soil amendments and carbon sequestration

8/14/2019 Soil Amendments and Carbon Sequestration

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C-MASC 06-09

SOIL AMENDMENTS ANDSOIL AMENDMENTS ANDCARBON SEQUESTRATIONCARBON SEQUESTRATION

R. LalCarbon Management and Sequestration Center

The Ohio State University

Columbus, OH 43210 USA


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C-MASC 06-09

SOIL AMENDMENTSOIL AMENDMENT

These are organic and inorganic materials,

which by application on soil surface asmulch or through incorporation, improve soil

quality, increase NPP, and enhance the

environment.


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C-MASC 06-09

ORGANIC AMENDMENTSORGANIC AMENDMENTSPlant Based Animal Origin

A. Live Plants: A. Co-Products:

Cover crops

Live mulchMixed cropping, Relay cropping

Manure

CompostB. Industrial Products:

B. Plant Residues: Bone Meal (P fertilizer)

MulchCompost

Biochar

C. Inoculants:Rhizobium

Mycorrhizae


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C-MASC 06-09

INORGANIC AMENDMENTSINORGANIC AMENDMENTS

Materials Impact

1. Chemical Fertilizers Enhance soil fertility

2. Soil Conditioners Improve soil structurea. Organic : Bitumen, PVA

b. Inorganic : Lime


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C-MASC 06-09 Newsweek 2009


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C-MASC 6-09

SOIL C AS AN INDICATOR OFSOIL C AS AN INDICATOR OF

CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE

1. It is a familiar property,

2. It involves direct measurement,

3. It can be measured in 4 dimensions (length,width, depth, time),

4. It lends itself to repeated measurements over

the same site,

There are numerous advantages:


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C-MASC 06-09

5. It is linked to ecosystem performance and

services,6. It is a key driver of soil formation,

7. It is important to soil fertility,

8. It has memory,

9. It has well defined properties,

SOIL C AS AN INDICATOR OF CLIMATESOIL C AS AN INDICATOR OF CLIMATE

CHANGE (Contd.)CHANGE (Contd.)


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C-MASC 06-09

CAPACITY OF TERRESTRIALCAPACITY OF TERRESTRIAL

CARBON SINKCARBON SINKHistoric Loss from Terrestrial Biosphere =

456 Gt with 4 Gt of C emission = 1 ppm of CO2

The Potential Sink of Terrestrial Biospheres = 114 ppm

Assuming that up to 50% can be resequestered = 45 55 ppm

Cropland Soils: 1 Gt/yr

Rangeland Soils: 1 Gt/yrRestoration of Degraded/Desertified: 1 Gt/yr

Drawdown: 50 ppm of CO2 over 50 years


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C-MASC 06-09

Reducing

C-BasedInput

Reducing

C-Based

Input

Soil Carbon Sequestration

Avoiding Emissions

Controlling

Erosion

Improving

Energy

Efficiency

Biofuels

Creating Negative

C Emissions

Sequestering Carbon

Creating Positive

Nutrient Budget

MulchingCover

cropping

Soil

Amendments

Biochar

Manure

Zeolites

ChemicalFertilizers

Bio-fertilizers

STRATEGIES OF SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATIONSTRATEGIES OF SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION


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C-MASC 06-09

GLOBAL SOIL EROSION AND DYNAMICSGLOBAL SOIL EROSION AND DYNAMICS

OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBONOF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON

Lal, 2003

1500 x 1015 Cin world soil

1.4 x 1015 g/yr C

Decomposition

and emission tothe atmosphere

5.7 x 1015 g/yr C

Displaced to to erosion

0.57 x 1015 g/yr

Transported to the ocean

3.99 x 1015 g/yrStored within the

terrestrial ecosystem


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C-MASC 06-09

CREATING POSITIVE C BUDGETCREATING POSITIVE C BUDGET


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1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 2100 2110

360

400

500

600

700

Year

A

tmosph

ericc

once

ntrat i

ono

fCO

2(p

pmv ) Carbon

sequestration

BASELINEBASELINE


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C-MASC 06-09

INCREASING NPP AND CREATINGINCREASING NPP AND CREATING

A POSITIVE ECOSYSTEM C BUDGETA POSITIVE ECOSYSTEM C BUDGET

Using INM

Conserving and recycling water

Controlling stocking rate

Converting NT with mulching and cover crops

Using soil amendments (e.g., manure, biochar, zeolites)

Establishing forests, woody shrubs and perennials


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C-MASC 5-09

CREATING POSITIVE NUTRIENT BUDGETCREATING POSITIVE NUTRIENT BUDGET


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C-MASC 06-09

STRATEGIES OF CARBONIZATIONSTRATEGIES OF CARBONIZATION

OF THE TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHEREOF THE TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE

1. Restore forest and savannahs2. Control soil erosion

3. Reclaim degraded soils4. Inundate/restore peat soils

5. Adopt RMPs on agricultural soils6. Strengthen co cycles of water,

nitrogen and carbon


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C-MASC 06-09

CARBON FOOT PRINT OF CONVENTIONALCARBON FOOT PRINT OF CONVENTIONAL

TILL AND NOTILL AND NO--TILL CORNTILL CORNParameter Kg CE/ha

Conventional Till No Till

1. Input 803 786

2. Output 6431 6688

3. Soil erosion -60 0

4. C Sequestration -500 500

5. Net C output 5871 7188

6. C Output : Input 73 91


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C-MASC 06-09

ADOPTION OF NOADOPTION OF NO--TILL FARMINGTILL FARMING

Country AreaCountry Area

(million hectares)(million hectares)

United StatesUnited States 25.325.3

BrazilBrazil 23.623.6

ArgentinaArgentina 18.318.3

CanadaCanada 12.512.5

AustraliaAustralia 9.09.0

ParaguayParaguay 1.71.7

IndoIndo--Gangetic PlainsGangetic Plains 1.91.9

BoliviaBolivia 0.60.6

Country AreaCountry Area

(million hectares)(million hectares)

South AfricaSouth Africa 0.40.4

Spain 0.3Spain 0.3

VenezuelaVenezuela 0.30.3

UruguayUruguay 0.30.3New ZealandNew Zealand 0.20.2

FranceFrance 0.20.2

ChileChile 0.10.1

ColumbiaColumbia 0.10.1

ChinaChina 0.10.1

OthersOthers 1.01.0

Total 96Total 96(Derpsh, 2007)


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C-MASC 06-09

Workers in Indias fertile Punjab pull an overstuffed load of rice stalks to a

farm where they will be used as animal feed. High-yielding varieties, along

with subsidized fertilizer and irrigation, have helped India stave off faminefor decades. (National Geographic, June 2009)

A i b l d d b t diti l bi f l


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Source: NYT 4-16-09

Asian brown cloud caused by traditional biofuels.


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C-MASC 06-09

CARBON SEQUESTRATIONCARBON SEQUESTRATION

IN RELATION TO CLIMATEIN RELATION TO CLIMATE

High

LowMedium

Medium

Temperature

Moisture

Wet

Dry

Cool

Hot


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C-MASC 06-09

Technology

Clay Silt Sandy Loam

Poorly

Drained

Well Drained Erodible Non-Erodible Erodible Droughty

No-Till

Cover

Cropping

Manuring

Biochar

Agroforestry

Irrigation

INM

Improved

Pasture

SOIL GUIDE FOR C SEQUESTRATIOSOIL GUIDE FOR C SEQUESTRATION


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C-MASC 06-09

RATE OF SOC SEQUESTRATIONRATE OF SOC SEQUESTRATION

1. Depends on many factors:

2. Baseline or reference point.

3. Clay content and type.

4. Antecedent SOC pool.

5. Residue management.

6. Internal drainage.

7. Soil wetness.


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C-MASC 6-09

PATHWAYS TO LOW CARBON ECONOMYPATHWAYS TO LOW CARBON ECONOMY

(MCKINSEY & CO., 2008)(MCKINSEY & CO., 2008)

Strategy GHG Abatement (Euro/t CO2 E)

Tillage and Residue Management - 50

Waste Recycling - 15

Degraded Land Restoration 10

Second Generation Biofuels 5Pastureland Afforestation 10

Degraded Forest Restoration 12

Agriculture Conversion 25

Biomass Co-firing Power Plant 30

Coal C Capture & Sequestration 45

Gas Plant Capture & Sequestration 60


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C-MASC 06-09

LAW #2LAW #2

SOIL STEWARDSHIP ANDSOIL STEWARDSHIP AND

HUMAN SUFFERINGHUMAN SUFFERING

When people are poverty stricken,

desperate and starving, they pass on theirsufferings to the land.

L #3Law #3


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C-MASC 06-09

Law #3Law #3

NUTRIENT, CARBON AND WATERNUTRIENT, CARBON AND WATER

BANKBANK

It is not possible to take more out of a soil

than what is put in it without degrading itsquality.


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THE ULTIMATE RECYCLINGTHE ULTIMATE RECYCLING

AN IMPOSSIBLE ECOSYSTEMAN IMPOSSIBLE ECOSYSTEM


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C-MASC 06-09

LAW #5LAW #5

ORGANIC VERSUS INORGANICORGANIC VERSUS INORGANICSOURCE OF NUTRIENTSSOURCE OF NUTRIENTS

Plants cannot differentiate the nutrients

supplied through inorganic fertilizers ororganic amendments.


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C-MASC 06-09

LAW #6LAW #6

SOIL CARBON AND GREENHOUSESOIL CARBON AND GREENHOUSEEFFECTEFFECT

Mining C has the same effect on globalwarming whether it is through

mineralization of soil organic matter andextractive farming or burning fossil fuelsor draining peat soils.


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C-MASC 06-09

LAW #7LAW #7

SOIL VERSUS GERMPLASMSOIL VERSUS GERMPLASM

Even the elite varieties cannot extract

water and nutrients from any soil

where they do not exist.


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C-MASC 06-09

Law #8Law #8Soil As Sink For Atmospheric COSoil As Sink For Atmospheric CO22

Soil are integral to any strategy of

mitigating global warming andimproving the environment


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C-MASC 06-09

LAW #9LAW #9

ENGINE OF ECONOMICENGINE OF ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Sustainable management of soils is the

engine of economic development, political

stability and transformation of ruralcommunities in developing countries.

L #10L #10


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C-MASC 06-09

Law #10Law #10

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE ANDTRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND

MODERN INNOVATIONSMODERN INNOVATIONS

Sustainable management of soil impliesthe use of modern innovations built

upon the traditional knowledge. Those who refuse to use modern

science to address urgent global issues

must be prepared to endure more

suffering.


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PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE BETWEENPRODUCTIVITY INCREASE BETWEEN

1900 AND 20001900 AND 2000 (PONTING, 2007)(PONTING, 2007)

Parameter

Increase Factor Between

1900-2000

Population 3.8

Urban Population 12.8

Industrial output 35

Energy Use 12.5

Oil Production 300

Water Use 9

Irrigated Area 6.8

Fertilizer Use 342

Fish Catch 65

Organic Chemicals 1000Car Ownership 7750

soil amendments and carbon sequestration

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