolation can enhance soil carbonsequestration and soil health.
64
65
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