sg · 2015. 6. 24. · 1 k|fylds txdf d "nofª \sg k |lj |mof k|fylds tx lziffsf ] cfwf/e...

$: sg · 2015. 6. 24. · 1 k|fylds txdf d "Nofª \sg k |lj |mof k|fylds tx lzIffsf ] cfwf/e "t tx xf ] . o;n ] eljiosf gful/sx¿ s:tf x 'g] 5g \ eGg ] s '/fsf ] cfwf/ k|bfg ub {5$

k|sfzs g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfno kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL o; lzIfs ;|f]t ;fdu|L;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|,

;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/df lglxt 5 . kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf] lnlvt :jLs[ltljgf o;sf] k"/} jf cf+lzs efu x'ax' k|sfzg ug{, kl/jt{g u/]/ k|sfzg ug{, s'g} ljB'tLo ;fwg jf cGo k|ljlwaf6 /]s8{ ug{ / k|ltlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5}g .

k|yd ;+:s/0f, @)^&

o; lzIfs ;|f]t ;fdu|L;DaGwL kf7sx¿sf s'g} klg k|sf/sf l6Kk0fLx¿ ePdf kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|, ;Dkfbg tyf k|sfzg zfvfdf k7fOlbg'x'g cg'/f]w 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg] l6Kk0fLx¿nfO{ of] s]Gb| :jfut ub{5 .

xfd|f] egfO ljBfno txsf] lzIffnfO{ p2]Zod"ns, Jojxfl/s, ;d;fdlos / /f]huf/d"ns agfpg ;do;dodf kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfo{ x'“b} cfPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{df /fi6«, /fli6«otf Pjd\ nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] efjgf k}bf u/fO{ g}ltstf, cg'zf;g, :jfjnDag h:tf ;fdflhs Pjd\ rfl/lqs u'0f tyf cfwf/e"t 1fg / hLjgf]kof]uL cfjZostf kl/ k"lt{sf nflu kf7\oj|md kf7\ok':ts / cGo ;xof]uL ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ j|mddf k|fylds tx -sIff !–%_ df k7gkf7g u/fpg lzIfsx¿sf nflu ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] k|of]ufTds d"Nofª\sg lzIfs ;|f]t ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . of] ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] n]vg l8saxfb'/ /fO{, lbgfgfy uf}td, dx]Gb| lji6, v'aL/fd clwsf/L / sdnf kf08] ;+nUg /x]sf] sfo{bnaf6 ePsf] xf] . pSt sfo{bnaf6 tof/ ePsf] d:of}bf n]vgnfO{ ;DalGwt ljifosf lzIfs sfo{zfnfaf6 yk kl/dfh{g u/L ljifo ;ldltaf6 clGtd ¿k k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf] ljsf;df nIdLk|;fb vqL, nf]s]Gb|dfg k|wfg, 8f= /fhf/fd ;'j]bL, 6]sgf/fo0f kf08], rGb|snf df:s], ;GWof e6\6/fO{ / l8NnLk|;fb zdf{;d]tsf] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] efiff ;Dkfbg lji0f'k|;fb clwsf/L / nf]sk|sfz kl08taf6 ePsf] xf] eg] 6fOk, n]cfp6, l8hfOg 6fh{g /fO{ / clgtf ld>af6 ePsf] xf] . ;fdu|L ljsf;df k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg ;a}nfO{ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| xflb{s wGojfb k|s6 ub{5 . lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;“u;“u} d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;xof]u k'uf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] tof/ kfl/Psf] of] lzIfs ;|f]t ;fdu|L ljleGg l;sfO :t/ ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ yk k[i7kf]if0f lbO{ pgLx¿sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;3fp k'¥ofpg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoogsf] kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf l;sfOpknlAw k|fKt ug]{ sfo{df d"ntM lzIfssf] k];fut nug tyf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt ug]{ ;fdflhs kIfsf] Jojxfl/s ;Lk, :yfgLo kl/j]z / jftfj/0fdf lge{/ /xG5 . o; ;|f]t ;fdu|Ldf lbOPsf z}lIfs ;fdu|L lzIf0f tyf d"Nofª\sg lj|mofsnfk, d"Nofª\sg clen]v 9f“rf gd'gf dfq ePsfn] ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt / :j¿k, ljBfyL{sf] ?lr / Ifdtf, :yfgLo kl/j]z cflbnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL To;df cfjZos kl/dfh{g;lxt cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] 5 . cGTodf o;nfO{ cem Jojxfl/s / pkof]uL agfpg ;DalGwt kIfaf6 /rgfTds ;'emfjsf] ;d]t ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . lzIff dGqfno kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

ljifo;"rL zLif{s k]h ;ª\Vof

k|fylds txdf d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof ! pbf/ sIff]Gglt s] xf] < # lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/x¿ $ d"Nofª\sg tl/sf tyf ;fwgx¿sf] ;"lr (

sIff –! !)–#@ PsfO –! cfkm", cfkm\gf kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s !) PsfO –@ xfd|f] ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf !# PsfO –# ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg !& PsfO –$ gful/s r]tgf @) PsfO –% xfd|f] k[YjL @# PsfO –^ xfd|f] ljut @^ PsfO –& xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk #) sIff –@ ##–%( PsfO –! cfkm", cfkm\gf kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s ## PsfO –@ xfd|f] ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf #& PsfO –# ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg $@ PsfO –$ gful/s r]tgf $$ PsfO –% xfd|f] k[YjL $* PsfO –^ xfd|f] ljut %# PsfO –& xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk %^ sIff–# ^)–&( PsfO –! cfkm", cfkm\gf kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s ^) PsfO –@ xfd|f] ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf ^# PsfO –# ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg ^^ PsfO –$ gful/s r]tgf ^( PsfO –% xfd|f] k[YjL &@ PsfO –^ xfd|f] ljut &% PsfO –& xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk && sIff –$ *)–(^ PsfO –! cfkm", cfkm\gf kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s *) PsfO –@ xfd|f] ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf *@ PsfO –# ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg *% PsfO –$ gful/s r]tgf *& PsfO –% xfd|f] k[YjL *( PsfO –^ xfd|f] ljut (@ PsfO –& xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk ($ sIff–% (&–!!^ PsfO –! cfkm", cfkm\gf kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s (& PsfO –@ xfd|f] ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf !)) PsfO –# ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg !)# PsfO –$ gful/s r]tgf !)% PsfO –% xfd|f] k[YjL !)& PsfO –^ xfd|f] ljut !!)

PsfO –& xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk !!$

1

k|fylds txdf d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof

k|fylds tx lzIffsf] cfwf/e"t tx xf] . o;n] eljiosf gful/sx¿ s:tf x'g] 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . g]kfndf xfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLcg';f/ sIff Psb]lv kf“r;Ddsf] lzIffnfO{ k|fylds lzIff dflgPsf] 5 . k|fylds txdf lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg k4ltn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ dfgl;s ¿kdf gs/fTds c;/ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] o; txdf lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg k4ltnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kb{5 .

ljBfyL{sf] lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lsg lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg elgof] eGg] ;Gbe{df lg0f{ofTds tyf lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgnfO{ Ps} 7fp“df /fv]/ atfpg pko'St x'G5 . ;fwf/0f cy{df ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng] sfd ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg xf] . ljBfyL{sf af/]df lg0f{o lng / ljBfyL{df kf7\oj|mdn] ck]Iff u/]sf p2]Zo k"/f u/fpg ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . ljBfyL{sf af/]df lg0f{o lng ul/g] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lg0f{ofTds / kf7\oj|mdn] ck]Iff u/]sf l;sfO p2]Zo k"/f u/fpg ul/g] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg elgG5 .

lzIf0fl;sfO k|efjsf/L agfpg] / kf7\oj|mdn] nIo u/]sf l;sfO p2]Zox¿ ljBfyL{df k"/f u/fpg ul/g] d"Nofª\sg lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg xf] . lzIf0fl;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zocg';f/ lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk;“u} lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . To;}n] lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;/n efiffdf lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg elgPsf] xf] . lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg lsg cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f k|i6 x'g tn lbOPsf s]lx tYo tYofª\ssf] cWoog ug{ h?/L 5M

k|fylds txdf sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] ljBfyL{sf] ljj/0f -k|ltztdf_ sIff –! sIff –@ sIff –# sIff –$ sIff –% sIff !–%

5fqf 5fq hDdf

5fqf 5fq hDdf

5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf

5fqf 5fq hDdf

@(=$ @(=^ @(=% !$=) !#=$ !#=& !)=% !)=@ !)=# (=( !)=! !)=) &=( &=* &=* !&=# !&=) !&=@

k|fylds txdf sIff 5f8\g] ljBfyL{sf] ljj/0f -k|ltztdf_ sIff –! sIff –@ sIff –# sIff –$ sIff –% sIff !–%

5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf

!%=^ !^=% !^=! !!=# !@=! !!=& (=@ !)=! (=& (=% !)=^ !)=! (=) !)=% !)=@ !@=) !@=* !@=$

;|f]t M lzIff ljefu

k|:t't tYofª\sdf k|fylds txsf ljBfyL{x¿n] sIff 5f8\g] / bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ 8/nfUbf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] x'g'df y'k|} k|ToIf / ck|ToIf sf/0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL k|d'v sf/0fx¿ o:tf b]lvG5g\M

-s_ ljBfyL{ cg'QL0f{ x'g',

-v_ sIffsf]7f /dfOnf] gx'g',

-u_ sIffdf ;hfo lbOg'

-3_ sIffdf kf7 3f]Sg'kg]{, s07 ug'{kg]{ / u[xsfo{ w]/} ug'{kg]{ afWotf x'g',

-ª_ lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfno hfg gkfpg',

2

-r_ slnnf / r~rn afnaflnsfnfO{ lbge/ sIffsf]7fdf sf]lrP/ a:g'kg]{ afWotf x'g',

-5_ 1fg / af]w kIfnfO{ dfq cfwf/ agfP/ k/LIffd'vL d"Nofª\sg ug]{ kl/kf6L x'g',

-h_ ljBfyL{x¿ cfkm\gf] ?lrcg';f/sf] lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g gkfpg' .

oL ;a} sf/0fx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ / h8 sf/0f eg]sf] xfd|f] k/Dk/fut 3f]sGt] lzIf0f k|lj|mof, k/LIff k|0ffnL / ljifoj:t' k|wfg z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] xfd|f afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] k|ltef / Ifdtf bafP/ Psf]xf]/f] lstfaL 1fg lbg dfq k|]l/t u5{ . xfd|f cleefjsx¿ / lzIfsx¿ nAwfª\skqdf cfPsf] cª\snfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ cfkm\gf afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf dfly uj{ u5{g\ . Tof] cª\s s;/L cfPsf] 5, s;/L cfpg'kb{Yof], To;n] jf:tljs d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] 5, 5}g eg]/ slxNo} x]g]{ sfd ePsf] 5}g .

xfn g]kfnsf] ljBfno ;t/df dfgs jf cª\sdf cfwfl/tk k/LIff k|0fflnn] cToflws :yfg kfPsf] sf/0ffn] ubf{ h'g ljBfyL{n] nAwfª\s kqdf w]/} cª\s Nofp“5, To;nfO{ /fd|f] / h]x]gbf/ ljBfyL{ elgG5 . sd cª\s Nofpg] jf slyt cg'QL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{nfO{ sdhf]/ / v/fa ljBfyL{ elgG5 . #@ k|ltzt cª\s Nofpg] ljBfyL{ ;Ifd ulgP/ dflyNnf] sIffdf k'U5 eg] #@ k|ltzteGbf sd cª\s Nofpg] ljBfyL{ cIfd ulgP/ Psjif{ klxn]s} sIffdf cfkm"eGbf ;fgf efOalxgLx¿;“u a;]/ sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg afWo x'G5 . To:tf afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s kL8f / c;xh jftfj/0f a'em\g] k|of; ePsf] 5}g .

pSt ljBfyL{ To:tf] d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLåf/f cIfd 3f]lift eof] h'g k|0ffnLn] p;sf] :d/0f Ifdtfafx]s s'g} klg Ifdtfsf] hf“r u/]g . p;n] Psjif{df ljBfnodf lstfasf cIf/afx]s y'k|} s'/f l;Sg kfpg'kb{Yof] . Tof] l;sfOof] ls l;sfOPg, cfkm\gf] 7fp“df 5 . p;n] cfkm\gf] Ifdtf EofP;Dd l;s]sf cGo s'/fx¿sf] klg k/LIf0f gu/L vfnL :d/0f Ifdtf dfq x]g'{ afnclwsf/sf b[li6n] klg cGofo x'G5 .

xfdLn] cg'e"lt u/]s} s'/f xf] k/LIffdf cg'QL0f{ eP/ sIff 5f8]sf s}of}“ JolStx¿ eljiodf 7"nf] snfsf/, k|fljlws, kqsf/, j}1flgs, ld:qL, s's, Joj:yfks, Jofkf/L, g]tf cflb aGg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . csf{tkm{ pRr cª\s NofP/ kf; ePsf y'k|} gful/sx¿ hLjgdf c;kmn ePsf jf a]/f]huf/ eP? a;]sf pbfx/0f 5g\ .

;a} afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO Ifdtf, ?lr, af]w, ;Lk, clej[lQ, ;[hgfTdstf cflbdWo] s'g} ljBfyL{ Ps If]qdf cufl8 5 eg] csf]{df gx'g ;S5 . 1fg / af]w kIfnfO{ dfq k/LIf0f u/]/ af“sL If]qsf] pk]Iff ubf{ b]zsf xf]gxf/ k|ltefjfg\ / Ifdtfjfg\ gful/sx¿ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] d"n wf/af6 g} aflxl/g k'u]sf 5g\ .

lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zox¿dWo] Pp6f p2]Zo o:tf] 5 M

ælzIffn] k|To]s JolStdf cGtlg{lxt k|ltef / JolStTj ljsf;sf ;DefjgfnfO{ k|:km'l6t ug{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .Æ t/ xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnLn] eg] w]/} k|sf/sf k|ltef ePsf / JolStTjzfnL afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ kf7 s07 ug{ g;s]sf] egL lxgtfaf]w x'g' k/]sf] 5 . ax'k|ltef ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg cfkm\gf ;Dk"0f{ k|ltef bafP/ lstfaL 1fgdf ;Lldt u/]sf] 5 . ;a}sf nflu lzIff eg]/ cl3 al9/x]sf] ljZj ;dfhdf g]kfnL afnaflnsf eg] cIfdtfsf] laNnf nufp“b} ljBfno 5f8\g' kg]{ cj:yf cfpg' ;fGble{s dfGg ;ls“b}g .

3

log} ;jfnx¿sf] ;dfwfg:j¿k k|fylds txsf] sIff # ;Dd pbf/ sIff]Ggltsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;fl/Psf] xf] .

pbf/ sIff]Gglt s] xf] <

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fdfGotof tNnf sIffdf l;Sg g;s]sf s'/fx¿ dflyNnf sIfdf l;sfpg] u/L sIff r9fp“b} n}hfg] sfo{nfO{ pbf/ sIff]Gglt elgG5 .

pbf/ sIff]Ggltsf ;DaGwdf lzIfs, cleefjs / ;fdfGo gful/sx¿df o:tf k|Zgx¿ pAh]sf] kfOG5 .

hfGb} ghfGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ s;/L pQL0f{ u/fpg] <

ghfGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ klg pQL0f{ ub}{ n}hfg] xf] eg] dflyNnf] sIffdf ;d:of cfp“b}g <

oxL tl/sf xf] eg] ca lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ Go"gtd x'g] eof] . cg'QL0f{ g} ug{ gkfOg] ePkl5 s;n] ldlxg]t u/]/ k9\5 <

k9\g] / gk9\g] ljBfyL{aLrdf s] km/s <

ljBfyL{ cg'QL0f{ gx'g]] ePkl5 lzIfsn] s]sf] dl/d]6\g' 5 / <

oL k|Zgx¿ lxhf]sf] ;Gbe{df l7s} lyP xf]nfg\ . cyjf xfdLn] clxn];Dd unt cEof; ul//x]sf lyof}“ xf]nf t/ cfhsf] cfw'lgs k|lt:kwf{Tds ljZjdf oL k|Zgx¿ g} unt ;fljt eO;s]sf 5g\ lsgls tnsf a'“bfx¿df PsIf0f ;f]rf}“ t !

!= cfw'lgs lzIffdf lzIfsn] k9fpg] xf]Og l;sfpg'k5{ . ljBfyL{n] l;Sg'k5{ . ljBfyL{nfO{ hjfkm lbg ;Sg] dfq xf]Og k|Zg ug{ ;Sg] klg agfpg' kb{5 .

@= ;a} afnaflnsfsf] l;Sg] Ifdtf p:t} x'“b}g .

#= s'g} klg afnaflnsf l;Sg} g;Sg] jf IfdtfljxLg x'“b}gg\ . pgLx¿df s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] cGtlg{lxt k|ltef / Ifdtf x'G5, h;nfO{ k|ikm'6g u/fpg] sfd lzIfssf] xf] .

$= l;sfOsf] tl/sf, dfWod, jftfj/0f, cEof;, ;fdu|L cflbn] l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 .

%= l;sfO lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] . cl3 al9/x]sf caf]w afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm"n] l;sfpg c;kmn ePsf] s'/f n'sfpg æt“ cg'QL0f{ eO;\Æ eg]/ p;sf] ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ g} 6Ss /f]s]/ #^% lbg cyf{t\ Psjif{ k5fl8 ws]Ng' cGofok"0f{ / ck|fs[lts sfo{ xf] . afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOsf] ult /f]Sg] clwsf/ xfdLnfO{ 5}g .

^= lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mof, d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof / lzIffk|ltsf] unt ;f]rfOsf] sf/0f caf]w afnaflnsf s] 7Ls / s] a]7Ls eGg] s'/f;Dd klg yfxf gePsfnfO{ cg'QL0f{ agfpg' Gofof]lrt x'“b}g .

&= afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s ljsf; tLj| ultdf eO/x]sf] To; pd]/df Psjif{ cg'QL0f{ eP/ sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg'n] sIffdf pd]/ut / Jojxf/ut ljleGgtf Nofp“5 . cg'QL0f{ x'g]nfO{ cfkm\gf efOalxgLx¿;“u a;]/ k9\g'kbf{ nfh, lxgtfaf]w, c;Gt'li6 cflb pTkGg x'G5 . pgLx¿ sIffdf cg'zfl;t gx'g] , sIff 5f8\g] jf k9fO g} 5f8\g] u5{g\ . l;Sg cfPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfp“b} gl;sfO aflx/ k7fpg' /fHo cfkm\gf] st{Joaf6 ljd'v x'g' xf] .

log} sf/0fn] ubf{ pbf/ sIff]Ggltsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] xf] . ca k|flj txsf lzIfsdf yk bfloTj ylkPsf] 5 . klxn] h:tf] sIffdf uP/ lstfa k9fpg] dfq xf]Og ls ljljw k|sf/sf lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf l;sfO pknlAwx¿ xfl;n x'g] u/L l;sfpg'k5{ . l;sfOsf] j|mddf lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg u/L s'gs'g ljBfyL{df l;sfO pknlAw

4

xfln; ePg 5'6\ofpg'k5{ . l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n gePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ yk lj|mofsnfkx¿åf/f l;sfp“b} hfg'k5{ .

;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf ;Gbe{df lzIf0fl;sfOsf] p2]Zo ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg lbg] dfq geO{ afnaflnsfdf Jojxf/, ;Lk, cjwf/0ff / JolStTjsf] ljsf; ug'{ /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf s'/fx¿ lnlvt jf df}lvs k/LIffaf6 dfq k/LIf0f ug'{ ;Dej x'“b}g .

o;sf lglDt lg/Gt/ cjnf]sg, k[i7kf]if0f / ;xof]usf] vf“rf] kb{5 .

pbf/ sIff]Gglt k|0ffnLdf lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k4lt ckgfOG5 . o:tf] d"Nofª\sg sIffleq, aflx/ Pjd\ k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ¿kdf ul/G5 t/ To;nfO{ clen]vLs/0f ub}{ hfg'k5{ . ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf, ;lj|motf, bIftf, sfo{;Dkfbg, ;do kfngf, lgoldttf cflbsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ub}{ hfg'k5{ .

sIff !–# ;Dd cfjZos k/LIff / lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg b'j} ug{ kg]{ t/ sIff]lGgtsf] cfwf/ lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ dfq lng'kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . sIff $ / % df sIff]lGgtsf] cfwf/ lgDgfg';f/ x'g] 5M

lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg %) k|ltzt

k/LIff-cfjlws d"Nofª\sg_ %) k|ltzt

hDdf !)) k|ltzt

lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/x¿

ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg xr'jfsf] e/df gu/L b}lgs ¿kdf ug'{k5{ . To;sf lglDt lgDglnlvt cfwf/x¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M

-s_ ;xeflutf

-v_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg

-u_ Jojxf/ lgdf{0f

-3_ l;h{gfTdstf

-ª_ kl/of]hgf sfo{

x/]s kf7df dflysf lj|mofsnfksf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug]{ . ‘s’ b]lv ‘u’ ;Ddsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ b}lgs d"Nofª\sg kmf/fd e/]/ /fVg] .

‘s’ b]lv ‘u’ ;Ddsf lj|mofsnfksf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ lgDgfg';f/ /]hf nufpg]

clt pQd – pQd –

;fdfGo – x/]s ljBfyL{sf] xKtfel/sf] /]hf ug]/ cfPsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ Tof] xKtfel/ k9fOPsf] kf7;ª\Vof / d"Nofª\sg cfwf/ ;ª\Vofn] efu u/L !)) n] u'0ff ug]{ / k|ltztdf lgsfNg] . x/]s q}dfl;s ;fdfGotof ljBfyL{ cg'QL0f{ gx'g] x'gfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ‘s’ ‘v’ / ‘u’ >]0fLdf 5'6\ofpg] .

&) b]lv !)) k|ltzt ‘s’ >]0fL

$) eGbf dfly ^( k|ltzt;Dd ‘v’ >]0fL

$) k|ltzt eGbf sd ‘u’ >]0fL x'G5 .

5

‘u’ >]0fLsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] sdL sdhf]/L klxrfg u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg'k5{ .

b}lgs, ;fKtflxs / q}dfl;s d"Nofª\sg kmf/fdx¿sf] gd'gf o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

b}lgs d"Nofª\sg tflnsfsf] gd'gf /f]=

g+

kf7–^ kf7–& kf7–* kf7–( kf7–!) kf7–!! /]hf

;+Vof

s v u 3 s v u 3 s v u 3 s v u 3 s v u 3 s v u 3 &@

!=

$(

@=

#=

b|i6JoM

-s_ ;xeflutf -v_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg -u_ Jojxf/ -3_ l;hgfTdstf jf ljz]if Ifdtf

d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/x¿

b}lgs d"Nofª\sgsf j|mddf w]/} /fd|f] / w]/} sdhf]/ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOpklAwsf cfwf/df sIff ;Sg] lalQs} /]hf nufpg] / af“sL ljBfyL{nfO{ dWod /]hf km';{bdf lbg] .

k|:t't tflnsfdf /f]n g+= ! sf] ljBfyL{sf] k|fKt u/]sf] /]hf ;ª\Vof = $(

k|fKtfª\s = ª\Vof /]hf ;kg]{kfpg'ª\Vof /]hf ;kfPsf] x !))

!))@&

$( = ^* k|ltzt cª\s kfof] . q}dfl;s k/LIff cl3 k|fKt cª\s

k|ltztsf] cf};t lgsfNg] .

q}dfl;s d"Nofª\sg kmf/fd

/f]n g+ xKtfcg';f/ k|fKtfª\s hDdf cf};t

! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@

!= ^* *@ &) *% &^ &% &@ ** () (% *& *^ !)@# *!=!^

@=

#.

x/]s xKtfsf] k|ltztsf] hf]8

h:t} M q}dfl;s d"Nofª\sg cª\s =

xKtf ;ª\Vof

= @!

)@#!

= *%=@%%

pSt cª\snfO{ %) k|ltzt df kl/jt{g ug]{

6

h:t} M *%=@% x ))!%)

= $@=^@ = $# cª\s

k|yd q}dfl;s d"Nofª\sg glthf = lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt cª\s ± kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] cª\s ± k/LIffaf6 k|fKt cª\s

$# ± & ± @* = &* cª\s

/f]n g+= ! sf] ljBfyL{n] k|yd q}dfl;s k/LIffdf ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf &* cª\s Nofof], To;}n] pm ‘s’ >]0fLdf k¥of] .

x/]s ljifodf k|To]s q}dfl;s k/LIffdf k|fKt cª\snfO{ clGtd d"Nofª\sgsf lglDt lgDgfg';f/ kl/jt{g u/]/ /fVg] .

k|yd q}dfl;ssf] cª\snfO{ !) k|ltzt

bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] cª\snfO{ #) k|ltzt

clGtd k/LIffsf] cª\snfO{ ^) k|ltzt

h:t}M /f]n g+= ! sf] ljBfyL{n] k|yd q}dfl;s k/LIffdf &* cª\s, bf];|f]df &% cª\s / clGtddf *) cª\s kfof] eg] clGtd d"Nofª\sg o;/L ug'{k5{ M

k|yd q}dfl;ssf] cª\s = ))!

kfKtfª\s x !) =

))!*&

x !) = &=* cª\s

bf];|f] q}dfl;ssf] cª\s !))

kfKtfª\s x #) =

))!%&

x #) = @@=% cª\s

clGtd k/LIff jf t];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] cª\s

= !))

kfKtfª\s x ^) =

))!*)

x ^) = $* cª\s

clGtd d"Nofª\sgsf] cª\s = k|yd q}dfl;ssf] cª\s ± bf];|f] q}dfl;ssf] cª\s

± clGtd q}dfl;ssf] cª\s

= &=*±@@=%±$*

= &*=# cª\s cyf{t\ &* cª\s k|fKt eof] .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

l;sfOsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ljlw kl/of]hgf sfo{ xf] . kl/of]hgf sfo{ ul//x“bf To;sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ . To;sf lglDt lgDglnlvt cfwf/x¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ;xefuL x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ Go"gtd $ cª\s x/]s If]qdf lbOg'k5{ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{ d"Nofª\sg kmf/fdsf] gd'gf

/f]n g+= ;xeflutf !)

sfo{ ;Dkfbg !)

k|:t'tLs/0f

!)

hDdf cª\s !)

cf};t cª\s

! & ( * @$

#@$

= *

7

kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] cª\s lgsfNbf kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] cª\s lgsfNbf

= ª\Vof ;sfo{kl/of]hgf

hf]8cª\sx¿sf] kfKt sfo{x¿af6 kl/of]hgf

= $

#%^* =

$@@

= %=% cª\s x'G5

pSt cª\s lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sgdf hf]8\g] .

;x tyf cltl/St lj|mofsnfk

dlxgfdf sDtLdf Pp6f ;x tyf cltl/St lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] . Pp6f ;x jf cltl/St lj|mofsnfknfO{ Pp6f kf7 dfg]/ ;fKtflxs d"Nofª\sgdf ;dfj]z ug]{ . o;sf lglDt b}lgs kf7 d"Nofª\sgnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfGg] / /]hf nufpg] . ;d"xut k|lt:kwf{ ePdf ;d"xsf ;a}n] ;dfg cª\s kfp“5g\ .

PsfO k/LIff

x/]s PsfO ;lsPkl5 Pp6f PsfO k/LIff lng'k5{ . o;sf nflu lglZrt\ cª\s 5'6\\ofpg ;lsG5 .

h:t}M x/]s PsfO k/LIff !) cª\ssf lglDt ug{ ;lsG5 . tL cª\sx¿sf] cf};t lgsfn]/ x/]s q}dfl;s k/LIffdf lbOg] cª\ssf] !) k|ltzt cª\s PsfO k/LIffnfO{ lbg ;lsG5 .

PsfO k/LIff clen]v kmf/fdsf] gd'gf

/f]n=g+ PsfO k/LIff hDdf cªs cf};t cª\s

klxnf] -!)_ bf];|f] -!) t];|f] -!)_

! ^ & * @! &

clGtd d"Nofª\sg kf7\oj|mddf lbOPcg';f/ ug'{k5{ .

;l~rt clen]v

x/]s ljBfyL{sf] lglDt PsPscf]6f kmfOn v8f u/]/ /fVg'k5{ . pSt kmfOnnfO{ ;l~rt clen]v elgG5 . pSt clen]vdf pSt ljBfyL{sf] af/]df lgDglnlvt s'/f ;dfj]z x'g'k5{ .

-s_ ljBfyL{sf] JolStut ljj/0f

ljBfyL{sf] gfd

7]ufgf

hGd ldlt

-v_ ljBfyL{sf] kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f

ljBfyL{sf] bfh'efO tyf lbbL alxgL ;ª\Vof

8

a'afsf] gfd / pd]/

cfdfsf] gfd / pd]/

3/df kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof

cfdfsf] k];f

a'afsf] k];f cflb

-u_ q}dfl;s pknlAw

k|To]s tLg dlxgfdf ljBfyL{n] kfPsf] cª\s

k|To]s tLg dlxgfdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] >]0fL -u|]8_

cleefjssf] k|ltlj|mof

lzIfssf] k|ltlj|mof

-3_ 36gfj[Q clen]v / To;;“u ;DalGwt k[i7kf]if0fsf s'/fx¿

ljBfyL{sf] hLjgdf 36]sf dxŒjk"0f{ 36gfx¿

pSt 36gfsf] sf/0f l;sfOdf k/]sf] k|efj

cleefjssf] k|ltlj|mof

lzIfssf] k|ltlj|mof

-ª_ clGtd d"Nofª\sg ljj/0f

jif{el/sf] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw

ljBfyL{sf] ?lrsf] If]q

ljBfyL{n] ?lr gb]vfpg] If]q

ljBfyL{n] xfl;n u/]sf] cª\s

sIff]Ggltsf] nflu ul/Psf] lg0f{o cflb .

pSt ;l~rt clen]v Psk6s v8f u/]kl5 Tof] ljBfyL{ To; ljBfnodf /x];Dd Pp6} x'G5 .

b|i6JoM lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg lgb]{lzsf x]g'{xf]nf .

9

d"Nofª\sg tl/sf tyf ;fwgx¿sf] ;"lr

cjnf]sg kmf/fd

>]0fLdfkg

?h";"lr

36gfj[Q clen]v

;l~rt clen]v

;fd'lxs d"Nofª\sg

JolStut d"Nofª\sg

;xkf7L d"Nofª\sg

cfTdd"Nofª\sg

lzIfs d"Nofª\sg

cleefjs ;Dks{af6 ul/g] d"Nofª\sg

cGtjf{tf{

sIff sfo{

u[xsfo{

;fd'bflos sfo{s

kl/of]hgf sfo{

lnlvt tyf df}lvs k|Zg

PsfO k/LIff

;xeflutf

5nkmn

36gf cWoog

k|Zgf]Q/

sfo{;~rfoLsf cWoog

sIff !

10

PsfO M !

cfk"m, cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s p2]Zo

-s_ cfkm" / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] gfd / gftf atfpg .

-v_ cfkm\gf] ;fdfgsf] klxrfg / htg ug{ .

-u_ cfkm\gf bf}“t/Lx¿;“u d]nldnfk /fVg .

-3_ cfkm"eGbf 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ / ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug{ .

-ª_ ;d"xdf ldn]/ sfd ug{ .

-r_ cfkm\gf bf}“t/Lx¿sf] gfd ;f]Wg / ldn]/ v]Ng .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

k|fylds txsf] ;'?sf] sIff ePsf] x'gfn] sIff ! df ljBfyL{x¿n] gf}nf] jftfj/0f, gf}nf] 7fp“ / gf}nf dflg;x¿;“u ;fd~h:o sfod ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf k"j{ k|fylds txsf] lzIff glnPsf afnaflnsfx¿n] cIf/ k9\g / n]Vg ghfGg] x'“bf snd, sfkL / k':ts;“u klg kl/lrt x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf/0f o; sIffsf] ;'?sf sIffx¿df pgLx¿nfO{ snd hah{:tL ;dft]/ n]Vg / k9\g eGbf v]nx¿, lrq k|bz{g, syfjfrg, l;h{gfTds Pjd\ k|ltef k|bz{g ug]{ vfnsf ljBfyL{s]lGb|t ljlwx¿sf dfWodaf6 ljifoj:t' l;sfpg'k5{ . To;}n] ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg lnlvt k/LIffeGbf lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf ;'wf/fTds 9ª\uaf6 ub}{ hfg'k5{ . cfjlws d"Nofª\sg klg o:t} lj|mofsnfkåf/f g} ug'{kb{5 .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;'?sf lbgx¿df lzIfs, sIffsf]7f / ;fyLx¿;“u 3'nldn u/fpg b'O{rf/ lbg;Dd :yfgLo v]nx¿ v]nfpg], gfrufg ug]{, syf eGg] h:tf lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fPkl5 dfq kf7 ;'? ug'{k5{ . x/]s lj|mofsnfkx¿df nhfpg], 8/fpg], lglij|mo /xg] ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f / k|f]T;fxg lb“b} kmsfp“b} ;lj|mo agfpg'k5{ . lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fO/x“bf ljBfyL{nfO{ ufnL ug]{, lk6\g], t;f{pg] ug'{x'“b}g .

o; PsfOdf afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkm\gf] gfd eGg], kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd / gftf atfpg], ;d"xdf 3'nldn eP/ a:g] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg] / d]nldnfk;DaGwL lj|mofsnfkx¿ l;sfpg'k5{ . 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ / ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug]{ g}lts Jojxf/sf] klg ljsf; u/fpg] k|of; ug'{k5{ .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

kf]:6/, lrq, rf6{, 3/kl/jf/df x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] gd'gf cflb .

l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg

-s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b'O{ ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . Pp6f ;d"xdf a9Ldf kf“rhgf /fVg'xf];\ . af“sLnfO{ csf]{ ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ . yf]/} hgfsf] ;d"x uf]7fnf] / af“sL ;d"x afv|f x'G5g\ . uf]7fnf] ;d"xn] afv|f ;d"xnfO{ nv]6\5g\ . uf]7fnfn] afv|fnfO{ 5'“bf afv|fn] cfkm\gf] gfd 7"nf] :j/n] eGg'k5{ . ca 5'g] ljBfyL{ afv|f / 5f]8\g] ljBfyL{ uf]7fnf] aG5 . oxL j|mdn] v]n cufl8 al9/xG5 . uf]7fnfn] 5'“bf afv|fn] gfd eg]]g eg] pm uf]7fnf] aGg kfp“b}g .

of] v]naf6 afnaflnsfx¿df 3'nldn x'g], cfkm\gf] gfd eGg] cEof; x'g], c¿sf] gfd yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] x'g], kl/ro x'g] h:tf 1fg tyf ;Lksf] ljsf; x'G5 .

v]n v]ln/x]s} ;dodf e'mlSsg] / gfd geGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ bf]xf]¥ofp“b} l;sfp“b} cEof;, d"Nofª\sg Pjd\ ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg'k5{ . o; v]nsf] ;6\6f lzIfs lgb]{lzsfdf lbOPsf] gfd 7]ufgf atfpg] v]n v]nfpg klg ;Sg'x'G5 .

11

v]nsf j|mddf ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfOpknlAw d"Nofª\sg ug{ tnsf] h:t} cjnf]sg kmf/fd agfpg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{sf] gfd ;lj|motf gfd eGg] ldng;fl/tf hDdf cª\s

kmf/fddf plNnlvt a'“bfdf ;sf/fTds eP -_ lrx\g nufpg'xf];\ / geP vfnL 5f]8\g'xf];\ .

Pp6f -_ sf] !) cª\s b/n] cª\s lbO{ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . k|fKtfª\snfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ k|ltztdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg'x'g] 5M

-v_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hgfj/x¿sf] syf w]/} dg k5{ . hgfj/x¿sf] ;+o'St kl/jf/ ePsf] syf ;'gfpg'xf];\ . h:t}M æs'g} hª\undf Pp6f :ofn a:bYof] . :ofnsf] gfd rª\v] lyof] . rª\v]sf] 3/df a'9f xh'/af / a'9L xh'/cfdf lyP . rª\v]sf afcfdfn] rª\v]sf xh'/af xh'/cfdfnfO{ cfb/ uy]{ . pgLx¿ rª\v]nfO{ dfof uy]{ . rª\v]n] klg p;sf a'afcfdf / xh'/af xh'/cfdfnfO{ cfb/ uYof]{ . rª\v] cfkm\gf efOalxgLnfO{ dfof uYof]{ . pm cfkm"eGbf 7"nfn] eg]sf] s'/f dfGYof] . rª\v] cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿ e'G6], RofG6L, k'8\s]x¿x¿;“u ldn]/ v]NYof] .

Pslbg hª\undf af3 cfof] . rª\v]sf afcfdfn] a"9fa"9L / s]6fs]6LnfO{ 3/leq n'sfP/ /fv] / cfkm" n's]/ a;] . af3n] pgLx¿nfO{ gb]v]/ cfkm\gf] af6f] nfUof] .Æ

kl/jf/sf 7"nf ;b:on] dfof gu/]sf eP pgLx¿ ;a}nfO{ af3n] vfGYof] . To;} u/L ;fgfn] klg 7"nfn] eg]sf] gdfg]sf] eP af3n] vfOlbg ;SYof] .

syfdf h:t} æcfkm\gf] kl/jf/df sf]sf] 5g\ <Æ egL ;f]Wg] / pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf eGg nufpg] .

syfjfrgkl5 syfsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ / tnsf] kmf/fd e/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\M /f]n k|efjsf/L

;'gfO kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] gfd / gftf

atfpg] lg;ª\sf]rtf hDdf

!

@

#

cltpQd – #, pQd – @, ;fdfGo – ! -u_ 3/fo;L ;fdfg / ljBfnodf k|of]u x'g] ;fdfgx¿ Pp6f sf]7fdf oqtq 5l/lbg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{x¿sf] %–^ hgfsf] ;d"x x'g] u/L ljleGg ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] ;fdfg htg;fy ldnfP/ /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . lj|mofsnfk ug'{cl3 ;fdfg ldnfP/ /flvPsf] lrq jf sf]7f b]vfPdf c´ /fd|f] x'G5 .

o; lj|mofsnfkdf b'O{ lsl;dsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Sg'x'g] 5 .

;fd"lxs d"Nofª\sg

;d"xn] l56f] / /fd|f];“u ;fdfgx¿ htg;fy ldnfP/ /fVg ;s]sf] cfwf/df k|yd, låtLo / t[tLo 3f]if0ff ug'{xf];\ . o;df Pp6f ;d"xsf ;a}n] a/fa/ cª\s kfp“5g\ . h:t} M

12

;d"xsf] gfd ;do

!)

sfo{ ;Dkfbg

!)

lgod kfngf

!)

hDdf

#)

nfnLu'/f“; & !) $ @!

gf]6 M lzIfsn] lhDdf lbOPsf] sfdsf] cfwf/df ;do lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .

w]/} /fd|f] – !), /fd|f] – &, 7Ls} – $ cª\s

JolStut d"Nofª\sg

;f]xL lj|mofsnfkdf k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] JolStut d"Nofª\sg lgDgfg';f/ ug{ ;lsG5 M

sfd ;'? ug'{cl3 ;fdfGo lgod klg agfpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

– lk6\g gkfOg], ´u8f ug{ / ?g gkfOg]

– ;fdfgx¿ v;fNg / km'6fpg gkfOg]

– ;fyLnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{

/f]n g+= lgod kfngf -!)_ d]nldnfk -!)_ ;xof]u -!)_ af]nLrfnL -!)_ hDdf

w]/} /fd|f] !), /fd|f] &, 7Ls} $ -3_ tnsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . o; d"Nofª\sgdf cª\s

lbO/xg'kb}{g . eGg ;Sg]nfO{ :ofaf;L lbg'xf];\ . g;Sg]nfO{ yk lj|mofsnfk u/fP/ ghfg];Dd l;sfpg'xf];\ .

ltd|f] gfd s] xf] <

ltd|f] 3/df sf]sf] x'g'x'G5 <

ltdL cfkm"eGbf 7"nfnfO{ s;/L af]nfp“5f} <

ltdL n'uf sxf“ /fV5f} <

Toxf“ lunf; 9n]sf] /x]5 . o;nfO{ sxf“ s;/L /fVg'k5{ < /fv]/ b]vfpm .

kf7\ok':tssf] k]h &, * / ( df lbOPsf ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfdsf ljleGg lrqx¿ b]vfO{ ug{ x'g] sfd / gx'g] sfd 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .

o; lrqdf sf]sf] 5g\ < -kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= $ sf] lrq b]vfO Toxf“ ePsf JolStx¿ lrGg nufpg'xf];\ ._

13

PsfO M @

xfd|f] ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf p2]Zo

-s_ cfkm"eGbf 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ ug{ .

-v_ cfkm\gf] rngcg';f/ clejfbg ug{ .

-u_ gd| eP/ af]Ng / ;xof]u ug{ .

-3_ cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug{ .

-ª_ cfkm" / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] nufpg] n'ufsf] klxrfg ug{ / gfd atfpg .

-r_ 3/sf ;b:on] ug]{ sfdx¿ atfpg / ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug{ .

-5_ l5d]sdf ul/g] sfdx¿ klxrfg ug{ / ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug{ .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

‘gfgLb]lvsf] afgL’ eGg] pvfg xfd|f] ;dfhdf lgs} k|rlnt 5 . xfd|f afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fg}b]lv ;fdflhs Jojxf/x¿ l;sfp“b} hfg ;lsof] eg] pgLx¿ eljiodf ;Eo gful/s aGg ;S5g\ . clzi6 Jojxf/n] afnaflnsfnfO{ clk|o agfp“5 . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] rng / ;+:sf/cg';f/ clejfbg ug]{, d'':sfP/ af]Ng], ws gdfgLsg dgsf s'/f cleJoSt ug]{, c¿sf s'/f ;'Gg] / lh1f;f /fVg], Psn] csf{nfO{ cfb/ / dfof ug]{ h:tf Jojxf/x¿ l;sfpg'k5{ . To:tf Jojxf/x¿nfO{ afgLsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/fpg ;Sg'k5{ . o:tf afgLx¿ a;fNg Pp6f sIffdf Pslbg l;sfP/ k'Ub}g . o;sf nflu lg/Gt/ cEof; u/fO/xg'kb{5 .

cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt / df};dcg';f/sf] n'uf nufpg] / htg ug]{ afgL a;fNg'k5{ . To:t} cfkm\gf] 3/ / 5/l5d]sdf ul/g] sfdx¿sf] cjnf]sg, klxrfg / ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug]{ afgL a;fpg'k5{ .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

lrq, tl:a/, lel8of] lSnk, 36gfj[Q clen]vsf] gd'gf, d"Nofª\sg clen]v kmf/fd cflb .


-s_ dflyNnf] sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿ jf lzIfs lzlIfsfx¿ jf ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ sIffdf ;|f]t JolStsf ¿kdf af]nfpg'xf];\ . cfkm"eGbf 7"nfnfO{ s;/L clejfbg ug'{k5{ egL clego u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ ;|f]t JolStnfO{ clejfbg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . nfh dfGg], wsfpg] / 8/fpg] s]6fs]6LnfO{ kmsfP/ clejfbg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ . cfkm\gf lzIfsnfO{ / dfGg'kg]{ dflg;nfO{ ;w}“ To;} u/L clejfbg ug'{k5{ egL lgb]{zg lbg'xf];\ . s]xL ;do;Dd lgu/fgL u/]/ afgL kfg'{xf];\ . /fd|f] ug]{nfO{ :ofaf;L lb“b} k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ . gaf]Ng]nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lb“b} l;sfp“b} hfg'xf];\ . of] k|lj|mof lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgsf] k|lj|mof xf] .

-v_ 7"nf JolStn] ;fgf JolStnfO{ dfof / ;xof]u u/]sf] lrq, tl:a/, rnlrqx¿dWo] h'g pknAw x'G5 To;sf] k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . pSt k|blz{t ;fdu|Ldf s;n], s;nfO{, s;/L dfof / ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

;|f]t JolStx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ Psn] csf{nfO{ ;xof]u / dfof u5{g\ eGg] s'/f clego u/L b]vfpg'xf];\ . To;sf cfwf/df k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . h:t} M

;fgf] afa'÷gfgLnfO{ s] ug'{k5{ < dfof ug'{k5{ ls s'6\g'k5{ <

efO alxgL;“u ld7f] vfg]s'/fx¿ af“8]/ vfg'k5{ ls kb}{g <

14

of] lrqdf s;n] s] ub}{ 5g\ < -kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g++ !@ / !# sf] lrqx¿ b]vfP/ Toxf“ ePsf lj|mofsnfkaf/] ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

-u_ Psn] csf{nfO{ cfb/, ;Ddfg / dfof u/]sf] 36gf ´Nsg] syfx¿ ;'gfpg'xf];\ . syfsf kfqx¿n] u/]sf] Jojxf/ ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . cfkm" s'g kfq h:tf] aGg] egL ;f]Rg nufpg'xf];\ . c;n kfqsf c;n afgLx¿df a9L hf]8 lbg'xf];\ .

-3_ Pp6f 8fo/L tof/ ug'{xf];\ . h;df ljBfyL{n] l;s]sf 1fg, ;Lk, cjwf/0ff / Jojxf/x¿sf] k|bz{g sIffleq / aflx/ s;/L k/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] clen]v /fVb} hfg'xf];\ . tkfO{“n] ljBfyL{sf] kl5 nfu]/ ul//xg'kb}{g . h'g ljBfyL{n] h:tf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g u5{, To;nfO{ ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ . h'g 36gf pNn]vgLo x'G5, To;nfO{ l6Kb} hfg'xf];\ / tTsfn k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

o:tf 36gfx¿ clen]vLs/0f ug]{ afgLn] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO dha't kfg{ / ;'wf/ Nofpg d2t u5{ . oxf“ Pp6f 36gfj[Q clen]vsf] pbfx/0f k|:t't 5M

ljgLtfsf] Jojxf/ 36gf g+= % d sIff rf/df k9fP/ clkm; sf]7ftkm{ hf“b} lyP“ . sIff Psdf k9\g] Pp6L aflnsfnfO{ ljgLtfn] xKsfOg\ . Ps yKk8 lxsf{Og\ klg . d k/}af6 s/fP““ æP ltgnfO{ glk6Æ ljgLtf eflug\, aflnsf ?g yflng\ . sIff Psdf k9\g] gfDu]n / sh/L ldn]/ aflnsfnfO{ kmsfP, cf“;' k'l5lbP / sIffdf nlulbP . d}n] Ps dlxgfcl3 ;fgf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfb/, dfof / ;xof]u ug'{k5{ eGg] kf7 k9fPsf] ;lD´P“ . d}n] /fd|f];“u k9fP klg s] sf/0fn] xf] afnaflnsdf tL ;Lkx¿sf] /fd|f] ljsf; x'g ;s]g5 . s]xLdf ;sf/fTds k|efj b]lvP klg s]xLnfO{ c´} l;sfpg'kg]{ /x]5 . d sIff Psdf uP“ / ljgLtfnfO{ ;D´fP“ . æx]/ gfg' cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{ t dfof kf] ug'{k5{ .Æ ljgLtf 8/FPsL lyOg\ t/ d}n] pgnfO{ kmsfO{kmsfO{ ;D´fP“ . ca pgn] o:tf] Jojxf/ ulb{gg\ ls eGg] cfzf u/]sf] 5' . gfDu]n / sh/Ln] cfh k|bz{g u/]sf] Jojxf/n] dnfO{ ;fx|} k|efljt kf¥of] . pgLx¿n] uLtfnfO{ kmsfP/ cf“;' k'l5lbP . d}n] æ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug'{k5{ egL l;sfPsf] s'/f pgLx¿n] l;s]5g\ . d cToGt} xlif{t eP“ . gfDu]n / sh/LnfO{ :ofaf;L lbP“ .

-ª_ ljleGg k|sf/sf n'ufx¿ jf n'uf nufPsf dflg;x¿sf] lrq jf tl:a/x¿ ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ . leQfdf uf]hL tflnsf ´'G8fP/ To;sf] Psftkm{ k'?ifsf] lrq / Psftkm{ dlxnfsf] lrq /fVg'xf];\ . #–$ hgfsf] ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . ;ª\slnt lrqx¿ 5\of;ld; u/]/ /fVg'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ kfn}kfnf] PsPscf]6f dlxnf / k'?ifn] nufpg] kf];fssf lrqx¿ 5fg]/ dlxnfsf] kf];fs eP dlxnfsf] lrq d'lg / k'?ifsf] lrq eP k'?ifsf] lrqd'lg /fVg'xf];\ . ;a}sf] kfnf] gk'u'~h]n tL lrqx¿ l´Sb} ld;fp“b} ldnfp“b} ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . Ps b'O{ k6ssf] cEof;kl5 lrq ldnfPsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ / k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

/f]n g+= ldnfPsf] lrq ;ª\Vof hDdf lrq ;ª\Vof %

15

-ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof / ;dosf cfwf/df k"0ff{ª\s lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 ._

-r_ lrq, k'tnLx¿, df]8nx¿ cflb b]vfP/ lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg ;lsG5 M

of] n'ufsf] gfd s] xf] <

of] dlxnfn] nufp“5g\ ls k'?ifn] <

s'g kf];fs dlxnf / k'?if b'j}n] nufp“5g\ <

ltd|f] kl/jf/df ss;n] s]s] n'uf nufp“5g\ <

oL k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm eGg g;s]df lrqx¿ b]vfP/ cfkm}}“n] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ <

k|To]s k|Zgsf] Ps cª\ssf b/n] cª\s lbO{ d"Nofª\sg ug{ klg ;lsG5 .

/f]n g+= hjfkm ldnfPsf] k|Zg ;ª\Vof k|fKtfª\s

-h_ 3/ 5/l5d]sdf ul/g] sfdx¿;DaGwL lzIfs lgb]{lzsf / kf7\ok':tssf lj|mofsnfkx¿ ul/;s]kl5 kf7\ok':tssf] k]h !& / !* sf] lrq jf tl:a/x¿ b]vfp“b} k|Zgf]Q/ ug'{xf];\ .

k|Zgx¿

lrqdf s] sfd u/]sf] b]Vof} <

of] sfd ltd|f] 3/df klg ul/G5 <

ltd|f] 3/df s]s] sfd ul/G5 <

ltdL 3/df sfd ;3fp“5f} <

s]s] sfddf ;xof]u u5f}{ <

ltd|f] l5d]sdf o:tf] sfd u/]sf] b]v]sf 5f} <

ltd|f] l5d]sdf s]s] sfd u5{g\ <

ltd|f] 3/df ug]{ sfd / l5d]sdf ug]{ sfd ldN5 <

x/]s k|Zgsf] hjfkm lng] k|of; ug'{xf];\ . g;s]df ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

16

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lrq b]vfO{ 3/df ul/g] sfd ldNg]x¿sf] ;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . 7"nf] ;d"x ePdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/df ul/g] sfdx¿;DaGwL lrqx¿ 5fg]/ k|bz{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-em_ 3/ / 5/l5d]sdf ul/g] lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;DaGwdf syf ;'gfpg'xf];\ . syf 5f]6f] / ld7f] x'g'k5{ . syfsf kfqx¿sf] 3/ / l5d]sdf ug]{ sfd Pjd\ pgLx¿n] ug]{ ;xof]u ;DaGwdf aLraLrdf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . ca lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

!= s] syf Wofg lbP/ ;'g]sf 5g\ < !) cª\s

@= syf elg/x“bf k|Zg u5{g\ < !) cª\s

#= tkfO{“n] ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf] hjfkm 7Ls lbG5g\ < !) cª\s

$= syfsf kfqsf] t'ngf cfkm";“u u5{g\ jf ub}{gg\ . !) cª\s

\x/]s k|Zgdf k|fKt u/]sf] cª\s tflnsfdf o;/L /fVg ;lsG5M

/f]n g+= k|Zg g+= ! k|Zg g+=@ k|Zg g+= # k|Zg+= $ hDdf

w]/} /fd|f] !), /fd|f] &, 7Ls} $

-`_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf cfb/ ;Tsf/ ug]{ tl/sfx¿ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . km/s km/s tl/sf ePdf k|To]s tl/sf kfn}kfnf] u/]/ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ e"ldsf clego u/fpg'xf];\ .

17

PsfO M #

;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg p2]Zo

-s_ 3/kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]sdf ePsf j[4, j[4f, 6'x'/f, la/fdL, ckfª\u / cGo sf/0faf6 ;xof]u cfjZos kg]{ JolStx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] ;Sg] ;xof]u ug{ .

-v_ c;xfo / ckfª\usf] ;Ddfg ug{ .

-u_ c;xfo / ckfª\ux¿k|lt /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug{ .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

xfd|f] kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]sdf ljleGg sf/0faf6 c;xfo ag]sf JolStx¿ x'G5g\ . sf]xL ckfª\u / b[li6ljxLg x'g ;S5g\ . xfd|f] ;dfhdf ckfª\u / c;fxox¿ sdhf]/ 7fGg], bofsf] efjn] dfq x]g]{ h:tf ;fdflhs ;d:of /x]sf] b]lvG5 . afnaflnsfx¿df pgLx¿k|ltsf] e]b\efj x6fO{ cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'k5{ . sltko sfddf pgLx¿nfO{ c¿sf] ;xof]usf] cfjZostf k5{ . %–^ jif{sf afnaflnsfx¿n] klg tL JolStx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

ckfª\u j[4 / la/fdLx¿;“u /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . plrt ;Ddfg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf Jojxf/x¿ ;fg}b]lv hfg]df pgLx¿k|lt cfjZos ;xof]u / ;Ddfg k'Ug hfG5 . c;xfo / ckfª\u JolStx¿nfO{ ;Ddfghgs / ;xof]uL Jojxf/ ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'g hfG5 .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

lrq, tl:a/, gd'gf k|Zgx¿, d"Nofª\sg clen]v kmf/fd cflb .


-s_ kf7\ok':tssf] k[i7;ª\Vof @) / @! df ePsf / To:t} vfnsf w]/}cf]6f lrq, tl:a/, kf]:6/x¿ ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ #–$ hgfsf] Pp6f ;d"x x'g] u/L ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

x/]s ;d"xnfO{ tL lrqx¿ lbO{ To;df s]s] ePsf] b]lvG5, 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

kfn}kfnf] x/]s ;d"xsf PshgfnfO{ j0f{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

pgLx¿n] lrq / To;df ePsf] lj|mofsnfk klxrfg ug{ ;s]sf cfwf/df ;fd"lxs d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ / cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ tnsf cj:yfdf ltdL s] u5f}{ egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿n] lbPsf hjfkmsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] s]s:tf cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] /x]5 egL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] gldNbf] hjfkm lbPdf cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

k|Zgx¿ hjfkm

!= cleefjs, la/fdL x'“bf s] u5f}{ < cf}ifwL lbG5' .

@= xh'/af lx“8\g ;Sg'x'Gg, s] u5f}{ <

#= efOalxgL /f]O/x]sf 5g\ eg] s] u5f}{ <

$= sfkL x/fP/ /f]Psf] ;fyLnfO{ s] u5f}{ <

%= ltvf{Psf] dflg;nfO{ s] u5f}{ <

18

hjfkmx¿ l6Kb} hfg'xf];\ . tnsf] tflnsfåf/f d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . Ps hjfkmsf] ! cª\s lbg'xf];\ . h:t} M

/f]n g+= k|Zg ;ª\Vof hDdf cª\s

! @ # $

! x x @

@ x #

-u_ kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf h:t} M ljleGg k|sf/sf lrq jf kmf]6f] 6f“;]/ lrqkQLx¿ agfpg'xf];\ . To:t} ljleGg k|sf/sf ckfª\ux¿n] k|of]u ug]{ n7\7L, a};fvL, gSsnL v'6\6f rZdf, Oo/kmf]g cflbsf lrqx¿ 6f“;]sf lrqkQLx¿ klg agfpg'xf];\ . @–# hgf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;d"x agfO{ 5\of;ld; kfl/Psf lrqkQLx¿af6 ckfª\utf / To;nfO{ cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ 5fg]/ hf]8f ldnfO{ uf]hL tflnsf jf kmnfl6g af]8{df k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . ;a} ;d"xsf] kfnf] k'u]kl5 ;f]xL lj|mofsnfk bf]xf]¥ofP/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ / sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . Pp6f hf]8f ldnfPsf] Ps cª\ssf b/n] cª\s lbg ;lsG5 .

-3_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfno glhssf] ;d'bfodf e|d0f u/fpg'xf];\ . Toxf“ /x]sf c;xfo / ckfª\ux¿sf] cjnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿;“u s'/fsfgL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ s]s] k|Zg ;f]Wg] egL k|Zgx¿ klxn] g} l;sfpg'xf];\ . h:t} M la/fdL dflg; sxf“ n}hfg] xf] eg] o:tf] k|Zg ;f]Wg'k5{ M

sxf“ b'V5 <

cf}ifwL kfpg'eof] <

lbzflk;fa nflu/xG5 < cflb .

v'6\6f gx'g];“u ;f]Wg o:tf] k|Zg agfpg'k5{ M

s;/L lx“8\g'x'G5 < s;n] ;xof]u u5{ < d}n] tkfO“{nfO{ s] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5' < - ljBfyL{ n}hfg'cl3 ;DalGwt JolSt;“u ;Dks{ ug{ la;{g'x'Gg ._

tnsf] h:t} kmf/fd e/]/ pgLx¿sf lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

/f]g g+= lj|mofsnfk

;lj|motf k|Zg ug]{ af]Ng]

-ª_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf zf/Ll/s c;Ifdtfsf] clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} M cf“vf 5f]k]/ lx“8\g, v'6\6f prfn]/ lx“\8g, xft af“w]/ vfg, n]Vg, d'vdf k6\6L af“w]/ ;fdfg dfUg, cflb k|To]s lj|mofsnfkdf klxn] PSn} ug{ nufpg] / kl5 c¿sf] ;xof]u pknAw

19

u/fpg] PSn} sfd ubf{ / c¿sf] ;fxf/fdf sfd ubf{ s'gdf ;lhnf] / s'gdf cK7]/f] x'“bf]/x]5 < s]s] cK7]/f] x'“bf]/x]5 < cflb s'/fdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

km/s Ifdtf ePsfnfO{ klg o:t} cK7]/fx¿ k/]sf x'G5g\ . xfdLn] ;xof]u u¥of}“ eg] pgLx¿nfO{ ;lhnf] x'G5 egL ;D´fpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg kmf/fd

/f]] g+= clegosnf ;xof]u cg'e"t ug]{ Ifdtf

/fd|f] ‘s’, l7s} ‘v’ ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ ‘u’

-r_ ckfª\u x'g] sf/0fx¿ ´Nsg] syf ;'gfpg'xf];\ .

h:t} M

Pp6f ufp“df 56\6' gfd u/]sf] Pp6f afns a:bYof] . pm Hofb} rsrs] lyof] . 56\6' af6f]df gx]/L lx“8\bYof] . Pslbg pm af6f]df n8\of] . p;sf b'j} xft ef“lrP . bflxg] xft slxNo} grNg] eof] . pm ckfª\u aGg k'Uof] p;nfO{ sfd ug{, g'xfpg tyf n'uf nufpg lgs} sl7gfO eof] .

sIffdf ckfª\u x'g] sf/0f / To;af6 aRg] pkfosf ;DaGwdf k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwaf6 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M hlGd“b} ckfª\u x'g] / s'g} b'3{6gfaf6 ckfª\u x'g] x'G5 . 5nkmnsf j|mddf gaf]Ng], nhfpg], cSdsfpg] unt hjfkm lbg] ljBfyL{x¿sf] klxrfg u/L pgLx¿nfO{ kmsfp“b} yk k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wb} ;lj|mo kfg'{xf];\ . o;} j|mddf tkfO{“sf] d"Nofª\sg / k[i7kf]if0f Ps};fy ;DkGg x'G5 .

20

PsfO M $

gful/s r]tgf p2]Zo

-s_ 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ / gftfuf]tfaf6 ;xof]u lng .

-v_ 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ .

-u_ 7"nfn] ;fgfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ .

-3_ 3/ ljBfnodf k|of]u x'g] ;fdfgx¿sf] gfd eGg tyf ltgsf] ;fdfGo k|of]u / htg ug{ .

-ª_ 3/ / ljBfnodf ul/g] sfdx¿ atfpg / cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6 x]/rfx kfpg' ;a} afnaflnsfsf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . pgLx¿n] kfl/jfl/s dfofddtf / x]/rfx kfpg'k5{ . o; ;DaGwdf ;a} cleefjsnfO{ 1fg gx'g ;S5 . pgLx¿ afnaflnsfsf] ;fdfGo cfjZostf k"/f ug'{ g} cfkm\gf] st{Jo k"/f ePsf] 7fGb5g\ .

afnaflnsfk|lt dfofddtf b]vfpg', :ofxf/;';f/ / ;/;kmfO, x]/rfx, vfgkfg / sk8fsf] Joj:yf cflb cleefjsaf6 ul/g] ;'/Iff -Parental care) cGtu{t kb{5g\ . o;k|lt cleefjsx¿ cgle1 eP klg afnaflnsfn] cleefjs jf ;+/Ifs ;dIf ;xof]u dfu u/]df pgLx¿n] x]/rfx ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 . h:t}M g'xfOlbg'xf];\, gª sfl6lbg'xf];\ . lstfadf se/ nufOlbg'xf];\ cflb .

o;} u/L afnaflnsfn] klg cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ cfkm"n] ;Sg] ;xof]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . o:tf] sfo{n] kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf ;fdflhsLs/0f x'g d2t ub{5g\ . ;fy} hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkx¿ l;Sg] cj;/ klg k|fKt x'G5 .

3/ / ljBfnodf k|of]u x'g] ;fdfgx¿ klxrfg / ltgsf] htg ug]{ afgL afnaflnsfdf ;fg}b]lv a;fNg'k5{ . h:t}, ;/;kmfO, 8:6lagsf] k|of]u, cf]5\ofg ldnfpg], n'uf k6\ofP/ /fVg] cflb .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ emNsfpg] lrq, tl:a/, lrqkQL, zAbkQL, clen]v kmf/fdsf] gd'gf cflb .


-s_ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ;xof]u u/]sf lrq, kf]:6/, lrqkQLx¿, k|bz{g ub}{ tL lrqx¿df s;n] ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ < s;n] ;xof]u kfO/x]sf 5g\ < cflb h:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wb} 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ub}{ ljBfyL{nfO{ g} kfn}kfnf] lrq j0f{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lrqdf h:t} ltdLnfO{ 3/df s;s;n] ;xof]u ug'{x'G5 < ltdL s'gs'g sfd ubf{ a'af, cfdf, bfO, lbbLx¿af6 ;xof]u dfU5f} < h:tf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn rnfpg'xf];\ . 5nkmnsf] j|mddf d"Nofª\sg sfo{ klg cl3 a9fpg'xf];\ . k[i7kf]if0f klg lb“b} hfg'xf];\ . cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf a]nf c¿;“u ;xof]u dfUg'k5{ egL k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

-v_ ljBfyL{x¿n] ;fyLx¿, bfh', lbbL, lzIfsx¿, cleefjsx¿;“u ;xof]u dfu]sf 36gfx¿ clen]vLs/0f ub}{ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lb“b} hfg'xf];\ .

-u_ zAbkQLx¿df kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] gftf h:t} M af, cfdf, bfO, sfsf, lbbL n]Vg'xf];\ .

csf]{ /ªsf] kQLx¿df ;xof]u cfjZos kg]{ sfdx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ . uf]hLtflnsf jf kmnfl6g af]8{df s'g sfdsf nflu s;n] ;xof]u u5{g\ egL hf]8f ldnfpg nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

21

s;n] s] ;xof]u

cfdf n]Vg

lbbL

h;n] ;d"x w]/} ldnfp“5, ;f]xL cfwf/df cª\s k|bfg ug'{xf];\ M

/f]n g+= hf]8f ldn]sf] ;ª\Vof k|fKtfª\s

of] lj|mofsnfk w]/} k6s bf]xf]¥ofP/ u/]kl5 dfq cª\s k|bfg ug'{k5{ .

-3_ 3/df k|of]u x'g] ;fdfgx¿ h:t} M srf}/f, lunf;, s;f}“8L, /]l8of], s/fO{, l6eL cflbsf gd'gfx¿ -ef“8fs'6Lsf ;fdfgx¿_ jf lrqkQLx¿ jf sfuhaf6 agfOPsf df]8nx¿ tLgrf/ ;d"xnfO{ k'Ug] u/L tof/ ug'{xf];\ . kf“r ^ hgfsf] ;d"x x'g] u/L ;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ tL ;fdfgx¿ lbO{ ef8f“s'6L v]Ng nufpg'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xdf tkfO{“ cfkm}“ k'u]/ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg'xf];\ . h:t}M

Pp6f ;d"x Pp6f kl/jf/ x'G5 .

kl/jf/df af, cfdf, bfO, lbbL cflb e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

;a}sf] lhDd]jf/L pgLx¿åf/f g} af“8]/ vfgf agfpg], l6eL x]g]{, ef“8f ;kmf ug]{ cflb clego u/]/ b]vfpg'k5{ . v]Nbf kfngf ug'{kg]{ lgodx¿ klg atfOlbg'k5{ . h:t} M

– ;fdfgx¿ ldnfP/ /fVg'kg]{

– Pp6fsf] sfddf csf{n] ;3fpg'kg]{

– ;xof]u dfUg'kg]{

cfkm"n] 3/df ug]{ sfdx¿ u/]/ b]vfpg]

lgb]{zg Ps}k6s glbO{ ;d"xdf k'u]/ kfn}kfnf] lb“b} hfg'k5{ .

lglij|mo ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xof]u ub}{ hfg'xf];\ . tnsf a'“bfx¿sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ub}{ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lb“b} hfg'xf];\ M

!= kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;s] g;]sf] .

@= ef“8fx¿sf] gfd eGg ;s] g;s]sf] .

#= ;fyLnfO{ ;xof]u u/] gu/]sf] .

$= d]nldnfk eP gePsf] .

%= c¿;“u ;xof]u dfu] gdfu]sf] .

^= ;fdfgsf] htg u/]sf] gu/]sf] .

22

-r_ ljBfno kl/;/sf] e|d0f u/fpg'xf];\ . ljBfnodf k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿ h:t} M rs, 8:6/, sfkL, lstfa, n]Vg] kf6L, dfs{/, wf/f, zf}rfno au}“rf cflbsf] k|ToIf cjnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ . tL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ / htg ug]{ ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . sl/a Ps xKtf;Dd tL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u / htg ;DaGwdf cjnf]sg ub}{ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lb“b} hfg'xf];\ . x/]s lbgsf] clen]v /fVb} hfg'xf];\ . h:t} M

ldlt /fd|f] ljBfyL{sf] gfd

u/]sf] sfd sdhf]/ ljBfyL{sf] gfd

gu/]sf] / lauf/]sf] sfd

o;df ;fdfGo ljBfyL{sf] n]lv/xg'kb}{g . w]/} /fd|f] / sdhf]/sf] dfq n]v] x'G5 .

-5_ ljBfno / 3/df ug'{kg]{ / ug{ gx'g] lj|mofsnfksf] lrqx¿ k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ / 5nkmn u/L cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

23

PsfO M %

xfd|f] k[YjL p2]Zo

-s_ cfkm\gf] 3/, ljBfno, v]taf/L cflb jl/kl/sf] hldgsf] :j¿k -cUnf], xf]rf] jf ;dy/_ klxrfg u/L j0f{g ug{ .

-v_ kxf8 / d}bfgsf] kl/ro lbg .

-u_ 3/ / ljBfnosf] cfs[lt agfpg .

-3_ 3/ agfpg cfjZos ;fdu|L klxrfg ug{ .

-ª_ sIffsf]7fsf] gS;f sf]g{ .

-r_ lbzf kQf nufpg .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

sIff Pssf afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkm\gf] 3/ / ljBfno j/k/sf] hldgsf] :j¿ksf] klxrfg ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . oxL :j¿ksf] cWoog ug{ gS;fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

gS;fn] xfdLnfO{ ljleGg ;"rgf lbG5 . o;n] cfkm" gk'u]sf] 7fp“sf] cjl:yltsf af/]df klg tYox¿ cg'dfg ug{ d2t ub{5 . sIff Pssf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm"n] b]v]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;fgf] cfsf/df sfuhdf ptfg]{ / cfkm\gf] 3/ Pjd\ sIffsf]7fsf] cfs[lt;DaGwL wf/0ff agfpg of] kf7n] d2t u5{ . o; PsfOsf ljifoj:t'x¿ ;s];Dd lrqx¿ / v]nsf dfWodaf6 l;sfpg ;s]df a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . ;s];Dd Jofjxfl/s 1fg / ;Lk k|fKt x'g] u/L lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fpg'k5{ . lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf d"Nofª\sg klg ub}{ hfg'k5{ .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

ljleGg HofldtLo cfsf/sf sf7 tyf afSnf] sfuhsf Ansx¿, cUnf], xf]rf] / ;dy/ hldg b]vfpg] lrq jf tl:a/x¿, l;Gsf tyf afSnf] sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿ cflb .


-s_ ljBFyL{x¿nfO{ ljBfnoaflx/ nu]/ cUnf], xf]rf] / ;dy/ hldg cjnf]sg u/fpg'xf];\ . t/fO{df cUnf] hldg / lxdfnL tyf kxf8L If]qdf ;dy/ hldg b]vfpg sl7gfO x'g ;S5 . To; cj:yfdf df6f] jf sf7af6 ag]sf gd'gfx¿ k|b{zg ug'{xf];\ . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ w]/} k6s cEof; u/fPkl5 To;}sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf lj|mofsnfkdf ! b]lv !# ;Ddsf laGb'x¿sf] j|md ldn] gldn]sf], /]vfx¿ ldn] gldn]sf] x]/]/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-u_ ljleGg k|sf/sf HofldtLo cfs[ltx¿ klxrfg ug]{ / sf]g{ cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

o;af6 /]vf sf]g]{ cEof; x'G5 . ;a}nfO{ yk cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

24

-5_ ^–& hgf ljBfyL{sf] Ps ;d"x x'g] u/L ljleGg ;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ ;–;fgf 9'ª\uf jf O“6fsf] 6'j|mf jf sfuhsf 8Nnfx¿ hf]8]/ 3/ agfpg] v]n v]Ng nufpg'xf];\ . 3/df sf]7f, ‰ofn, 9f]sf, kvf{n x'g'k5{ . s;sf] 3/ /fd|f] eof] egL Pscsf{df cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . tnsf a'“bfsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . Ps a'“bfsf] Ps cª\s lbg'xf];\ .

;d"x ‘s’

d"Nofª\sgsf a'“bf 5 5}g

leQf ;Lwf

‰ofn

9f]sf

sf]7f

vfgfvfg], ;'Tg] 7fp“ 5'6\ofPsf]

zf}rfno

cGo ;d"xsf] klg o:t} kmf/fd agfP/ eg'{xf];\ .

-ª_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ 3/sf] lrq agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . h;sf] lrq /fd|f] x'G5 p;nfO{ k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ . lrq agfpg ghfGg]nfO{ lzIfs lgb]{lzsfdf lbPh:t} sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿ lbO{ ltgnfO{ hf]8]/ 3/sf] cfsf/ agfpg nufP klg x'G5 . h:t} M

s'g} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 3/sf gS;f jf lrqx¿dfly kftnf] sfuh /fv]/ gS;f jf lrq 6]«; ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . nfdf 5f]6f l;Gsfx¿ hf]8]/ klg agfpg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿sf] xftsf] ;Lk, ;kmfO, l;h{gf, pT;'stf cflbsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-r_ aGb gePsf ;nfOsf sf“6L jf To:t} l;Gsfx¿ hDdf ug'{xf];\ . pSt l;Gsfx¿ hf]8]/ ljBfnosf] gS;f agfpg] v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ . lj|mofsnfk g+= ‘3’ df k|of]u ul/Psf] d"Nofª\sg kmf/fd k|of]u u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . l;Gsfsf ;6\6f afSnf] sfuhsf nfDrf 6'j|mfx¿ k|of]u ug{ klg ;lsG5 . tL 6'j|mfx¿ /ª\uLg eP c´ /fd|f] x'G5 . h:t}M

25

-5_ sfkLdf ?n/sf ;xfotfn] ;Lwf wsf{x¿ tfGg] / wsf{x¿ hf]8]/ rt'e'{h agfpg] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ . x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ cfkm\gf] sIffsf]7f h:t} rt'e'{h sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ . pSt rt'e'{hdf 9f]sf, em\ofn, a]Grx¿, n]Vg] kf6L sxf“ sxf“ 5g\ eg{ nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

ljBfyL{x¿n] agfPsf gS;fx¿df ;'wf/ ub}{ yk gS;fx¿ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . b'O{rf/ k6ssf] cEof;kl5 kl5Nnf gS;fx¿ hDdf u/L tnsf a'“bfsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/ 5 5}g

cfsf/ cfPsf]

em\ofn 9f]sf

;kmfO

a]Gr / n]Vg] kf6L b]vfPsf]

x/]s a'“bfsf] Ps cª\ssf b/n] lbg'xf];\ .

-h_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ v'nf 7fp“df nfOgdf /fVg'xf];\ . ;a}nfO{ k"j{ kmsf{pg'xf];\ . 7fp“ ;f“3'/f] ePdf ;;fgf ;d"x agfP/ kfn}kfnf] ubf{ klg x'G5 . gfr] h:t} u/L b]zsf gfdcg';f/ xfpefp b]vfp“b} tnsf] uLt ufpg nufpg'xf];\ / cfkm" klg ;“u;“u} ufpg'xf];\ . Psk6s ;lsPkl5 k"j{, klZrd, pQ/ / blIf0f lbzfaf/] k|:6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ / k'gM uLt bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ . dfbn ahfP/ dfbnsf] tfndf ubf{ cem /dfOnf] x'G5 .

k"j{af6 3fd cfp“5

klZrddf c:tfp“5

blIf0flt/ bfof“ xft

pQ/ afof“ k5{ .

k"j{ x]/ 3fd cfp“5

klZrd k5fl8 k5{

blIf0flt/ bfof“ eP

pQ/ afof“ k5{ .

ca kfn}kfnf] $–% hgfsf] ;d"xnfO{ cufl8 af]nfO{ pQ/, blIf0f, k"j{, klZrd lbzf ;f]Wg'xf];\ . ;a} ljBfyL{n] ghfg];Dd cEof; u/fO/xg'xf];\ . cGTodf cfkm"n] agfPsf gS;fx¿df rf/ lbzfsf] gfd n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

-em_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;–;fgf sf8{ ljt/0f u/L To;df 3/ agfpg cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|Lx¿ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . tkfO{“n] s]xL 7f]; j:t'x¿ -h:t} M sf7, 9'ª\uf, O“6f, df6f] cflb_ NofP/ k|bz{gL ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf sf8{x¿ ldNg] ;fdu|Lsf] glhs /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . s'g} ljBfyL{n] klxrfg ug{ g;s]df ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

26

PsfO M ^

xfd|f] ljut

p2]Zo

-s_ cfkm\gf] gfd / hGd]sf] 7fp“ atfpg .

-v_ cfkm\gf] hGdldlt, ;fn -kl5Nnf b'O{ cª\s dfq_ dlxgf, ut] / af/ atfpg .

-u_ ;fyLx¿sf] hGdldlt kQf nufpg .

-3_ Sofn]G8/df ldlt x]g{ .

-ª_ cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf 7"nf ;b:osf] gfd / gftf atfpg tyf n]Vg .

-r_ dfdf3/sf xh'/af xh'/cfdfsf] gfd atfpg .

-5_ tLg k':tfsf] j+ztflnsf eg{ .

-h_ afcfdfsf] 7]ufgf / hGd ;fn -b'O{ cª\ssf]_ n]Vg .

-em_ 3/sf d'nL dflg;sf] klxrfg u/L gfd / sfd atfpg .

-`_ dfdf3/sf :yfg, kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ / gftf klxrfg ug{ .

-6_ afcfdfsf] dfdf3/ /x]sf] :yfg atfpg .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

xfd|f] ljut eGg] PsfOdf cfkm", cfkm\gf] kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6« tyf cGt/f{li6«o Oltxf; / To;;“usf] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] cGt/;DaGwsf af/]df cWoog ul/G5 .

sIff Pssf lglDt o; PsfOdf cfkm\gf] kl/ro, cfkm\gf k'vf{, dfjnLtkm{sf k'vf{ / ltlyldlt Pjd\ :yfgsf af/]df dfq ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lbg ;Sg] u/L l;sfpg'k5{ . 3/d'nLsf] klxrfg pm;“usf] gftf / p;sf] sfd atfpg ;Sg'k5{ . pgLx¿af6 k|]/0ff kfpg'k5{ .

o; PsfOdf cfkm\gf] hGdldlt, cleefjs jf afcfdfsf] gfd tyf hGdldlt -jif{ dfq_ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd / gftf, dfjnLtkm{sf gftfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fOG5 . tLgk':t] n]Vg ;Sg] u/L cEof; u/FOG5 .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

;ftaf/sf] uLt, cª\kQL, Sofn]G8/ cflb .


-s_ ;ftcf]6f af/ ePsf] uLt ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no xfn]/ ufpg nufpg'xf];\ M

cfOtaf/, ;f]daf/, dª\unaf/

a'waf/, lalxaf/, z'j|maf/

^ lbg :s'n hfg] ;/f;/

Ps lbg labf x'G5 zlgaf/

o; lj|mofsnfkn] af/x¿sf] gfd ;lDemg dbt k'U5 . k6sk6ssf] cEof;kl5 af/x¿sf] gfd n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . zAbkQLx¿df af/x¿sf] gfd n]vL uf]hL tflnsfdf /fVb} lrgfpg'xf];\ . To;}sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

27

lalxaf/ ;f]daf/ zlgaf/ z'j|maf/ cfOtaf/ dª\unaf/ a'waf/

-v_ ) b]lv ( ;Ddsf w]/}cf]6f sf8{x¿ agfpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ x/]s b'O{cf]6f sf8{ ldnfO{ b'O{ cª\ssf] ;ª\Vof agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} M -!_ -!_ -@_ -%_

ljBfyL{x¿sf] hGdldlt 3/df ;f]w]/ cfpg eGg'xf];\ . sIff Pssf ljBfyL{n] b'O{ cª\ssf] ;ª\Vof dfq l;s]sf x'gfn] cfkm" hGd]sf] ;fneGbf kl5Nnf b'O{ cª\s dfq eGg nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} @)%* ;fndf hGd]sf] ljBfyL{sf] hGd jif{ %* ;fn dfq eg] k'U5 .

hGd]sf] ut] klg o;} u/L cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

-u_ afx| dlxgfsf] gfdsf zAbkQLx¿ agfP/ Ps} 7fp“df y'kfg'{xf];\ . tLg rf/hgfsf] ;d"x agfO{ Psk6sdf Ps ;d"xn] cfkm" hGd]sf] dlxgf ePsf] sf8{ vf]nL uf]hL tflnsfdf k|bz{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . g;Sg] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

-3_ x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ cfkm" hGd]sf] ;fn, dlxgf, ut] / af/ tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . n]v]sf] s'/f kfn}kfnf] eGg nufpg'xf];\ . n]Vg g;Sg]nfO{ zAbkQL / cª\skQLsf ;xfotfn] uf]hL tflnsfdf k|bz{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ dlxgf / ut] dfq jf ut] / af/ dfq jf ;fn / ut] dfq eGg nufpg'xf];\ . w]/} k6s cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ . o;}sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

gfd hGd]sf] jif{ dlxgf ut] af/

bLlksf dfnL %( ;fn j}zfv $ ;f]daf/

d"Nofª\sg kmf/fd

/f]g g+= jif{ dlxgf ut] af/ hDdf cª\s

! #

@=

#=

$=

x/]s Ps sf]7fnfO{ Ps cª\s lbO{ hDdf cª\s lgsfNg'xf];\M

-ª_ cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿sf] hGdldltsf] af/]df ljj/0f ;f]w]/ sIffdf ;'gfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ;fyLsf] hGdldlt ;f]Wg k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ .

28

-r_ ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;ft;ft hgfsf] ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . ;fthgf gk'u]df bz{ssf] ¿kdf /fVg'xf];\ . d]6fsf8{df af/x¿sf] gfd n]vL j|md};“u PshgfnfO{ Pp6f af/sf] sf8{ lbg'xf];\ . kfn}kfnf] x/]sn] cf–cfkm\gf] sf8{df n]lvPsf] af/ 7"nf] :j/df eGg'k5{ .

of] cEof; sf8{ kl/jt{g ub}{ w]/} k6s bf]xf]¥ofP/ u/fpg'k5{ .

cfOtaf/

;f]daf/

zlgjf/

z'j|maf/ dª\unaf/

ljlxaf/ a'waf/

dª\unaf/ cfOtaf/

sf8{ agfp“bf ljleGg cfsf/sf] agfpg ;lsG5 .

o;} u/L !@ hgfsf] ;d"x agfO{ dlxgfsf] gfd klg eGg] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

af/ / dlxgfsf] cEof; u/fp“bf lgDglnlvt cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ M

j|md lauf/]sf] 5 ls <

unt af/sf] gfd eg]sf] 5 ls <

atfpg ;s] ;s]gg\ <

ghfGg]nfO{ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lb“b} u/fpg'k5{ .

-5_ tnsf h:t} k|Zgx¿ ;f]wL 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . oL k|Zgx¿ ljBfyL{x¿sf] aLrdf 5f]8\g'xf];\ . h;n] ;S5 p;n] hjfkm lbG5 . g;s] cfkm"n] atfOlbg'xf];\ . oL k|Zgx¿ n]Vg] kf6Ldf n]Vb} klg hfg'xf];\ .

a'afsf] gfd s] xf] <

a'afsf a'afnfO{ s] elgG5 <

cfdfsf] gfd s] xf] <

29

cfdfsf a'afnfO{ s] elgG5 <

cfdfsL cfdfnfO{ s] elgG5 <

a'afsL cfdfnfO{ s] elgG5 <

cfdfsf efOnfO{ s] elgG5 <

a'afsf bfOnfO{ s] elgG5 <

a'afsL lbbLnfO{ s] eGg'k5{ <

-h_ kf7\ok':tssf] lj|mofsnfk @ / # s;/L eg]{ egL k|:6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ . pSt tflnsfx¿ 3/df e]/]/ Nofpg eGg'xf];\ . tflnsf e/]sf] ldn]sf] 5, 5}g x]/L ;'wf/ ul/lbg'xf];\ .

-em_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] 3/df d'Vo dflg; sf] xf] egL lrgfpg 3/df ul/g] ljleGg sfdx¿ s;n] u5{ egL ;f]Wg'xf];\ . h:t} M sfdx¿ cx|fpg], sfkL snd lsGg k};f lbg], x]/ ljrf/ ug]{ sfd s;n] u5{ < To;sf cfwf/df cfkm\gf] 3/sf] d'Vo dfG5] kQf nufpg nufpg'xf];\ . g;s] cfkm"n] ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

-`_ dfjnL ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dfjnLsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . 3/df cfdf a'af;“u ;f]w]/ n]v] klg x'G5 egL u[xsfo{ lbg ;lsG5 .

-6_ dfdf, dfOh'sf] e"ldsf clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . clegosf j|mddf zAb pRrf/0f, ;+jfb, xfpefp cflbsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg u/L cfufdL lj|mofsnfkx¿df ;'wf/ ug'{k5{ .

30

PsfO M &

xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk p2]Zo

-s_ 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ug]{ sfd klxrfg ug{ / ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{ .

-v_ 3/fo;L sfddf k|of]u x'g] ;fdfgx¿ klxrfg ug{ .

-u_ b}lgs k|of]udf cfpg] JolStut ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf ldtJolotf ckgfpg .

-3_ cfkm\gf JolStut ;fdfgsf] htg ug{ .

-ª_ ;s];Dd 3/d} tof/ u/]sf vfg]s'/f tyf cGo ;fdu|Lsf] pkef]u ug{ .

-r_ vfg]s'/f v]/ gkmfnL vfg .

-5_ 3/df ag]sf ;fdfgx¿sf] gfd atfpg .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

sIff Psdf k9\g] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/df ul/g] cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿af/] hfgsf/L x'g'k5{ . pgLx¿n] 3/fo;L sfddf cfkm\gf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ afgL a;fpg'k5{ . cfkm\gf] 3/sf kl/jf/n] ug]{ sfd atfpg ;Sg'k5{ .

afnaflnsfn] cfkm"n] k|of]u ug]{ ;fdfgx¿sf] htg ug{ / ltgsf] k|of]u ldtJooL 9ª\uaf6 ug{ hfGg'k5{ . cfkm\g} 3/df ag]sf :j:ys/ vfg]s'/f vfg k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . ;s];Dd 3/df jf 5/l5d]sdf ag]sf ;fdfgsf] k|of]udf k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf ;b:on] ug]{ k/Dk/fut k];fk|lt rf;f] / ?lr hufpg'k5{ . pgLx¿df ;a} sfdx¿nfO{ plQs} ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ eGg] efjgf hufpg'k5{ . sfdsf] dxŒj a'´fp“b} vfnL xft ga:g] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'k5{ .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

k];fut JolStx¿M 8fS6/, ls;fg, Jofkf/L, lzIfs, 8sdL{, ;"lrsf/, sd{rf/L, OGhLlgo/ cflb n]lvPsf sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿, d"Nofª\sg clen]v kmf/fd cflb .


-s_ sfuhsf 6'j|mfdf ljleGg k];fsf gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . h:t} M ls;fg, Jofkf/L, lzIfs, 8fS6/, ;"rLsf/, 8sdL{ cflb . tL 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ lr6\7fsf] ¿kdf 8Nnf agfO{ x/]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kfn}kfnf] tfGg nufpg'xf];\ . cfkm\gf] efudf k/]sf] uf]nfdf n]lvPsf] k];fsf] clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . lgDglnlvt kmf/fd e/]/ clegodf efu lnPsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .

/f]n g+= ;xeflutf hLjGttf÷pTs[i6tf :ki6 af]nL

w]/} /fd|f] –#, /fd|f] –@, 7Ls} – ! -v_ ljleGg k|sf/sf sfdx¿;“u ;DalGwt kf]:6/ jf lrqx¿ k|bz{g ub}{ lrqdf s;n] s] sfd

ul//x]sf] 5 < 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ s]

31

sfd u5{g\ egL k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ . pxf“x¿n] ug]{ sfddf ltdL s] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f} egL ;f]Wg'xf];\ . oL k|Zgx¿df p;n] lbPsf] hjfkmsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M

/f]n g+=

cfdf s] sfd ug'{x'G5 <

af s] sfd ug'{x'G5 <

ltdL bfO jf efOnfO{ s] ;xof]u

u5f}{ <

ltdLn] lbbL jf alxgLnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u u¥of} <

hDdf k|fKtfª\s

!=

@=

#=

$=

%=

;xL hjfkm cfPsf]nfO{ ! cª\s k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

k|:t't tflnsfdf k|fKtfª\ssf] lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ug'{xf];\ .

hjfkm cfPsf] ;ª\Vof

k|fKtfª|\s = x !)) ;f]lwPsf] k|Zg ;ª\Vof

-u_ ljBfyL{sf sfkL, lstfa, ´f]nf, n'uf snd cflbsf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ klg Ps csf{sf] ;fdfgsf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . /fd|f];“u htg ug]{ / kmf¿ ug]{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ / gug]{nfO{ ug{ k|]/0ff k|bfg ug'{xf];\ . Ps xKtf;Dd tnsf] tflnsfsf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ / k[i7kf]if0f lb“b} ;'wf/ ug'{xf];\ . kl5 klg lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'xf];\ .

;fdfg cj:yf

/fd|f] 7Ls} ;fdfGo

lstfasf] cj:yf h'Qf n'uf

sfkL

snd -3_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/df ag]sf / ahf/df lsg]sf ;fdfgx¿sf] gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ /

kf6Ldf l6Kb} hfg'xf];\ . 5nkmnkl5 3/df ag]sf / ahf/df kfOg] ljleGg vfg]s'/f / ;dfgsf lrqkQLx¿nfO{ 5\of;ld; kf/L /fVg'xf];\ . #–$ hgfsf] ;d"xnfO{ 5\of;ld;

32

kfl/Psf] lrqkQLx¿af6 3/df ag]sf / ahf/df lslgPsf j:t'x¿ 5'6\ofP/ uf]hL tflnsfdf 5'6\6f5'6\6} /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] 5'6\ofpg ;s] g;s]sf] cfwf/df k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ . ;s];Dd ahf/sf c:j:ys/ vfg]s''/f vfg'x'“b}g egL ;D´fpg'xf];\ . vfhf / cGo ;dodf p;n] s] vfG5 . To;sf cfwf/df k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

-ª_ afnaflnsfx¿sf 3/df ag]sf vfg]s'/f pgLx¿n] pkef]u ug]{ u/] gu/]sf] lgoldt cjnf]sg u/L gug]{nfO{ pkef]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'xf];\ .

yk ;'´fj

36gfj[Q clen]vdf ljifoj:t';“u ;DalGwt lj|mofsnfk l6Kb} k[i7kf]if0f lb“b} ;'wf/ ug'{xf];\ .

33

sIff – @

PsfOM !

cfkm", cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s p2]Zo

-s_ cfkm" / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] sfd / k];f atfpg / ;xof]u ug{ .

-v_ cfkm"nfO{ lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ / ;fdfgsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{ .

-u_ cfkm\gf ;fdfgx¿sf] gfd atfpg / ltgsf] lxkmfhtsf ;fy k|of]u ug{ .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

o; PsfOdf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfd -k9\g], n]Vg], ljBfno hfg], v]Ng], 3'Dg hfg] kl/jf/df d2t ug]{ cflb_ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ .

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] sfd h:t} M v]taf/Lsf] sfd, 3/sf] sfd, 3/]n' pBf]usf sfdx¿ -sk8f a'Gg], 8f]sf]8fnf] a'Gg]_ uxgf agfpg], k9fpg], sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ cflb ljifoj:t' cWofkg u/fpg'k5{ .

afnaflnsfx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L -afcfdf, bfh', lbbL, efph" cflbn] cx|fPsf ljleGg sfdx¿ h:t} M t/sf/L s]nfpg], ;/;kmfO, sIffsfo{, u[xsfo{ ug]{, efOalxgL x]g]{, k];fut sfddf ;xof]u ug]{ cflb_ klg l;sfpg'k5{ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfk"mn] ;Sg] sfd ug{ k|]l/t u/fpg'k5{ .

;fdfgsf] cfbgk|bfg ug]{ -h:t} M cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos ePsf] t/ cfkm";“u gePsf] ;fdfg -snd, sfkL, a|;, d~hg, h'Qf, rKkn, df]hf, n'uf cflb_ ;fyLx¿;“u dfu]/ k|of]u u/L lkmtf{ ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'k5{ .

;fdfgsf] lxkmfht / k|of]u ug]{ afgL a;fNg'k5{ . h:t} M lstfa, snd,sfkL a|;, d~hg, h'Qf, rKkn, df]hf, n'uf cflb .

tL ;fdfgx¿nfO{ lxkmfhtsf ;fy k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfx¿ l;sfpg'k5{ / ;fdfgsf] lxkmfht ug{ k|]l/t ug'{k5{ .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

;fOgk]g, af]8{dfs{/, :s]n, s}“rL, Go'hk]k/ cflb .


-s_ ljBfyL{x¿n] b}lgs ¿kdf ug]{ sfdsf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

laxfg ug]{ sfd M ;a]/} p7\g], lb;flk;fa ug]{, xftd'v w'g], u[xsfo{ ug]{, ljBfno hfg] cflb .

lbp“;f] ug]{ sfd M ljBFnodf k9\g], n]Vg], vfhf vfg] 5'6\6Ldf v]Ng], vfhf vfg], ljBfnoaf6 3/ kms{g] cflb .

a]n'sL ug]{ sfd M xftuf]8f w'g], sk8f km]g]{, vfgf vfg], 3/sf] sfddf ;3fpg], u[xsfo{ ug]{, kqklqsf k9\g], ;dfrf/ ;'Gg], ;dodf ;'Tg] cflb .

34

dflysf ;"rLx¿ agfpg nufO;s]kl5 k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] gfd n]vL pgLx¿n] ug]]{ sfd / sfdsf] ?h';"rL -Check list_ agfpg'xf];\ . ?h';"rLsf] gd'gf tn lbOPsf] 5 M

sIff M @

ljBfyL{sf] gfd M

j|m=;+= ljBfyL{n] ug]{ sfd ;“w} u5{ slxn] sfxL u5{ ub}{g

!= ;a}/] p7\g] @= ;dodf g} lb;flk;fa ug]{ #= xftd'v w'g]

$= u[xsfo{

%= cfkm"n] ;s]sf] sfddf ;xof]u

^= ;dodf ljBfno hfg]

&= ;dodf 3/ kms{g]

*= ljBfnoaf6 kms]{kl5 xft uf]8f w'g], sk8f km]g]{ (= v]Ng]

!)= ;dodf vfgf vfg] !!= ;dodf ;'Tg] b|i6JoM 3/df ug]{ lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ;do;dodf cleefjsx¿;“u ;Dks{

/fVg'kb{5 .

?h';"rLdf n}ª\lus b[li6sf]0f -Gender Perspective_ af6 klg ldnfpg'xf];\ . h:t} M ‘u5{’ sf] ;6\6fdf ‘ul5{g\’ / ‘ub}{g’ sf] ;6\6f ‘ulb{gg\’ cflb .

pSt ?h';"rLsf] cfwf/df k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ / cfjZostfg';f/ ;'wf/ ug'{xf];\ . o;af6 ljBfyL{df ePsf sdLsdhf]/L ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] 5 . ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ o;n] ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 .

-v_ ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkm"n] ug]{ sfd atfO;s]kl5 cfkm\gf kl/jf/n] s]s] sfd u5{g\, eGg nufpg'xf];\ . s]xL 5gf]6 u/L lzIfsn] sfnf]kf6Ldf l6Kg'xf];\ . k|To]s ljBfyL{sf kl/jf/n] ug]{ sfd eGg nufp“bf w]/} ;do nfUg] x'gfn] ;donfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;dfj]zL x'g] u/L sDtLdf kf“rhgf ljBfyL{sf] kl/jf/n] ug]{ sfd dfq sfnf]kf6Ldf n]vL ;Dej ePdf c¿sf] u[xsfo{ k/LIf0f u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] kl/jf/n] ug]{ sfd kQf nufpg'xf];\ / 5gf]6 u/L sfnf]kf6Ldf n]v]sf sfdx¿;“u ldN5 ldNb}g, k|To]s ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm}“ d"Nofª\sg ug{ -x]g{_ nufpg'xf];\ . o;af6 sd ;dodf a9L k7gkf7g ug{ / ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

To;} u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{sf kl/jf/n] ug]{ sfdsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg ;lsg] / cfkm" / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/n] ug]{ k];f atfpg ;Ifd agfpg ;lsg] 5 .

35

cfkm\gf kl/jf/n] ug]{ sfddf ljBfyL{n] s]s:tf] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 To;sf] hfgsf/L klg lng'xf];\ . To;sf nflu tnsf h:t} gd'gf k|Zgx¿ agfO{ hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

ltdL 3/sf] s'gs'g sfddf ;xof]u u5f}{ <

cfdf÷afsf] sfddf ltdLn] ;s]sf] ;xof]u u5f}{ ls ub}{gf} <

3/sf] sfddf ltdLn] ;s]sf] ;xof]u u5f}{ ls ub}{gf} <

ltdLnfO{ v]n v]Ng cfgGb cfp“5 ls 3/sf] sfddf ;xof]u ug{ <

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm"n] ug]{ sfd / kl/jf/n] ug]{ sfdsf] clego u/fpg'xf];\ . clegodf /fd|f] ug]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ :ofaf;L lbO{ k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M t/sf/L s]nfp“bf cfdfnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf], 8f]sf]8fnf] a'Gbf afnfO{ rf]of lbPsf], v]taf/Ldf sfd ubf{ cfdfafnfO{ kfgL lbP/ ;xof]u u/]sf] cflb . ;xL ¿kdf ug{ g;Sg]nfO{ ug{ yk k|f]T;flxt ug{ .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf dflg;n] k|of]u ug]{ ;fdfgsf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / To;dWo] cfkm"n] agfpg ;Sg] Psb'O{cf]6f ;fdfgsf] lrq agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}eGbf /fd|f] lrq 5gf]6 u/L k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ . lrq 5gf]6 ug{=klg ljBfyL{x¿s} 6f]nL -tLgb]lv kf“rhgfsf]_ agfpg'xf];\ . o;af6 ljBfyL{x¿df lrq agfpg] ;Lksf] ljsf; x'g] / d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] klg ljsf; x'“b} hfg] 5 . lrq agfpg ?rL gx'g]nfO{ ljifoj:t';“u ;DalGwt cGo lj|mofsnfk lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k];fsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg a/fa/ b'O{ ;d"xdf af“8\g'xf];\ Ps ;d"xnfO{ k];f / csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ k];f;“u ;DalGwt sfd n]lvPsf] uf]nf lbg'xf];\ . h:t} M ;d"x ‘s’ ;d"x ‘v’ ls;fg lzIfs k;n] 8sdL{ sd{rf/L 8fS6/ l;sdL{

v]taf/Ldf sfd ug]{ dflg; ljBfnodf k9fpg] dflg; ;fdfg lsga]r ug]{ dflg; 3/sf] uf/f] nufpg] dflg; sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ dflg; la/fdL hf“Rg] dflg; sf7sf] sfd ug]{ dflg;

v]n v]nfp“bf æv]taf/Ldf sfd ug]{ dflg; eGgf;fy ls;fgÆ ;d"x s / v sf] Ps} 7fp“df a:g nufpg] . o;/L v]n v]nfp“bf k];f / To;;“u ;Da4 sfdsf] hfgsf/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dgf]/~hgfTds 9ª\un] u/fpg ;lsg] 5 . pgLx¿ ;d"xdf ldn]/ a;] ga;]sf] cjnf]sg u/L lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ klg ug'{k5{ .

@= ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf ljleGg lhDd]jf/Lx¿ lbg'xf];\ . h:t} M sIffdf dlg6/ aGg] -6f]nL g]tf_ 6f]nL g]tf eP/ cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/] gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L ljBfyL{{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . 3/df klg cfdfaf, bfh'efph", lbbLalxgL cflbn] cx|fPsf sfdx¿ h:t} M t/sf/L s]nfpg], ;/;kmfO ug]{, u[xsfo{ ug]{, efOalxgL x]g]{, k9\g] / k];fut sfddf ;xof]u ug]{ u5{g\ ub}{gg\ ;f]wk'5 ug'{xf];\ / cjnf]sg u/L pgLx¿sf sfd / lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/] gu/]sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

ljBfyL{n] lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/] gu/]sf] kQf nufpg >]0fLdfkg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

36

lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L /fd|f];“u k"/f u5{ –#

lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L cf+lzs ¿kdf k"/f u5{ –@

lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ub}{g–!

o:tf] >]0fLdfkgsf] k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{sf] ljz]if of]Uotf, cfr/0f, afgL / cGo u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; slt xb;Dd ePsf] 5, ;f] hf“Rg ;lsG5 .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s'gs'g ;fdfg ;fyLnfO{ lbP/ ;xof]u u¥of} egL To;sf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}sf] ;"rL ;ª\sng u/L :ofaf;L lbg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkm\gf] ;fdfgsf] lxkmfht u/]sf 5g\, 5}gg\, To;sf] cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

#= cfkm\gf] ;fdfgsf] gfd ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ eGg nufpg'xf];\ . tL ;fdfgsf] lxkmfht ug]{ tl/sf klg eGg nufpg'xf];\ . ;fdfgsf] htg ug]{ tl/sf tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . of] gd'gf dfq} xf] . o;afx]s cGo tl/sfx¿ klg x'g ;S5g\ .

;fdfg htg ug]{ tl/sf

lstfa

n'uf

snd

sfkL

h'Qf df]hf

emf]nfdf /fv]/÷ uftf nufP/

x\ofª\u/df e'mG8ofP/÷k6\6ofP/

emf]nfdf /fv]/÷pko'St 7fp“df /fv]/

¥ofsdf /fv]/÷hyfefjL gsf]/]/

¥ofsdf /fv]/÷;kmf /fv]/

s'g} klg ljBfyL{n] ;fdfgsf] htg u/] gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

37

PsfO M @

xfd|f] k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf

p2]Zo

-s_ 5/l5d]sLsf] cfb/ ;Tsf/ ug{ .

-v_ rf8kj{x¿df ;xefuL x'g .

-u_ cfkm\gf 5/l5d]sLx¿sf] njfOv'jfO / /xg;xg cjnf]sg u/L j0f{g ug{ .

-3_ cf–cfkm\gf] ufp“6f]ndf ;fdflhs sfd ug]{ JolStx¿sf] gfd atfpg .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

o; PsfOdf 5/l5d]sdf /x]sf JolStnfO{ cfb/fyL{ zAb k|of]u u/]/ af]Ng] -h:t} M cfpg'xf];\, a:g'xf];\, vfg'xf];\ cflb_ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'k5{ .

5/l5d]ssf ;fyLefO, Oi6ldqx¿sf] /xg;xg, l5d]ssf JolStx¿n]] nufpg] kf];fs, vfg]s'/f cflbsf] cjnf]sg / cWoog u/L eGg ;Sg] u/fpg'k5{ .

cfkm\gf] 3/df dgfOg] rf8kj{x¿, b;}“, ltxf/, 57, xf]nL, Ob, lj|m;d; cflbdf ;xeflutf u/fpg k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ .

cf–cfkm\gf] ufp“6f]ndf /fd|f] ;fdflhs sfd ug]{ JolSt -h:t} M wf/f, s'nf], kfgL36\6f, :t"k, d7dlGb/, dl:hb, rr{ cflb agfpg] JolStx¿_ sf] gfd atfpg] cEof; u/fpg'k5{ .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

b;}“, ltxf/, 57, xf]nL cflb dgfO/x]sf] lrq, wf/f, s'nf] cflb agfO/x]sf] lrq, ljleGg k|sf/sf vfg]s'/fsf lrq, ljleGg j]ze"iffsf lrq


!= -s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfb/fyL{ zAb k|of]u ug{ nufP/ af]Ng tyf clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . s;}nfO{ bfh', efph", sfsf, sfsL cflbsf] clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . /fd|f];“u clego u/]sf] 5 5}g cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ / cfjZos ;'wf/ ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ ljBfyL{x¿n] 5/l5d]ssf Psn] csf{nfO{ cfb/ ;Tsf/ u/]sf] / ;fgfnfO{ cfb/ Pjd\ dfof u/] gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L cfb/ ;Tsf/ ug{ / dfof ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M

7"nfnfO{ – gd:sf/ u/]sf]

;fgfnfO{ – :ofaf;L lbPsf]

o;sf nflu tnsf k|Zgx¿ lgdf{0f u/L cfb/;Tsf/ u/] gu/]sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg] 5 M

ltdL l5d]sLx¿nfO{ e]6\bf s] u5f}{ <

cfkm"eGbf 7"nfnfO{ s] ug'{k5{ <

cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{ s] ug'{k5{ <

ltdL ltd|f] efiffdf s;/L clejfbg u5f}{ <

38

o;sf cfwf/df cfb/fyL{ zAbsf] k|of]u u/] gu/]sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ / gldn]sf] eP ;'wf/ ug'{xf];\ .

@=-s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ :yfgLo:t/df nufOg] hfltut k/Dk/fcg';f/sf n'ufx¿ b]vfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿n] s:tf] n'uf nufp“5g\, kfn}kfnf] b]vfpg / eGg nufpg'xf];\ . To:t} ljleGg vfg]s'/fsf gd'gf lrqx¿ b]vfO{ cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf dflg;n] vfg] vfg]s'/f eGg nufpg'xf];\ . Pp6f ;d'bfo / csf]{ ;d'bfoaLrsf] njfOv'jfOdf s'gs'g leGgtfx¿ /x]5g\ . ;d"x;d"x agfO{ l6Kg nufpg'xf];\ / ;a}eGbf /fd|f];“u leGgtf 5'6\ofpg] ;d"xnfO{ k'/:s[t u/L :ofaf;L lbg'xf];\ .

-v_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf dflg;n] hf8f] / udL{ ofddf nufpg] n'ufx¿sf] gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ . tL gfdx¿ ldn] gldn]sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . olb gldn]sf eP ;Rofpg nufpg'xf];\ .

hf8f]df nufpg] n'uf M l:j6/, Hofs]6, sf]6, kfOG6, rf}aGbL cflb

udL{df nufpg] n'uf M ;6{, kfOG6, s'tf{, ;njf/, k|ms rf]nL cflb

:yfgLo kl/j]z / ;docg';f/ km/skm/s j]ze"iff nufpg] x'gfn] ToxLcg'¿ksf lj|mofsnfk 5gf]6 u/L ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

-u+ sIffdf j]ze"iff k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfn] ;Dej eP;Dd cf–cfkm\gf] j]ze"iff nufpg k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ . To:tf] k|ltof]lutfn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljleGg ;d'bfosf] j]ze"iffsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg ;lsG5 . j]ze"iff k|ltof]lutfdf ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 5gf]6 u/L k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ . 5fGgsf nflu ljBfyL{x¿sf] g} 6f]nL agfpg'xf];\ . 5gf]6sf cfwf/ lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;Sg] 5g\ M

;DalGwt ;d'bfosf] j]ze"iff $ cª\s

klx/gsf] tl/sf @ cª\s

;+:s[ltcg';f/ @ cª\s

cGo s]xL eP @ cª\s

hDdf !) cª\s

-3_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf 5/ld5]sdf dgfOg] rf8kj{x¿sf] gfd l6Kg nufpg'xf];\ . tnsf] Sofn]G8/ -let]kfqf]_ df tL rf8kj{x¿ s'gs'g dlxgfdf k5{g\, lrgf] nufpg nufpg'xf];\ . /fd|f];“u lrgf] nufP gnufPsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . 5/l5d]sn] dgfpg] rf8kj{x¿ Sofn]G8/df ldnfPsf] gldnfPsf] x]/L cfjZos ;'wf/ ul/lbg'xf];\ .

39

-of] gd'gfsf] ¿kdf dfq lbOPsf] xf] . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ xfn;fn}sf] Sofn]08/ x]g{ nufO{ lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'kb{5{ ._

dfly plNnlvt kj{x¿dWo] sDtLdf # cf]6f kj{x¿ 5fgL ljBfyL{nfO{ # ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / k|To]snfO{ Pp6f kj{sf af/]df n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

kj{sf] gfd vfOg] vfg]s'/f nufpg] n'uf nufpg] uxgf s;/L dgfOG5

-s]s] ul/G5 <_

pSt ljj/0f k|To]s ;d"xaf6 6f]nL g]tf 5fgL k9]/ ;'gfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ldNof] ldn]g k/LIf0f u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ klg ul/lbg'xf];\ .

-ª_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm"n] dfGg] rf8kj{ / To;df ul/g] lj|mofsnfk -sfo{x¿_ tnsf] tflnsfdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ M

rf8kj{sf] gfd s]s] vfG5f} s]s] u5f}{

40

tflnsf e/]sf] ldNof] ldn]g x]g'{xf];\ / ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-r_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm"n] dgfpg] rf8kj{df ufOg] uLt eGg / n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

h:t} M ltxf/df

e}lngL cfOg\ cf“ug, u'lgp“ rf]nL dfug

x] cf}“;Laf/ ufO{ ltxf/ e}nf]

To:t} M pwf}nL, pef}nL, lj|m;d;, df3L, Nxf];f/ cflbdf ufOg] uLt klg eGg nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] uLt /fd|f];“u ufP gufPsf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . d"Nofª\sgsf nflu :yfgLo ;d'bfosf efiff hfGg] JolStnfO{ ;|f]tJolStsf ¿kdf cfdGq0f u/L d"Nofª\sg ug{ nufpg ;Sg'x'g] 5 .

ljBfyL{x¿ To:tf rf8kj{df slQsf] ;xefuL x'G5g\, cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ jf cleefjs;“u ;f]wvf]h u/L pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . tnsf k|Zgx¿ u/]/ klg ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg] 5 M

ltdL s'g kj{ dgfp“5f} <

ltdLnfO{ s'g kj{ dg k5{ <

ltdLn] dgfpg] kj{df s] vfG5f} <

ltdLn] dgfpg] kj{df s] u5f}{ <

ldltnfO{ rf8kj{df s] ubf{ /dfOnf] x'G5 <

ltdLn] hfg]sf] uLt ufpm .

c¿n] uLt ufp“bf gfR5f} ls gfRb}gf} <

;fyLn] uLt ufp“5g\ xfdL ;a} gfrf}“ .

ltdLnfO{ kj{ dgfpg /dfOnf] nfU5 ls nfUb}g <

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] ;d'bfo / wd{cg';f/sf lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g k|]l/t ug'{xf];\ . ;xefuL eP gePsf] cjnf]sg u/L pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

#=-s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf ePsf c;n dflg;sf] gfd cfkm\gf cleefjs;“u ;f]wL n]v]/ Nofpg nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] n]v]/ NofPsf] c;n dflg;n] s]s] sfd u/]/ pgL c;n ePsf x'g\ Tof] klg ljBfyL{nfO{ eGg nufpg'xf];\ . pgn] u/]sf sfo{x¿ tnsf egfO;“u ldN5g\ ls ldNb}gg\, hf“Rg'xf];\ M

ljBfno agfPsf]

l5d]sL la/fdL x'“bf cf}ifwL lbPsf]

l5d]sLsf] lax]df ;xof]u u/]sf]

:jf:Yo rf}sL lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u u/]sf]

vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk dd{t u/]sf]

czStnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf]

41

ckfª\unfO{ lx“8\8'ndf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]

-v_ljBfyL{x¿sf] JolStut ljj/0f, kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f, :jf:Yo l:ylt, z}lIfs pknlAwsf] ljj/0f tof/ u/L ;l~rt clen]v /fVg ;lsG5 . ;l~rt clen]vsf] gd'gf tn lbPsf] 5 M

!= JolStut ljj/0f

gfd M

7]ufgf M

lnª\u M

hGd:yfg M

hGdldlt M

:s'n egf{ ePsf] ldlt M

@= kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f

afa'sf] gfd

k];f M

7]ufgf M

cfdfsf] gfd M

k];f M

7]ufgf M

kl/jf/sf] s'n ;ª\Vof M

#= :jf:Yo ljj/0f

prfO M

tf}n M

vf]k lnP glnPsf] M

s'g} /f]u eP M

$= z}lIfs pknlAwsf] ljj/0f

q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] pknlAw:t/

sIff xflh/L

cltl/St lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf M

lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sgdf k|fKt u/]sf] >]0fLM

5fqj[lQ kfP gkfPsf] M

ljBfyL{x¿n] c;n dflg;af6 l;s]sf lj|mofsnfk Jojxf/df ckgfPsf] 5, 5}g egL d"Nofª\sg ug{ tnsf k|Zgx¿ agfO{ hjfkm vf]Hg'xf];\ . ;xL hjfkm lbg ;s] ;s]gg\ kQf nufO{ pgLx¿sf] clej[lQ hf“Rg'xf];\ M ca ltdL s] u5f} <

ltd|f] ;fyLn] snd sIffdf 5f8]5g\ .

ltd|f] ;fyLn] af6f] e'n] .

wf/f v'n} /x]5 .

ltd|f l5d]sLsf] kmf]g cfof] .

ltd|f l5d]sLx¿ af6f] ;kmf ub}{5g\ .

ltd|f l5d]sL la/fdL k/] .

ckfª\utf ePsf dflg; af6fdf 5g\ .

42

PsfO M #

;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg

p2]Zo

ljBfno tyf 5/l5d]sdf /x]sf c;xfo, ckfª\ux¿nfO{ ;Ddfg / ;xof]u ug{ .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

o; PsfOdf ljBfno tyf 5/l5d]sssf c;xfo tyf ckfª\ux¿ -h:t} M hGdhft tyf ljleGg b'36{gfdf k/L ePsf ckfª\ux¿_ sf] klxrfg u/L cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'k5{ .

ljleGg sf/0faf6 czSt jf c;xfo ag]sfx¿ -h:t} M afa'cfdf gePsf 6'x'/f6'x'/Lx¿ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6 x]nf ul/Psfx¿, pd]/sf sf/0f j[4j[4f ePsfx¿ ljleGg /f]uaf6 u|l;t cflb_ nfO{ ;Ddfg / ;xof]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

c;xfo / ckfª\usf tl:a/x¿, To:tf dflg;x¿nfO{ ul/Psf] ;xof]usf tl:a/, lrq, syf cflb


-s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/ / 5/l5d]sdf ePsf c;xfo / ckfª\ux¿sf] vf]hL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] vf]hL u/] u/]gg\, cjnf]sg / ;f]wk'5 ug'{xf];\ . vf]hL u/]sf eP c;xfo / ckfª\usf] l:ylt s:tf] /x]5 . tnsf] tflnsfdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ / tflnsf eg{ ;lhnf] xf];\ egL Pp6f pbfx/0f klg lbOPsf] 5 .

gfd s] ePsf] xf] < s:tf] ;xof]u rflxG5 <

/d]z ;fg}df n8]/ Pp6f xft ef“lrP/ grNg] ePsf] d'v w'g ;xof]u rflxG5 .

-v_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ a};fvL, ;]tf] n6\7L, lx\jnlro/, dfOj|mf]kmf]g cflbsf] lrq b]vfpg'xf];\ . tL ;fdfgx¿ s:tf dflg;nfO{ cfjZos k5{, ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] eGg nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] eg]sf] ldNof] ldn]g d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

43

-u_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] ljBfnodf ePsf c;xfo / ckfª\u ;fyLx¿sf] gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ s:tf] ;xof]u rflxG5 / ltdLx¿n] s] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f} egL k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg'xf];\ . c;xfo / ckfª\ux¿;“u ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ u/]sf] Jojxf/ cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿;“u ;Ddfghgs / ;xof]uL Jojxf/ u/] gu/]sf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-3_ ljBFyL{x¿nfO{ cf“vf gb]Vg], Pp6f uf]8f gePsf], xft gePsf], sfg g;'Gg] / af]Ng g;Sg]nfO{ ug]{ ;xof]usf] clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}eGbf /fd|f];“u clego ug]{nfO{ k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ .

-ª_ czSt, c;xfo, j[4j[4fnfO{ ug'{kg]{ ;xof]u s]s] x'g\ < ;a}nfO{ kfn}kfnf] ;f]Wg'xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu tn s]xL k|Zgx¿ lgdf{0f u/L k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ M

;Q/L jif{ k'u]sf j[4j[4fnfO{ af6f] sf6\bf s:tf] ;xof]u rflxG5 <

b[li6ljxLg afnaflnsfnfO{ s:tf] ;xof]u rflxG5 <

l5d]ssf c;xfo / ckfª\unfO{ s;/L ;xof]u u5f}{ <

-r_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd glhs}sf] cgfyfno jf j[4f>ddf e|d0f u/fpg'xf];\ . Toxf“ pgLx¿n] s] s:tf ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf /x]5g\ . cjnf]sg u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ eGg nufpg'xf];\ . /fd|f];“u eg] geg]sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

44

PsfO M $

gful/s r]tgf

p2]Zo

-s_ kl/lrt JolSt;“u cfjZos ;xof]u lng / lbg .

-v_ cfkm\gf] ufp“ 6f]nsf ;fj{hlgs ;DkQLx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg / ;+/If0f ug{ .

-u_ ;fj{hlgs :yn / ;fwgx¿ pkof]u ubf{ kª\lStdf kfnf] kv{g / c¿nfO{ kfnf] lbg .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

o; PsfOdf kl/lrt JolStx¿ ;fyLefO, gftfuf]tf cflb;“u ;xof]u lng / cfkm"n] lrg]sf JolStnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u lbg] ljifoj:t'sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ .

;fj{hlgs ;DkQLsf] ;+/If0f -h:t} M dlGb/, u'Daf, rf}/, kf6L, rf}tf/f, wf/f, kw]“/f, c:ktfn, x'nfs, k;n cflb_ sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug'{k5{ . ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df nfOgdf kfnf] kv{g] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'k5{ .

a;, 6]lnkmf]g, wf/f, kw]“/f cflbdf c¿nfO{ kfnf] lbg] afgLsf] ljsf; u/L afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ To:tf sfo{df k|]l/t u/fpg'k5{ .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

;fj{hlgs :ynsf lrqx¿ / tl:a/x¿ -h:t} M u'Daf, dlGb/, rf}/, kf6L, rf}tf/f, wf/f, kw]/f, c:ktfn, x'nfs, k;n cflb_

;fj{hlgs ;fwg -h:t} M a;, 6]lnkmf]g cflb_

;fj{hlgs :yn / ;fwgsf] k|of]udf nfOg al;/x]sf] lrq


ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ rf8kj{ dgfPsf] lrq b]vfO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . rf8kj{df c¿;“u ;fdfg lnPsf] / sfd ;s]kl5 kmsf{Psf] b[i6fGt k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm";“u gePsf] ;fdfg ;fk6L lng / kl5 kmsf{pg'k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbg'xf];\ . ca ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tnsf] clego u/fpg'xf];\ M

– Pshgf ljBfyL{nfO{ 3/sf] d'nL agfpg]

– s]lxnfO{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:o agfpg]

– csf]{ Pshgf ljBfyL{nfO{ csf]{ 3/sf] d'nL agfpg]

– To;df klg s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:o agfpg]

– 3/sf] d'nLn] 3/df rf8kj{sf] cfof]hgf ug]{ / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] Tof] sfddf ;xof]u ug]{

45

– ;a} ;fdfg cfkm\gf] 3/sf] dfq} pkof]u ug{ gk'Ug] ePsfn] cGo 3/sf] klg ;fk6L tyf ;xof]u dfu ug]{

– sfd ;DkGg ePkl5 tL ;fdfgx¿ lkmtf{ ug]{

– ljBfyL{x¿n] /fd|f];“u clego u/] gu/]sf] d"Nofª\sg 6f]nL agfpg]

– To;}sf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

ljBfyL{nfO{ dflysf lj|mofsnfksf] cfwf/df cfkm";“u ePsf ;fdfg lbg] / c¿;“u lng] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg o:tf lj|mofsnfk af/Daf/ u/fpg'xf];\ . o:tf lj|mofsnfkn] ;fdfg cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; eO{ cfk;L ;xof]u n]gb]g ug]{ wf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'g hfG5 . ;fyLefO, gftfuf]tf cflbnfO{ ;xof]u lbPsf] / pgLx¿;“u ;xof]u lng] efjgfn] ldqtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 / cfk;L ;xof]u ug]{ afgL a:5 .

ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkm\gf ;fyL / gftfuf]tfnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofP gk'¥ofPsf] kQf nufpg lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿ ug'{xf];\ M

– ltdLn] ;fyLefOnfO{ sIffsf]7f / aflx/ s'gs'g ;fdfg lbP/ ;xof]u u/]sf 5f} <

– ltdLn] ;fyLefO;“u s'gs'g ;fdfg lnPsf xf} <

– ltdLn] ;fyLefO;“u lsg ;fdfg lnPsf 5f} <

– ltdLnfO{ ;fdfg lng] / lbg] sfd dg k5{ ls kb{}g <

ljBfyL{n] ;fdfg lng] / lbg] sfd u/] u/]gg\, To;sf cfwf/df ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;fdfg lng] lbg] wf/0ff ljsf; eof] ePg, tnsf wf/0ffx¿df 7Ls eP -_ lrx\g / a]7Ls eP -_ lrx\g nufpg nufpg'xf];\ . To;sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-s_ ;fyL{;“u lnPsf] l;;fsnd lkmtf{ ug'{k5{ . - _

-v_ ;fyL;“u ePsf] ;fdfg lbP/ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .- _

-u_ cfkm\gf] l5d]sLnfO{ s'g} ;fdfg lbg'x'“b}g . - _

-3_ c¿;“u ;xof]u lng]lbg] sfd /fd|f] xf]Og . - _

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/ / ljBfno jl/kl/ ePsf ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . s'gs'g ljBfyL{n] ;fj{hlgs :ynsf] ;"rL agfP/ cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / To;sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] agfPsf] ;"rL;“u tnsf ;fj{hlgs :ynsf gfdx¿ t'ngf ug]{ M

dlGb/ u'Daf r}To rr{ dl:hb

rf}tf/f] rf}/ k'n k'n];f s'jf k}gL

46

:jf:Yo rf}sL c:ktfn wf/f kf6L kf}jf

Ogf/ af6f] jg ljBfno x'nfs3/ cflb

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ a;, 6]lnkmf]g cflbsf] tl:a/ b]vfO{ To;sf] j0f{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . a;, 6]lnkmf]g cflbsf] k|of]u ubf{ nfOgdf a;L kfn}kfnf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ / nfOgdf ga;]df To;sf] k|of]u ug{ cK7\of/f] k5{ egL atfOlbg'xf];\ . To;kl5 pgLx¿n] To;/L nfOgdf a:g] u/] gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / To;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug{'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sIff @ sf] xfd|f] ;femf ;DkQL kf7 cWoog ug{ nufpg] / To;sf cfwf/df tnsf vfnL 7fp“ eg{ nufpg'xf];\ . vfnL 7fp“df 7Ls zAb /fvL e/] ge/]sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{'xf];\ / ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ rf}tf/f] glhs} ===================================== 5 .

-v_ ========================df dflg; ;fdfg lsGg hfG5g\ .

-u_ e"if0f ================== df v]N5g\ .

-3_ e"if0fsf] ufp“df ===================== klg 5 .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs :yn / ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ tl/sfx¿ atfOlbg'xf];\ . tL tl/sfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;Sg] 5g\ M

– jghª\unsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ¿vla?jf nufpg], ¿v gsf6\g]

– 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+/If0f ug{ tf/ gr'“8fpg]

– d7dlGb/, u'Daf, r}To, dl:hb, rr{ cflbsf] jl/kl/ ;kmf /fVg]

– kf6Lkf}jf, rf}tf/f] cflb geTsfpg]

– eTs]sf] ePdf k'g lgdf{0f ug]{

– ljBfno eTs]sf] ePdf k'glgdf{0f dd{t ug]{

– s;}n] ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ lxgfldgf u/]df ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ va/ ug]{ / gug{ va/bf/L ug]{

o:tf lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+nUgtf u/fpg k|]/0ff lbg]

ljBfyL{x¿n] ;fj{hlgs :ynsf] ;+/If0f u/] gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / To;sf cfwf/df d'Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . olb ;+/If0f sfo{df ;xof]u gk'¥ofPsf] eP ;+/If0f ug{ k|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kfnf] kv{g] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg dlGb/, r}To dl:hb, rr{ cflbdf nfOgdf a;L cfkm\gf] kfnf] cfPkl5 bz{g ug'{k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbg'xf];\ . To:tf :ynx¿df ljBfyL{n] kfnf] a;] ga;]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ / To;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . s'g} ljBfyL{n] To;/L kfnf] ldr]sf] ePdf ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

47

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs :yndf kª\lStdf a:g k|]l/t ug'{xf];\ . ljBfnosf] sIffsf]7fdf k|j]z ug{ / aflx/ lg:sg, kfgL vfg cflb sfo{df kª\lStdf a:g l;sfpg'xf];\ . To;cg';f/ u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L ljBFyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/df

cfPsf] kl/jt{g kQf nufpg tnsf] h:tf] 36gfj[Q clen]v tof/ u/L k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

ldlt ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/ k[i7kf]if0f Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g

@)^%.@.& ;l/tfn] cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿nfO{ 3r]8\b} kfgL lkOg\ .

pgnfO{ d}n] ef]lnb]lv To;/L c¿nfO{ g3r]8L nfOgdf a;L kfgL lkpg ;DemfP“ .

csf]{ lbg pgn] nfOgdf a;L kfgL lkOg\ .

;a} ljBfyL{sf] 36gfj[Q clen]v cWoog u/L ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g eP gePsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ pko'St x'G5 .

48

PsfO M %

xfd|f] k[YjL p2]Zo

-s_ cfkm\gf] 6f]n, ;d'bfo / To; jl/kl/sf] ef}uf]lns :j¿k cjnf]sg u/L ljj/0f lbg .

-v_ cfkm\gf] ufp“÷6f]nsf] ;fdfGo gS;f sf]g{ / Toxf“ /x]sf vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L, kxf8 cflb b]vfpg .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

o; PsfOdf xfd|f] w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cjnf]sg u/L To;sf] j0f{g ug{ l;sfOg] 5 M

cfkm\gf] 6f]n, ;d'bfo / To; jl/kl/sf] w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] kl/ro lbg / hldgsf] :j¿k

-cUnf], xf]rf], ;dy/, vf]“r, 6f/_ cflbnfO{ gS;fdf b]vfpg l;sfpg'k5{ .

o;u/L gbL gfnf -7"nf, ;fgf_, tfn kf]v/L, jghª\un -7"nf], ;fgf], afSnf],kftnf] cflb_ sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ .

gS;fsf] ;fdfGo sfd

– cfkm\gf] 6f]n ;d'bfosf] gS;f sf]g{] cEof; u/fOg] 5 .

– gS;fdf cfkm\gf] 6f]n ;d'bfodf /x]sf, kxf8, gbL, tfn, kf]v/L af6f], jghª\un cflb eg{ klg o; PsfOdf l;sfOg] 5 . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ af/Daf/sf] cEof;kl5 gS;fsf] sfd ug{ ;Sg] agfpg k|of; ul/g] 5 .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

– kxf8, d}bfg, ;dy/ efu jf cUnf], xf]rf] efu emNsg] lrqx¿

– kxf8, d}bfg ;dy/ efu b]lvg] Ans / df]8]nx¿

– ;fOgk]g, k]lG;n, sfa{g k]k/ / ;fbf sfutsf] kfgf


-s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kxf8, d}bfg, ;dy/ efusf Ans / df]8]nx¿ b]vfpg'xf];\ . cfkm" a;]sf] 7fp“ / tL df]8]nx¿ ldNbfh'Nbf eP ePgg\ a'em\g ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] ufp“÷6f]nsf] :ynut cjnf]sg e|d0f u/fpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 k|Zgf]Q/ u/fO{ cfkm" a;]sf] 7fp“sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ . ca pgLx¿n] /fd|f];“u cfkm" a;]sf] 7fp“ atfpg ;S5g\ ls ;Sb}gg\ lgDgfg';f/sf] k|Zg ug'{xf];\ / To;sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ M

ltdL sxf“ a:5f} <

ltdL a;]sf] 7fp“ s:tf] 5 < -cUnf], xf]rf], ;dy/_

ltdL ufp“÷;x/ sxf“ a:5f} <

ltdL a;]sf] 7fp“ / dfly b]vfOPsf] Ans jf df]8]n;“u ldN5 ls ldNb}g <

ltdL cfkm" a;]sf] 7fp“sf] lrq agfpm .

49

ltdLnfO{ s:tf] 7fp“ dg k5{ <

-v_ ljBfyL{x¿ ;a}nfO{ cUnf], xf]rf], ;dy/ efu, vf]“r, a]“;Lsf] lrq agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}n] lrq agfO;s]kl5 tLghgf ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ;ldlt agfpgx'f];\ . tL tLghgfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ csf]{ Pp6f d"Nofª\sg ;ldlt klg agfpg'xf];\ . tL ;a}sf] d"Nofª\sg eO;s]kl5 tnsf cfwf/;“u bf“h]/ k|yd, låtLo / t[tLo 5gf]6 u/L k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ . tLghgfsf] d"Nofª\sg ;ldltnfO{ lrq 5gf]6 ug]{ cfwf/ klg atfOlbg'xf];\ . tnsf] cfwf/ / pgLx¿n] 5gf]6 ug]{ cfwf/ Ps} x'g'k5{ .

lrq 5gf]6sf] cfwf/

l;;fsndn] sf]/]sf] x'g'kg]{

s'g 7fp“ agfPsf] xf] ;f] :ki6 x'g'kg]{

;ª\s]tx¿ x'g'kg]{

lbzf 5'6\l6Psf] x'g'kg]{

-u_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] jl/kl/ ePsf s'/fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}n] ;"rL agfP agfPgg\, k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿n] agfPsf ;"rL;“u tnsf s'/fx¿ 5g\ 5}gg\, t'ngf ug'{xf];\ M

kf]v/L, jg, kxf8, tfn, vf]nf, gbL, rf}/, dlGb/, u'Daf r}To cflb .

;"rL tof/ ul/;s]kl5 To;sf af/]df j0f{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . /fd|f];“u j0f{g u/] u/]gg\ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

ca k|Zg ug'{xf];\ M

ltdL a;]sf] 7fp“df s]s] 5g\ <

ltd|f] 3/cufl8sf] hldg s:tf] 5 <

ltd|f] 3/af6 ;aeGbf glhs kg]{ j:t' s'g xf] <

ltdLn] b]v]sf s'/fx¿dWo] ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ s'g xf] <

ltd|f] 3/jl/kl/ /x]sf k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ s'gs'g x'g\ <

Pp6f la?jfsf] lrq agfpm .

-3_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] jl/kl/ /x]sf gbL, tfn, jg, kf]v/L cflbaf6 x'g] kmfObf tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO eg{ nufpg'xf];\ M

k|fs[lts j:t' To;af6 x'g] kmfObf

gbL

tfn

jg

kf]v/L

l;“rfO ug{, lah'nL lgsfNg

tflnsf /fd|f];“u e/] e/]gg\ To;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg u/L cfjZos ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

50

-ª_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tfn / kf]v/L, gbL / tfn cflbdf s] km/s 5 egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\ / To;;DaGwL wf/0ffsf] hfgsf/L eP gePsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

gbL / tfnsf] km/s tn tflnsfdf lbPsf] 5 M

gbL tfn

s'g} kj{t, lxdfn cflbaf6 lg:s]/ lglZrt :yfgdf aUb} c¿ gbLgfnf;“u ldl;P/ jf PSn} ;d'b|df ldl;g] hnk|jfx

7"nf] vf]nf]

kfgL k|z:t hd]sf] 7fp“

7"nf] k|fs[lts kf]v/L

bx

tfn / kf]v/Ldf km/s

tfn kf]v/L

kfgL k|z:t hd]sf] 7fp“

7"nf] k|fs[lts kf]v/L

kf]v/Lsf] 7"nf] ¿k

tnfp

hnfzo

tfnsf] ;fgf] ¿k

o:t} u/L cUnf], xf]rf], ;dy/ efu, vf]“r, a]“;L, 6f/ cflbsf] km/s / wf/0ffsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

-r_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sIffaflx/ jf rf}/df n}hfg'xf];\ / jl/kl/ x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ . Toxf“ pgLx¿n] s]s] b]v], l6Kg nufpg'xf];\ . Toxf“af6 sxf“sxf“;Dd j:t'x¿ b]v], kfn}kfnf] eGg nufpg'xf];\ . s:tf k|sf/sf j:t' b]lvP, 6f9faf6 x]bf{ s:tf b]lvP / glhsaf6 x]bf{ s:tf b]lvP eGg nufpg'xf];\ . lgZro klg 6f9faf6 x]g{ ;fgf / glhsaf6 x]bf{ 7"nf b]lvP xf]nfg\ . b]lvPcg';f/sf] cfs[lt sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}n] /fd|f];“u cfs[lt sf]/] sf]/]gg\, x]g'{xf];\ . o;/L glhsaf6 x]bf{ 7"nf] / 6f9faf6 x]bf{ ;fgf] b]lvPsf s'/f atfOlbg'xf];\ . ;a}n] sf]/]sf cfs[ltsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ / ;a}eGbf /fd|f] 5gf]6 u/L k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ .

-5_ ljBFyL{x¿nfO{ 6f9faf6 lvlrPsf kmf]6fx¿ b]vfpg'xf];\ . glhsaf6 lvr]sf kmf]6fx¿ b]vfp“b} oL b'O{aLrsf] leGgtf atfpg nufpg'xf];\ . 6f9faf6 lvlrPsf kmf]6fx¿sf] cfs[lt ;fgf / glhsaf6 lvr]sf kmf]6fx¿sf cfs[lt 7"nf b]lvG5g\ . pgLx¿n] eg]sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . eGg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ . ca ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ glhsaf6 x]bf{sf] b[Zo / 6f9faf6 x]bf{sf] b[Zosf] lrq jf tl:a/ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . /fd|f];“u agfP agfPgg\ cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tnsf] h:t} cª\s hf]8]/ gS;f sf]g{ cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

51

@ #

! $

%

^

!) ( * &

oL cª\sx¿ hf]8]/ df5fsf] cfs[lt aG5 . o:t} cEof;x¿ c¿ u/fpg'xf];\ . o;/L cEof; u/fp“bf /fd|f] gS;f, lrq jf tl:a/ sf]g]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ .

ca k|Zg ug'{xf];\ M

-s_ cUnf] 7fp“af6 s'g} s'/f x]bf{ lsg ;fgf] b]lvG5 <

-v_ xf]rf] 7fp“af6 6f9fsf j:t'x¿ b]lvG5g\ ls < glhssf <

-u+ 7Ls dflyaf6 b]lvPsf] cfsf/ To; j:t'sf] gS;f xf] ls xf]Og <

-h_ klxn] ljBfyL{xnfO{ ;lhnf cfsf/sf 7f]; j:t' lbO{ sfuhdfly /fVg nufP/ l;;fsndn] cfs[lt sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ M h:t} M

To;kl5 cfkm" a;]sf] 7fp“sf] gS;f sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

o;sf] ;6\6f kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g+= ! #@ -gS;fdf x]bf{ xfd|f] ufp“_ sf] lrq /fVg] .

ca rf/ lbzfsf] gS;f agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

pQ/

52

klZrd k"j{

blIf0f

o;kl5 gS;fdf rf/ lbzf 5'6\ofpg ;Sg] 5g\ . To;kl5 cfkm" / cfkm\gf] ;fyLsf] 3/ s'g lbzfdf k5{ eGg nufpg'xf];\, eGg ;s] ;s]gg\ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . ca pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/, ;fyLsf] 3/ / ljBfnosf] gS;f agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . h;n] /fd|f] gS;f agfp“5, p;nfO{ k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ .

-em_ ljBfyL{xnfO{ lbzfsf] hfgsf/L ePgePsf] kQf nufpg tnsf k|Zgx¿ u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ M

-s_ ltd|f] 3/af6 ;fyLsf] 3/ s'g lbzflt/ kb{5 <

-v_ ltd|f] 3/af6 ljBfno stf k5{ <

-u_ ;"o{ s'g lbzfaf6 pbfp“5 <

-3_ ;"o{ s'g lbzfdf c:tfp“5 <

-ª_ ltd|f] 6f]nsf] gS;f agfO{ rf/ lbzf b]vfpm .

53

PsfO M ^

xfd|f] ljut

p2]Zo

-s_ cfkm\gf] sIffdf k9\g] ;fyLx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldsf] kl/ro lbg .

-v_ /fli6«o lrx\gx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

o; PsfOdf ;xkf7Lx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldsf] kl/ro lbg l;sfpg'k5{ .

;xkf7Lx¿sf hGdldlt, hGd:yfg / clxn] /x]sf] :yfgsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . o;sf] ;fy} ;xkf7Lx¿sf cfdfafa', xh'/a'af, xh'[/cfdf, dfjnL cflbsf] kl/ro -gfd, af;:yfg, k];f cflb klxn] / clxn]_ lbg ;Sg] agfpg'k5{ .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

– /fli6«o lrx\gx¿sf] kl/ro

– /fli6«o lrx\gx¿ -emG8f, ufO{, nfnLu'“/f; lrx\gx¿ cflbsf] tl:a/

– zAb / cª\skQLsf] afs;

l;sfOlj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg

-s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] cf–cfkm\gf] hGdldlt eGg nufO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf l6Kb} hfg'xf];\ . ;a}n] elg;s]kl5 pgLx¿nfO{ %÷% hgf ;fyLsf] hGdldlt / cGo ljj/0f pNn]v ug{ nufpg'xf];\ M

j|m=; ;fyLsf] gfd hGd]sf] ;fn hGd]sf] dlxgf

hGd]sf] ut] hGd]sf] af/ hGd]sf] lhNnf

!= zf]ef @)^) c;f/ !% cfOtaf/ b}n]v

@=

#=

$=

%=

o;/L e/]sf] ljj/0f k/LIf0f u/L ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . /fd|/L e/]ge/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ ca ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ leQ] kfqf] -& jif{ cufl8sf]_ lbg'xf];\ . To;df pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm" hGd]sf] jif{, dlxgf, ut], af/ kQf nufpg nufpg'xf];\ . olb /fd|f];“u kQf nufpg g;s]df ;xof]u

54

ug'{xf];\ . Psb'O{ k6s af/Daf/ cEof; u/fO;s]kl5 k'gM kQf nufpg nufpg'xf];\ . To;sf nflu cfjZos ;xof]u / k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ . o;kl5 tnsf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ / pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ M

ltdL slt ;fndf hGd]sf xf} <

ltdL hGd]sf] dlxgf s'g xf] <

ltdL hGd]sf] af/ / ut] eg .

ltdL s'g 7fp“df hGd]sf xf} <

& jif{ klxn]sf] Sofn]G8/ ge]6]df xfns} leQ]kfqf] x]/]/ To;df cfkm" hGd]sf] dlxgf, ut] / af/ kQf nufO{ lrgf] nufpg eGg'xf];\ .

tnsf] tflnsfdf ;fyLsf] gfd / hGdldlt tyf hGd]sf] 7fp“ e/ M

j|m=; ;fyLsf] gfd hGdldlt hGd]sf] 7fp“

!

@

#

$

%

-u_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf ;xkf7Lx¿sf] klxn] / clxn]sf] af;:yfg eGg nufpg'xf];\ . klxn] / clxn]sf] af;:yfgdf s'gs'g s'/fdf leGgtf 5, kQf nufpg nufpg'xf];\ . k|To]s ;fyLsf] kl/jf/sf] ljj/0f lgDglnlvt tflnsfdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ M

gfd klxn]sf] 7fp“ clxn]sf] 7fp“ klxn] ug]{ sfd clxn] ug]{ sfd cGo

ljBfyL{x¿n] dflysf] tflnsf ldnfP/ e/]e/]gg\, cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . gldnfPsf] eP ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

-3_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ g]kfnsf /fli6«o lrx\gx¿sf] tl:a/ b]vfpg'xf];\ . To;df tnsf] tflnsf agfpg nufO{ eg{ nufpg'xf];\ M

/fli6«o lrx\gx¿ ljj/0f

!= /fli6«o emG8f of] tLgs'g] cfsf/sf] 5 . emG8fsf] dflyNnf] tLgs'g]df rGb|df 5 . tNnf] tLgs'g]df ;"o{ 5 . of] /fli6«o emG8f xf] .

55

dflysf] ljj/0f cWoog u/L ldnfP gldnfPsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . cfjZos ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ /fli6«o lrx\gdWo] s'g} Pp6fsf] lrq agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ;Dej ePdf To;df /ª klg eg{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 5gf]6 ug{ ljBfyL{s} ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . pTs[i6 5gf]6 u/L k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ . 5gf]6sf cfwf/x¿ lgDglnlvt x'g ;Sg] 5g\ M

cfsf/

/ª

lrq ;+of]hg cflb

-ª_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7sf] cWoog ug{ nufO{ tnsf] vfnL 7fp“ eg{ nufpg'xf];\ / 7Ls;“u e/] ge/]sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

emG8fsf] cfsf/ ===================== 5 .

o;sf] dfly ========================== 5 .

o;sf] tn =========================== 5 .

o;sf] lsgf/sf] /ª =============== 5 .

o;sf] e'O“sf] /ª==================== 5 .

-r_ /fli6«o lrx\g;DaGwL wf/0ff ljsf; eof] ePg hf]8f ldnfpg nufO{ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ / hf]8f ldnfpg g;s]df cfjZos ;xof]u u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ M

/fli6«o hgfj/ nfnLu'/f“;

/fli6«o kIfL l;ld|s

/fli6«o /ª 8f“km]

/fli6«o km"n ufO{

emG8f

-5_ ljBfyL{n] sIffsfo{ u/] gu/]sf] hf“Rg lgDgfg';f/sf] >]0fLdfkg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 M

sIffsfo{ ;w}“ u5{ # cª\s

sIffsfo{ slxn]sf“xL u5{ @ cª\s

sIffsfo{ slxn] klg ub}{g ! cª\s

o;/L ljBfyL{sf] sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

56

PsfO M &

xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk

p2]Zo

-s_ 5/l5d]ssf JolStx¿n] ug]{ ;a} k|sf/sf /fd|f sfdsf] ;Ddfg / ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{ .

-v_ 3/kl/jf/df k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf ldtJolotf ckgfpg .

-u_ 3/kl/jf/ tyf 3/l5d]s dflg;n] ckfPsf] k];f atfpg .

-u_ cfkm\gf] ufp“÷gu/df pTkflbt tyf lgld{t j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u ug{ .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

o; PsfOdf sfdk|lt ;Ddfg ug{ / cfk"mn] ;s]sf] sfd ug{ k|]l/t ug'{k5{ .

5/l5d]ssf JolStx¿n] k/Dk/fb]lv u/L cfPsf ;a} k|sf/sf k];f tyf sfd -s[lif, pBf]u, 8sdL{, l;sdL{, h'Qf l;pg], emf]nf agfpg], n'uf l;pg], skfn sf6\g], kmnfdsf] sfd ug]{, n'uf w'g] cflb_ atfpg, To:tf sfo{df ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'k5{ . ;a} k|sf/sf sfdk|lt ;Ddfg ug{ l;sfpg'k5{ .

ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fdu|Lsf] plrt k|of]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'k5{ . cfkm\gf] 3/kl/jf/ / cfkm"l;t ePsf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdfgx¿sf] plrt 9ª\un] k|of]u / htg -b/fh, 6]a'n, s';L{, sfkL, snd, lstfa, emf]nf nufpg] n'uf, h'Qf, d;L, k]lG;n, v]nf}gf cflb_ ug{ l;sfpg'k5{ . To:tf sfo{x¿ u/] u/]gg\, cjnf]sg u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ u/fpg'k5{ .

a'af, cfdf, bfh', lbbLx¿af6 kfPsf] k};f / ;fdfgsf] ;b'kof]u -h'g sfdsf nflu lbOPsf] 5, ;f]xL sfddf dfq vr{ ug]{ afgL_ ug{ k|]l/t u/fpg'k5{ . ;b'kof]u eof] ePg cjnf]sg u/L cfjZos ;'wf/sf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ .

ljBfyL{nfO{ :yfgLo j:t'sf] k|of]u u/fpg k|f]T;flxt u/fpg'k5{ . cfkm\gf] ufp“÷gu/df pTkflbt tyf lgld{t j:t'sf] k|of]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'k5{ .

To:t} ljBfyL{nfO{ 3/]n' ;fdfgx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ pT;flxt u/fpg'k5{ .

3/]n' tfgaf6 pTkflbt n'ufsk8f, pmg, kmnfdsf ;fdfg, 9'ª\uf O“6f, afn'jf, df6f], ef8fs'“8f, af“;sf 8f]sf, 8fnf cflbsf] k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

ljleGg k];fsf zAbkQLx¿, d]6fsf8{


-s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] l5d]sLsf] sfdsf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ M

l5d]sLn] ug]{ sfd

– k;ndf ;fdfg a]Rg], v]tL ug]{, dhb'/L ug]{, sf7sf] sfd ug]{ cflb .

57

;"rL /fd|f];“u agfP÷agfPgg\ x]/L ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ / cfjZos ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

-v_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k];fcg';f/sf ;DaGw ;fdfgx¿sf] hf]8f ldnfpg nufpg'xf];\ . hf]8f ldnfP gldnfPsf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

k];f

8fS6/

;"rLsf/

Jofkf/L

lzIfs

ls;fg

8sdL{

;fdfg

xnf]

xyf}8f

rs

l;of]

:6]y]:sf]k

t/fh'

-u_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s'g} sfd ul//x]sf] 7fp“df :ynut e|d0f u/fpg'xf];\ . Toxf“ s'g sfd ePsf] /x]5 To;sf] ljj/0f tof/ u/L k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ljj/0f k|:t't ug'{cl3 tof/ u/fp“bf ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 s;n], s]sfd, s'gs'g ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ePsf] xf] tnsf] tflnsfdf ljj/0f eg{ nufpg'xf];\ M

s;n] s'g sfd k|of]u x'g] ;fdfg

-3_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fdfgsf] ;xL k|of]u ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . /fd|f];“u u/] gu/]sf] ?h';"rL k|of]u u/L hf“Rg'xf];\ M

ljBfyL{sf] gfd M

sfd 7Ls;“u ug]{ slxn]sfxL“ 7Ls;“u ug]{ hyfefjL ug]{

-s_ lstfasf] htg

-v_ sfkLsf] k|of]u -u_ emf]nfsf] /vfO

-3_ sndsf] k|of]u

-ª_ h'Qf / df]hf /vfO

-r_ a|;

-5_ d~hg

-h_ O/]h/

-3_ ljBfyL{x¿sf] afgLdf kl/jt{g cfof] cfPg cjnf]sg / lg/LIf0f u/L ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

58

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ufp“3/df pTkflbt j:t' / ;x/df pTkflbt j:t'sf] tflnsf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

ufp“df ag]sf ;fdfg ;x/df ag]sf ;fdfg

;'s'n ;fa'g

-ª_ o;} u/L s'g j:t' s]af6 aG5, eGg nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

j:t' s] af6 aG5 j:t' s] af6 aG5

lrgL

/f]6L

l3p

u'Gb|L

u'Gb|'s

pv'af6 8f]sf

8fnf

gfDnf]

bfDnf]

pgLx¿n] eg]sf] ldNof] ldn]g hf“Rg'xf];\ . gldn]sf] eP cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

-r_ ljBfyL{sf] wf/0ff ljsf; eof] ls ePg, kQf nufpg / 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ M

lem“uf eGs]sf vfg]s'/f vfg'x''“b}g .

lk7f]af6 /f]6L aG5 .

b"waf6 bxL / l3p aG5 .

;fu;AhL sf/vfgfdf pTkfbg x'G5 .

3/df agfPsf vfg]s'/f tfultnf x'G5g\ .

ahf/sf] rfprfpeGbf 3/sf] /f]6L tfhf / :j:ys/ x'G5 .

-5_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ :j]bzdf g} ag]sf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ sDtLdf %÷% hgf ;fyLn] k|of]u u/]sf] sk8f, ag]sf] 7fp“;d]t ;f]w]/ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . 7Ls 9ª\un] n]v] n]v]gg\, x]/L cfjZos ;'wf/;d]t ug'{xf];\ .

j|m=;= ;fyLsf] gfd sk8f ag]sf] 7fp“

!

@

#

$

%

-h_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] Onfsfdf aGg] ;fdfgx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . tL ;fdfg aflx/ k7fOG5g\ ls ToxL“ vkt x'G5 eGg nufpg'xf];\ . aflx/af6 s'gs'g ;fdfg NofOG5g\ . ltgsf] gfd n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . ldNof] ldn]g hf“Rg'xf];\ .

59

-em_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ dgkg]{ ;fdfgsf] lrq agfpg nufO{ ;'xfp“bf] /ª eg{ nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] agfPsf] lrq / e/]sf] /ª ldn] gldn]sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-6_ ufp“df pTkfbg x'g] j:t' / ;x/df pTkfbg x'g] j:t'x¿sf] tflnsf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . tflnsf agfPsf] ldNof] ldn]g hf“Rg'xf];\ . ca tnsf] tflnsf x]g'{xf];\ M

ufp“df ag]sf] ;fdfg ;x/df ag]sf] ;fdfg

;'s'n, u'Gb|L

/f8L, kfvL

8f]sf], 8fnf]

lrgL, ;fa'g, sk8f

t]n, d~hg, a|;

lstfa, sfkL, k]G;Ln

-`_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] 7fp“ kl/j]zcg';f/sf j:t' tyf lrqx¿sf] kf]:6/ k|bz{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . /fd|f];“u kf]:6/ agfP gagfPsf] lg/LIf0f u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ ug'{xf];\ . ;a}eGbf /fd|f] kf]:6/ 5fgL sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . /fd|f] kf]:6/ k|:t't ug]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ :ofaf;L lbO{ k'/:s[t ug'{xf];\ .

lzIfs ;fyLx¿ ! o;df lbOPsf d"Nofª\sg lj|mofsnfk gd'gfsf nflu dfq} x'g\ . :yfgLo kl/j]z / ljBfnosf] cj:yf x]/L d"Nofª\sgsf l;h{gfTds / /rgfTds lj|mofsnfk l;h{gf u/L ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

60

sIff – #

PsfO M !

cfkm", cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s p2]Zo

-s_ cfkm" / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd, pd]/, k];f / cfkm";“usf] gftf kQf nufO{ n]Vg .

-v_ kl/jf/ / l5d]ssLsf] sfddf ;xof]u ug{ .

-u_ JolStut / 3/fo;L ;fdfgsf] htgsf ;fy k|of]u ug{ .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

afnaflnsfx¿n] pgLx¿sf] pd]/, pgLx¿sf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd, pd]/ / gftf kQf nufpg], kl/jf/sf ljleGg sfd -h:t} M efOalxgL x]g]{, km"naf/L÷ s/];faf/Ldf kfgL xfNg], cf}hf/x¿ ;'/Iff ug]{, n'uf sk8fsf] htg ug]{ cflb_ df cfkm"n] ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug]{, To;} u/L glhssf l5d]sLx¿sf] sfddf klg ;xof]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 . h:t} M pgL¿nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] ;fdfg lbg], pgLx¿ 3/df gePsf] ;dodf 3/sf] /]vb]v ul/lbg], ljleGg pT;j kj{x¿df ;xof]u ug]{ cflb . ljBfyL{df JolStut / 3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿sf] htg ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 . h:t} M cfkm\gf] lstfa, emf]nf, snd, v]nf}gfsf] ;fdfgx¿sf] htg ug]{, 3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿df ef“8fs'“8f, 6]an, b/fh, s';L{ cflbsf] lxkmfhtsf] ;fy k|of]u ug]{ afgL a;fNg'kb{5 .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] ljj/0f n]Vg] tflnsfsf] gd'gf, cjnf]sg kmf/fd, ljBfyL{n] ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] sfdsf] ;"rL, htg ug'{kg]{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL cflb .


sIffdf /x]sf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ u[xsfo{ jf ;fd'bflos sfo{sf] ¿kdf ljBfyL{nufot pgLx¿sf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd, pd]/, k];f / gftf ;f]wvf]h u/]/ Nofpg nufpg'kb{5 . pgLx¿nfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfd ug{ ;lhnf] agfpgsf nflu sIffdf tflnsfsf] gd'gf agfpg ;Sg'x'G5 . ljBfyL{x¿n] ;lhn} a'em\g agfpg ;Sg] / k|of]udf Nofpg ;Sg] tflnsf lbg'kb{5 . pSt k|of]hgsf nflu o:tf] tflnsf x'g ;S5 M

j|m=;= kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd gftf pd]/ sfd÷k];f

ljBfyL{x¿n] lhDd]jf/L lbPcg';f/sf] u[xsfo{ jf ;fd'bflos sfo{ u/]/ NofP NofPgg\, hf“r ug'{xf];\ . tf]lsPcg';f/sf] sfd ug]{ ljBfyL{ sf]sf] lyP / gug]{ ljBfyL{ sf]sf] lyP hfgsf/Ldf /fVg'xf];\ . tf]lsPsf] sfd gu/]sf] eP pgLx¿;“u JolStut ¿kdf ;Dks{ u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xh x'g] efiffdf ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0fx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] ljleGg sf/0fn] tf]lsPsf] sfd gu/]sf x'g ;S5g\ . h:t} M 3/df cGo sfdn] ubf{ km';{b geP/, tkfO{“n] lbg'ePsf] lgb]{zg ga'em]/, tflnsf sl7g nfu]/, 3/df ;f]Wg'kg]{ JolStsf] km';{b

61

geP/, 3/sf] cleefjsnfO{ klg tkfO{“{n] dfu]cg';f/sf] ;"rgf yfxf geP/ cflb . oyfy{ sf/0f kQf nufO;s]kl5 To:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s] u/]/ sfd u/fpg ;lsG5, j}slNks pkfo ;f]Rg'k{5 . ljBfyL{nfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] pkfo vf]Hg] k|of; ug'{kb{5 .

tkfO{“n] lbPsf] sfd ug]{ leq klg ljljwtf x'g ;S5 . s;}n] k'/} u/]/ k'/} ldnfPsf], s;}n] k"/f u/]sf] t/ cf+lzs dfq ldnfPsf], s;}n] u/]sf] t/ ldnfpg g;s]sf], s;}n] tkfO{“n] ;f]w]cg';f/sf] 9f“rfdf gn]v]sf]dWo] klg s'g ljBfyL{sf] cj:yf s] 5, p;sf] ;d:of kQf nufP/ yk k[i7kf]if0f lbg'kb{5 .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] xfn;Dd kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ u/]sf] ;xof]u ;f]Wg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] lbPsf] pQ/nfO{ 5'6\6f5'6\6} ¿kdf l6kf]6 ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

h:t} M

lgdfn] u/]sf] ;xof]u ;'hgn] u/]sf] ;xof]u /ldtfn] u/]sf] ;xof]u /fh'n] u/]sf] ;xof]u

efOalxgL x]g{, ufO{nfO{ 3f“; xfNg, s/];faf/Ldf kfgL xfNg, kfgL eg{, 3/sf] ;/;kmfO ug{

n'uf w'g, eft ksfpg, vfgf nlulbg, cf“ug a9fg{, t/sf/L uf]8\g

km"naf/Ldf kfgL xfNg, glhssf] k;naf6 ;fdfg lsGg, lrof ksfpg

klqsf lsg]/ Nofpg, udnfdf kfgL xfNg, ef“8f ;kmf ug{

ljBfyL{x¿n] eg]cg';f/sf] ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ 5}gg\, pgLx¿sf cleefjsx¿;“u e]6 ePsf] ;dodf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{x¿ Pscsf{df ;xof]uL 5g\, 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f lgoldt x]g{sf nflu cjnf]sg kmf/fd agfpg'xf];\ . sIffsf]7fleq tyf aflx/ pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/ cjnf]sg u/L /]s8{ /fVg] ug'{xf];\ . kmf/fdsf] gd'gf o:tf] x'g ;S5 .

j|m=;+= ljBfyL{sf] gfd s;nfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf]

s] ;xof]u u/]sf] slxn] ;xof]u u/]sf]

pSt cjnf]sg kmf/fdsf] cfwf/df ;xof]uL / c;xof]uL ljBfyL{ 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ / hf] c;xof]uL b]lvG5 To;sf] sf/0f kQf nufO{ ;'wf/sf nflu k|of; ug'{xf];\ .

l5d]sLsf] sfddf l5d]sLnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf klg kl/jf/df ;xof]u ug]{ lj|mofsnfk h:t} u/fpg ;Sg'x'G5 . cyf{t\ pgLx¿n] l5d]snfO{ u/]sf] ;xof]u / kl5 ug{ ;Sg] ;xof]usf] ljj/0f u[xsfo{sf] ¿kdf lbO{ n]v]/ Nofpg nufpg klg ;Sg'x'G5 .

afnaflnsfx¿n] pgLx¿sf JolStut ;fdfgx¿ lstfa, sfkL, snd, emf]nf, v]nf}gfx¿, nufPsf] n'uf, sk8f cflb / ljBfnosf ;fdfgx¿M v]nsf ;fdfgx¿ rs, 8:6/, s';L{, 8]S;, 6]an, sDKo'6/, k':tsx¿, kqklqsf cflb ;fdu|Lx¿sf] htg ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f / htg ug]{ tl/sf l;sfpg'k5{ . h:t} M lstfadf lhNbf-se/_ nufpg], sfkL gRofTg] / hyfefjL gn]Vg], lstfasfkL emf]nfdf /fVg], lstfa /fVg] em]fnf hyfefjL gkmfNg], snd

62

g6f]Sg], n'ufdf kmf]xf]/d}nf gnufpg], ;fyLx¿sf ;fdfgx¿ glaufl/lbg] cflb . ljBfnosf ;fdfgx¿ tf]8kmf]8 gug]{, ;fdfg hxf“af6 lems]sf] 5 ToxL /fVg], rsn] hyfefjL leQfdf gsf]g]{ cflb s'/fx¿ l;sfpg'k5{ . o;/L l;sfPsf] s'/f ljBfyL{n] kfngf u¥of] u/]g eg]/ hf“r ug{ lgoldt cjnf]sg ug]{ / To;sf] clen]v ;d]t /fVg] ug'{kb{5 . cjnf]sg u/L clen]v /fVg lgDgfg';f/sf] kmf/fd k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

j|m=;+= ljBfyL{{sf] gfd

;fdfgsf] htg

;w}“ u5{ -%_

k|foh;f] u5{ -$_

slxn]sfxL“ u5{ -#_

Psbd sd dfq u5{ -@_

slxNo} klg ub}{g -!_

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿ M ef“8fs'“8f, k];fut cf}hf/x¿, n'ufsk8f, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, sDKo'6/, efG5fsf]7fsf ;fdfgx¿ cflbsf] htg ;fy k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfx¿ l;sfpg'kb{5 . h:t} M ef“8fs'“8f ;kmf ug]{, 7Ls 7fp“df /FVg], sf]bfnf], x“l;of, v's'/L cflb gv]nfpg], pko'St :yfgdf /fVg], n'ufsk8f ;kmf /fVg], k6\ofP/ 7Ls 7fp“df /fVg], /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, sDKo'6/, Sofd]/f cflb j:t'x¿ grnfpg], tf]8kmf]8 gug]{ ;kmf ug]{ cflb .

ljBfyL{x¿n] 3/fo;L ;fdfgsf] htg;fy k|of]u u5{g\ ub{}gg\ eg]/ d"Nofª\sg ubf{ pgLx¿sf] sIffsf]7f tyf ljBfnodf ;fdfgsf] htg ug]{ gug]{af6 klg ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6} kl/jf/ l5d]sLaf6 ljBfno cfpg] cGo ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;f]w]/ jf cleefjsx¿;“u ;Dks{ u/L ;f]Wg klg ;lsG5 . ;fdfgsf] htg gug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] klxrfg u/L pgLx¿sf] ;d:of a'em]/ To;sf] cfwf/df pko'St k[i7kf]if0f lb“b} hfg'k5{ . o;sf nflu klg ljleGg cjnf]sg kmf/fd tyf ?h';"rL k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

63

PsfO M @

xfd|f k/Dk/f ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf

p2]Zo

-s_ cfkm\gf] 3/df cfPsf kfx'gf tyf gft]bf/nfO{ cfb/ ;Ddfg ug{ .

-v_ cfkm\gf] ufp“ 6f]nsf dflg;x¿n] af]Ng] efiff / j]ze"iffsf] vf]hL ug{ .

-u_ cfkm\gf] ufp“6f]nsf dflg;n] dfGg] rf8kj{x¿ ;f]wvf]h u/L kQf nufpg / kj{x¿df ;fyLnfO{ af]nfpg / ;fyLn] af]nfPsf] kj{df ;xefuL x'g .

-3_ cfkm\gf] ufp“ ;x/df ;dfhsf nflu /fd|f sfd ug]{ JolStx¿sf] vf]hL ug{ .

-ª_ To:tf JolStx¿n] u/]sf] sfdsf] ljj/0f tof/ ug{ / /fd|f] sfd ug]{ JolStx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ / ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug{ .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

;dfhdf ljleGg k|sf/sf efiff af]Ng] dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5{g\ . o:tf efiffx¿ 7fp“ / hfltcg';f/ km/skm/s x'G5g\ . sltko ;dfhdf PseGbf a9L efiff af]Ng] dflg;x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ eg] sltko 7fp“df Pp6} efifL ;d'bfo klg x'G5g\ . h:t}M hftcg';f/ af]lng] efiffx¿df /fO{, lnDa", u'?ª, du/, z]kf{, wfdL, r]kfª, tfdfª lwdfn, g]jf/ cflb x'g\ eg] d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, cjwL, 8f]6\ofnL cflb 7fp“cg';f/ af]lng] efiffx¿ x'g\ . efiff km/skm/s eP h:t} hflt / 7fp“cg';f/ j]ze"iff klg km/s km/s x'G5g\ . aSv', bf]rf, kfª\b]gh:tf n'uf lxdfnL If]qsf dflg;n], bf}/f, ;'?jfn, rf]nf], ;f/L cflb kxf8L If]qsfn] / wf]tL, s'tf{, Anfph cflb t/fO{ If]qsf dflg;n] nufp“5g\ . xfs' k6f;L, -g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] dlxnfn] nufpg] kml/of_ af]gf lwdfn hfltsf] dlxnfn] nufpg] n'uf, d]VnL, -cf7kxl/of /fO{ dlxnfn] nufpg] n'uf_ l56sf] u'lgp“ cflb hfltcg';f/sf n'uf 5g\ . u/uxgfx¿ klg km/skm/s x'G5g\ . of] txsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ b]zel/sf ;a} efiff / j]ze"iffsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg cfjZos 5}g . pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] ufp“ jf ;x/df af]lng] efiff / j]ze"iffsf] vf]hL ug{ nufpg'kb{5 . afnaflnsf a;f]af; ug]{ 7fp“df wd{, hflt cflbcg';f/ dgfOg] ljleGg rf8kj{x¿sf] vf]hL ug{ nufpg], ;fg}b]lv ;lxi0f' x'g l;sfpg ;fyLnfO{ cfkm"n] dfGg] kj{df af]nfpg] / ;fyLn] af]nfPsf] kj{df klg ;xefuL x'g] h:tf lj|mofsnfkdf klg k|f]T;flxt ug'{kb{5 . cfkm\gf] 3/df cfpg] ljleGg gftf kg]{ dflg;x¿ / gftf gkg]{ lrg]sf / glrg]sf dflg;x¿;“u /fd|f] / dL7f] af]Ng], ;Tsf/ ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 .

;dfhdf /fd|f dflg;x¿ klg /x]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf ;dfh ;]jfdf nflu /xg] dflg;x¿sf] vf]hL ug{ nufO{ pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfdsf] ljj/0f ;ª\sng ug]{ To:tf JolStx¿sf] sfdsf] cg';/0f ug{, To:tf JolStnfO{ ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug{ / ;Ddfg ug{ l;sfpg'kb{5 .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

cfb/ ;Ddfg ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] zAb kQLx¿ -:yfgLo efiffx¿sf] zAbx¿ klg vf]hL u/L zAb kQL agfpg] _ x'klkg, ljleGg k|sf/sf tflnsfx¿sf] gd'gf, cjnf]sg kmf/fd, ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ of]hgf sfo{sf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L

64


afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ d]6fsf8{ jf sfuhdf ljleGg gftf n]v]/ x'klkgn] cufl8lt/ n'ufdf pGg nufpg'xf];\ . To;df n]lvPcg';f/sf] e"ldsf clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . gftf 3/leqsf] geP/ ;do;dodf 3/df cfO/xg] gft]bf/x¿sf] x'g'kb{5 . h:t} M k'mk", k'mkfHo', legfh', sfsf, 7"nfaf, dfdf, dfOh', ;fnf, ;fnL, elthf, elthL, efGhf, efGhL cflb . clego ubf{ ;fgf] gftf kg]{n] 7"nf] gftf kg]{nfO{ cfb/ ;Tsf/ ug]{ zAbx¿sf] k|of]u u/fpg'kb{5 .

lzIfsn] s;n] s;/L clego u¥of], cjnf]sg ug'{kb{5 . ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] clegonfO{ >]0fLdfkg tflnsf agfP/ clen]v klg /fVg ;lsG5 . h:t} M

j|m=;+= ljBfyL{sf] gfd clegosf] :t/

w]/} /fd|f] /fd|f] ;Gtf]ifhgs ;fdfGo sdhf]/

ljBfyL{x¿sf] clego s'g :t/df k/]sf] 5 x]/]/ ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{ eP yk lj|mofsnfk u/fP/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

gft]bf/x¿sf] h:t} lzIfs, ljBfyL{, :jf:Yo :jod\ ;]ljsf, ;dfh;]jL 3/d'nL cflbsf] klg e"ldsf clego u/fpg ;lsG5 / To;} cg';f/;“u;“u} d"Nofª\sg klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lglZrt ;do lbP/ Ps csf{df ;f]Wg nufO{ pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/df nufpg] n'uf, u/uxgf, af]Ng] efiff, dgfpg] rf8kj{ cflb l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l6kf]6 ug{ ;lhnf] / ;a}sf] Ps¿ktfsf nflu Pp6f lglZrt Format agfP/ lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . h:t} M

j|m=;+= ;fyLsf] gfd hft wd{ efiff n'uf jf u/xgf rf8kj{x¿

!= ;ljgf z]kf{ af}4 z]kf{ aSv', bf]rf, kfª\b]g Nxf];f/

To:t} tflnsfdf pgLx¿sf 3/ j/k/ /x]sf ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] klg hft, wd{, efiff, j]ze"iff,rf8kj{ cflbsf] af/]df ;f]wvf]h u/L Nofpgsf nflu ;fd'bflos sfo{ lbg'xf];\ .

l5d]sL tyf ;d'bfosdf dgfOg]] rf8kj{x¿df ;xefuL ljBfyL{x¿ ePsf] eP To;sf] cg'ej kfn}kfnf] ;'gfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lhDdf lbOPsf] sIffsfo{ / ;fd'bflos sfo{ ;a}n] u/] u/]gg\, gug]{n] gug'{sf] sf/0f kQf nufP/ cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ . ug]{n] tf]lsPsf] sfo{ k'/} u/] jf

65

cf+lzs dfq u/] x]g'{xf];\ . k"/f ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0f ;f]wvf]h ug'{xf];\ . ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] 5'6\6} ;d"x agfP/ cfkm"n] yk ;xof]u ug]{ jf hfGg] ljBfyL{x¿;“u ld;fP/ cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ nufpg] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df klg cjnf]sg kmf/fd, ?h';"rL, >]0fLdfkg cflb ;fwg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] 3/ j/k/ ;dfhdf /x]sf ;dfhsf nflu /fd|f] sfd ug]{ JolStx¿sf] vf]hL ug{ nufO{ To:tf] JolStn] u/]sf] d'Vod'Vo sfdx¿sf] ljj/0f;d]t tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

– ;dfh ;]jf jf c;n dflg;sf] gfd

– 7]ufgf M

– hGdldlt M

;dfhsf] lxt x'g pgn] u/]sf sfdx¿ M

– pgnfO{ s'g} JolSt jf ;+:yfn] ;Ddfg u/]sf] eP ljj/0f M

– pgnfO{ ;dfhsf] lxtsf nflu sfd ug{ k|fKt ePsf] k|]/0ff M

– pgLaf6 l;Sg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M

– pgnfO{ s:tf] ;xof]usf] cfjZostf 5 M

-ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ o;;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] cGo k|sf/sf] 9f“rf klg agfpg

;Sg'x'G5 . _

ljBfyL{nfO{ lbOPsf] ;fd'bflos sfo{ jf u[xsfo{sf] u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg u/L clen]v ;d]t /fVg'xf];\ . lj|mofsnfk;“u} d"Nofª\sg ub}{ hfg] / clen]v /fVb} hfg] ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO :t/ kQf nufpg'sf] ;fy} ;'wf/ ug'{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

66

PsfO M #


p2]Zo

-s_ ;d'bfodf /x]sf c;xfo tyf ckfª\ux¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ afgL a;fNg .

-v_ c;xfo ckfª\ux¿nfO{ klg ;dfhsf cGo JolSt;/x ;Ddfg ug{ .

-u_ hftsf] cfwf/df Pscsf{df 5'jf5'tsf] Jojxf/ gug{ .

-3_ e'tk|]t, wfdL emf“j|mL h:tf cGwljZjf;sf] ljZjf; gug{ .

-ª_ v/fa afgLJoxf/af6 cnu /xg .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

;dfhdf cg]sf}“ ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . tL ;d:ofx¿ sltko k/Dk/fb]lv rNb} cfPsf] ?l9jfbL / cGwljZjf;sf sf/0f /x]sf x'G5g\ . sltko ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ lj1fg tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwn] klg lelqPsf 5g\ . sltko ;d'bfodf z/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf ckfª\ux¿nfO{ x]nf ug]{, pgLx¿nfO{ af]emsf ¿kdf x]g]{ rng /x]sf] x'G5 . vf;} u/L j[4j[4f, 6'x'/f 6'x/L cflbnfO{ klg x]nf ug]{, lg/Lx dfGg] k|rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 . hftLo cfwf/df 5'jf5't / e]befjsf] cj:yf klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . sltko ;d'bfodf cGwljZjf;sf] kl5 nfu]/ la/fdL ePsf] cj:yfdf klg /f]usf] lgbfg gu/L wfdLem“fj|mLaf6 dfq emf/km's u/fpg] rngn] dflg;x¿sf] Hofg} uPsf s}of}“ pbfx/0f e]l6G5g\ . o;} u/L la/fnf]n] af6f] sf6\bf jf s'g} hflt ljz]ifsf] dflg; e]6\tf ckzs'g x'g] h:tf cGwljZjf;x¿ klg kfOG5g\ .

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv ;dfhdf /x]sf ?l9jfbL, cGwljZjf;, ;fdflhs lje]b cflbsf k5fl8 gnfUg cEof; u/fp“b} hfg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf ckfª\ux¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{, pgLx¿nfO{ ;Sg] sfd ug{ cj;/ lbg], j[4j[4f tyf 6'x''/f6'x'/L cflbnfO{ klg ;xof]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 . hftLo jf cGo cfwf/df 5'jf5'tsf] k|rng /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a} dflg; ;dfg x'g eGg] efjgf ljsf; u/fO{ To:tf] sfd cfk"mn] klg gug{ / c¿nfO{ klg gug]{ agfpg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug'{kb{5 . ;dfhdf /x]sf s'/Lltx¿ h:t}M e'tk|]t, s'g} hLjhGt'n] af6f]] sf6\tf ckzs'g, lj/fdL x'“bf wfdLemf“j|mLsf] dfq e/ kg]{ h:tf s'/fsf] ;6\6f ;TotYo s'/fsf] cfwf/df dfq ljZjf; ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fp“b} n}hfg'kb{5 .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

;d'bfodf ePsf ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ kQf nufpg / l6kf]6 ug{sf nflu tflnsfsf] 9f“rf, ;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg k|sf/sf cGwljZjf;;“u ;DalGwt s'/fx¿sf] ;"rL, ljleGg 36gf cWoog cflb .

67


afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ kl/jf/, l5d]s tyf ;d'bfodf /x]sf ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljs[ltx¿ cfkm"n] ef]u]sf] / b]]v]sf] tyf cGo JolStx¿;“u ;f]wvf]h u/]/ n]v]/ Nofpg eGg'xf];\ . tflnsfsf] gd'gf o:tf] x'g ;S5 .

s]s] ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\

s;/L kQf nufof} ;dfwfg ug{ s] ug'{knf{

!= dflg; la/fdL x'“bf :jf:Yo rf}sL jf c:ktfn gn}hfg]

ufp“sL sfsL la/fdL x'“bf wfdL dfq nufPsfn] pgsf] csfndf d[To' ePsf] cfkm}“n] b]v]sf]

ufp“sf ;a}nfO{ ;DemfP/ dflg; la/fdL x'“bf hrfpg c:ktfn jf :jf:o s]Gb|df n}hfg'k5{ .

afnaflnsfx¿n] lhDdf lbPcg';f/sf] sfd u/] u/]gg\ eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg ;“u;“u} d"Nofª\sg klg ub}{ hfg] / To;sf] clen]v klg /fVb} hfg'k5{ . o;sf nflu ?h';"rL, 36gfj[Q clen]v cflb agfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} M

lbOPsf] sfdsf] ljj/0f lbOPcg';f/ ;a} sfd k"/f ug]{sf] ;ª\Vof

lbOPsf] sfddWo] s]xL dfq ug]{sf] ;ª\Vof

lbOPsf] sfd ub}{ gug]{sf] ;ª\Vof

gug'{sf sf/0f

;d'bfodf ePsf ckfª\ux¿sf] ljj/0f

!) hgf & hgf % hgf 3/df cGo sfd ug'{ k/]sfn]

lbOPsf] sfd s;n] slt u¥of] eGg] s'/f kQf nufO;s]kl5 cf+lzs dfq ug]{ / ub}{ gug]{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] cj:yf, afWotf cflb ;d]t ljrf/ u/L cfjZos yk ;xof]u ub}{ hfg'k5{ . h:t} M cGo ljBfyL{;“u ;f]Wg nufpg], ;d"xdf ldn]/ sfd af“8]/ ug]{ / Ps csf{aLr cfbfgk|bfg u/fpg] cflb . ;a} sfd k"/f ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg cfkm\gf] cg'ej ;'gfpg nufpg] / c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ nufpg], pgLx¿nfO{ klg yk sfd lbg] ug'{kb{5 .

cGwljZjf; / ;fdflhs ljs[lt, ;d:of ;d'bfodf /x]sf / /xg ;Sg] s'/fsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pSt ;"rL ;fg{ nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿sf] 3/kl/jf/, l5d]sL, ;d'bfodf /x]sf cGwljZjf; / ;fdflhs ljs[ltx¿ klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

:yfgLo ;d'bfodf cGwljZjf;sf sf/0fn] jf ;fdflhs e]befjsf sf/0fn] 36]sf 36gfx¿ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;'gfpg nufO{ To;af6 JolSt jf ;dfhdf k/]sf] c;/;d]t atfOlbg'xf];\ .

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ klg pgLx¿n] b]v]sf] jf ;'g]sf] cfwf/df s'g} 36gf eGg jf n]Vg nufpg' ;Sg'x'G5 .

sIffsf]7fleq / sIffsf]7faflx/ u/fPsf] lj|mofsnfkkl5 afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfof] cfPg eGg] s'/f n]vfhf]vf ug{ cjnf]sg kmf/fd agfP/ clen]v /fVg ;Sg'x'G5 . h:t} M

68

ljBfyL{sf] gfd M

j|m+=;+= ljBfyL{n] ug]{ Jojxf/ u5{ ub}{g

!= 5'jf5'tsf] Jojxf/

@= ckfª\unfO{ ;xof]u

#= a"9fa"9LnfO{ ;xof]u

$= c;xfo -/f]uL, 6'x'/f cflb_nfO{ ;xof]u

%= la/fdL x'“bf hrfpg] sfd

^= e'tk|]tk|lt ljZjf;

&= ul/anfO{ x]Kg]

ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] cfwf/df yk k[i7kf]if0f lbg'kg]{ eP pko'St k[i7kf]if0f klg lb“b} hfg'kb{5 .

69

PsfO M $

gful/s r]tgf

p2]Zo

-s_ kl/lrt tyf ckl/lrt JolStx¿;“u ;xof]usf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{ .

-v_ cfkm\gf] gftf gkg]{ JolStx¿nfO{ klg cf}krfl/s gftf nufP/ gd| efiffdf af]Ng] afgL a;fNg .

-u_ cGo JolStx¿;“u ;xL ;"rgf lng / cfkm"n] klg ;xL ;"rgf lbg .

-3_ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ afgL a;fNg .

-ª_ ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df ;"rgf, ;ª\s]t, kDKn]6, kf]:6/, 6«flkms ;ª\s]t k9\g, 6«flkms lgod kfngf ug{ / c¿nfO{ klg ;xof]u ug{ .

-r_ ;fdflhs lgodx¿ kfngf ug]{ afgL a;fNg .

-5_ cfkm" a;]sf] j8fsf] agf]6 / sfd atfpg .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

o; pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;Dks{df ljleGg JolStx¿ /xG5g\ . cfkm\gf] cleefjs, lzIfs, cGo gftf kg]{ JolStx¿, 3/df cfPsf lrg]sf / glrg]sf JolStx¿, ljBfno hf“bf cfp“bf af6f]df lrg]sf / glrg]sf JolStx¿ cflb afnaflnsfsf] ;Dks{df x'G5g\ . To:tf lrg]sf jf glrg]sf JolStx¿;“u s:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{, s;/L ;DAff]wg ug]{, To:tf JolStx¿;“u cfjZos ;xof]u s;/L lng] / pgLx¿nfO{ klg s;/L ;xof]u ug]{ h:tf s'/fx¿ l;sfpg'kb{5 . glrg]sf dflg;x¿;“u af]Nbf pd]/cg';f/ ;fOgf] nufP/ af]Ng] h:tf s'/fx¿ l;sfpg'kb{5 . h:t} M glrg]sf dflg;x¿;“u af]Nbf pd]/cg';f/sf] sfsf, -cª\sn_ sfsL, -cfG6L_ bfO, lbbL, a'af, cfdf, xh'/af, xh'/cfdf cflb ;fOgf] nufP/ af]Ng] afgLsf] ljsf; ug]{, glrg]sf JolStx¿n] lbPsf vfg]s'/f ga'emL gvfg], pgLx¿n] nnfOkmsfO nfg vf]h]df ghfg] / To;sf] hfgsf/L cleefjs jf lzIfsnfO{ lbg nufpg], le8df cfkm" x/fPdf ljZjfl;nf] JolSt;“u dfq ;xof]u lng], cGo JolSt klg cK7\of/f]df k/]sf] eP ;xof]u ug]{ h:tf afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 .

cfkm" a;]sf] 7fp“ jl/kl/ /x]sf] k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ h:t}M la?jf gsf6\g], gef“Rg] r/fr'?ª\uLx¿ gdfg]{, jGohGt'x¿nfO{ glh:sfpg], vf]nf, gbL, s'nf], wf/f, k“w]/f cflbdf kmf]xf]/ gkmfNg], vfnL hUufdf la?jf /f]Kg] h:tf afgLsf] klg ljsf; u/fp“b} hfg'k5{ . ;dfhdf rlncfPsf ljleGg ;fdflhs lgodx¿ kfngf ug]{ afgL a;fNg], le8ef8 x'g] 7fp“ dlGb/, ;fj{hlgs s'jf jf wf/f cflbdf nfOgdf a:g], czStx¿nfO{ To:tf 7fp“x¿df cufl8 k7fpg], ;x/L If]qx¿df 6«flkms lgodsf] kfngf ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fp“b} n}hfg'k5{ . To;} u/L cfkm" /x]sf] j8f g+= j8fsf] l;dfgf, j8fdf ePsf d'Vod'Vo 7fp“ / j:t'x¿, j8fdf ePsf ljsf; sfo{x¿sf] klg hfgsf/L lng], j8fsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ sf]sf] /x]sf 5g\ eg]/ lrGg], pgLx¿n] ug]{ sfdsf] hfgsf/L lbg] sfd;d]t u/fpg'kb{5 .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

70

ljleGg JolStx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] zAbfjnLx¿sf] ;"rL, c;n sfdx¿sf] ljj/0f, :yfgLo 7fp“df ePsf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;"rL / ;+/If0f ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf] tflnsf, 6«flkms ;ª\s]tx¿sf] lrq, 6«flkms lgodx¿sf] ;"rL, :yfgLo j8fsf] gS;f, j8fsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;"rL, d"Nofª\sgsf] clen]v /fVg] ljleGg kmf/fdx¿ cflb .


-s_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lrg]sf] / glrg]sf dflg;;“u s;/L af]Ng] u/]sf] 5 eg]/ ;f]wL pgLx¿n] eg]sf] pQ/ l6Kb} hfg'xf];\ .

lrg]sf] dflg;;“usf] Jojxf/ glrg]sf] dflg;;“usf] Jojxf/

– pd]/ / ;fOgf] cg';f/ cfb/ ;Tsf/ ug]{

– cfjZos ePdf dfq af]nfpg]

-v_ kl/lrt tyf ckl/lrt JolStx¿;“u af]Nbf k|of]u ul/g] zAb tyf zAbfjnLx¿sf] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ . To:tf zAbfnLx¿ k|of]u u/L af]Ng] cEof; u/fpg e"ldsf clego u/fpg ;Sg'x'G5 . clego u/fp“bf kf7\ok':tssf] kf7df lbOPsf kfqx¿ tyf cGo kfqx¿ l;h{gf u/L clego u/fpg ;lsG5 .

-u_ ljBfno cfPsf] ljBfyL{x¿n] glrg]sf dflg;x¿ ljBfno lg/LIfs jf cleefjsx¿;“u e]6\6fOlbg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] b]vfPsf] Jojxf/ ck|ToIf ¿kdf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . s;n] s:tf] Jojxf/ b]vfP To;sf] clen]v;d]t /fVg ;Sg'x'G5 .

-3_ :yfgLo 7fp“df kfOg] la?jf, jGohGt', gbL, vf]nf cflbsf] gfd n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}n] ;xL n]v]sf] ;"rL;“u tkfO{“n] agfPsf] ;"rL t'ngf ug{ nufO{ gldn]sf] eP yk36 ug{ eGg'xf];\ . lbOPcg';f/ ;a} ldNof] ldn]g eg]/ hfGg ljBfyL{x¿aLr n]lvPsf] sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/]/ x]g{ nufpg ;Sg'x'G5 . o;af6 ljBfyL{x¿df cfkm\gf] d"Nofª\sg cfkm}“ ug{ ;Sg], ;fyLsf] d"Nofª\sg cfkm"n] / cfkm\gf] d"Nofª\sg ;fyLn] ug{ ;Sg] s'/fsf] ;d]t hfgsf/L x'G5 .

-ª_ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0fdf ;xefuL x'G5g\ x'“b}gg\ jf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL pgLx¿sf] wf/0ff s] 5 eGg] d"Nofª\sg ug{ o:tf] ;fwg k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

ljBfyL{sf] gfd ljBfnojl/kl/ /x]sf] af]6la?jf

ef“R5 ef“Rb}g :ofxf/ u5{

l6K5 l6Kb}g uf]8d]n u5{

kmf]xf]/ kmfNb}g

kmf]xf]/ ub{}g

;kmf u5{

-cfkm"nfO{ ;lhnf] nfUg] cGo k|sf/sf] kmf/fd jf cGo ;fwg klg agfP/ clen]v /fVg ;Sg'x'G5 / kmf/ddf n}ª\lus b[li6sf]0f -Gender Perspective_ af6 klg ldnfpg'k5{ -h:t}M ‘ef“R5’ sf] ;6\6f ‘ef“R5]’ / ‘ef“Rb}g’ sf] ;6\6f ‘ef“lRbg’ cflb_

71

:yfgLo j8fsf] gS;f cfkm}“n] 7"nf] sfuhdf agfP/ ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fp“df 6f“:g'xf];\ .

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm" a;]sf] j8fsf] af/]df s]s] yfxf 5, tnsf zLif{sx¿ lbO{ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ M

j8f g+=

j8fsf] k"j{, klZrd, pQ/ / blIf0fsf] l;dfgf M

j8fdf /x]sf k|d'v j:t' jf 7fp“ M

j8fdf ePsf ljsf; sfo{x¿ M

j8f cWoIfsf] gfd M

;b:ox¿sf] gfd M

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ n]lvPsf] sfkL ;f6f;f6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . klxn]sf zLif{sx¿df tkfO{“n] n]Vb} hfg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fyLsf] sfkLdf n]lvPsf] tYo 7Ls eP -_ / gldn] -_ lrx\g nufp“b} hfg eGg'xf];\ . o;af6 ljBfyL{x¿af6} klg d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ;Lksf] ljsf; x'G5 eg] ljBfyL{n] uNtLnfO{ ;Rofpg] df}sf klg k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ .

72

PsfO M %

xfd|f] k[YjL

p2]Zo

-s_ cfkm" /x]sf] 7fp“sf] ef}uf]lns :j¿k -lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{, xfjfkfgL_ / ;fdflhs /xg;xg atfpg .

-v_ ef}uf]lns :j¿kcg';f/sf dflg;x¿sf] k];f Joj;fo atfpg .

-u_ xfjfkfgLcg';f/ cfkm"nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug]{ afgL a;fNg .

-3_ cfkm" a;f]af; ug]{ 7fp“sf] k|d'v :yfg / j:t'x¿sf] klxrfg u/L s'g sxf“ 5 eg]/ kQf nufpg .

-8_ cfkm" a;]sf] 7fp“sf] ;fdfGo gS;fª\sg ug{ / k|d'v :yfg / j:t'x¿ ;ª\s]t ug{ .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkm" /x]sf] 7fp“sf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ pkTosf, r'/], leqL dw]z s] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfpg'kb{5 . Toxf“ udL{ x'G5 ls hf8f] x'G5, s'gs'g ;dodf udL{ x'G5, s'gs'g ;dodf hf8f] x'G5, udL{ jf hf8f] x'gfsf] sf/0f s] xf] cflb h:tf tYox¿;“u kl/lrt u/fpg'kb{5 . To;} u/L cfkm" a;]sf] 7fp“ ufp“ xf] jf ;x/ xf], jl/kl/ cGo s'gs'g 7fp“ /x]sf 5g\ h:tf s'/fsf] ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 . ef}uf]lns :j¿kcg';f/sf jg:klt, hLjhGt', v]tLkftL s]s] 5g\, Toxf“sf afl;Gbfx¿sf] k];f Joj;fo, ;fdflhs /xg;xg cflbsf] ;d]t hfgsf/L lng] jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g'kb{5 . cfkm" a;]sf] 7fp“ / To; j/k/sf] kl/j]z, Toxf“ /x]sf k|d'v :yfg tyf j:t'x¿, hª\un, ljBfno, tfn, kf]v/L, af6f], a:tL, dlGb/, c:ktfn, v]n d}bfg sxf“sxf“ /x]sf 5g\ klxrfg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . cfkm" /x]sf] :yfgsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿ksf] gS;fª\sg ug]{ cEof; u/fpgsf] ;fy} dxŒjk"0f{ j:t' / :yfgx¿ ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]u u/L gS;fdf eg]{ cEof;;d]t u/fpg'kb{5 .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

g]kfnsf] gS;f, lhNnf, uflj;÷gu/kflnsf, j8f cflbsf] gS;f, :yfgLo 7fp“sf] ljleGg ef]}uf]lns tYox¿ el/Psf gS;f, :yfgLo 7fp“df a;f]af; ug]{ hflt, wd{,rf8kj{, k];f, Joj;fo cflbsf] ;"rL, lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ;fwg / ljleGg k|sf/sf clen]v kmf/fdx¿ cflb .


-s_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm" /x]sf] :yfgsf] af/]df ;f]wvf]h u/L ef}uf]lns tYox¿ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ M

ef}uf]lns cj:yf

-lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{, pkTosf_

xfjfkfgL

k|d'v jg:kltx¿

hLjhGt'x¿ k|d'v v]tLafnL

hfthflt wd{

lxdfn hf8f] w'kL, nfnLu'“/f; b]jbf/

lxp“ efn', s:t"/L, 8f“km]

cfn', ux'“ sf]bf], kmfk/

z]kf{, ysfnL, u'?ª, ef]6]

af}4

73

afnaflnsfx¿n] n]v]/ NofPsf tYox¿ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . gldn]sf] eP tTsfn ;'wf/ ul/lbg'xf];\ .

-v_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] :yfgsf] ef}uf]lns tYox¿sf] af/]df cem k|:6 kfg{ ljleGg 7fp“sf] tYox¿ ld;fP/ lbg] / cfkm\gf] :yfg;“u ldNg] tYox¿df lrx\g nufpg] sfo{ u/fpg ;Sg'x'G5 . h:t} M

of] lxdfn÷ kxf8÷ pkTosf÷ leqL dw]z÷ t/fO{ xf] .

oxf“ u|Liddf w]/} udL{÷s]xL udL{÷hf8f] x'G5 .

oxf“ l;;f÷ ;fn÷ lrnfpg]÷ ;Nnf÷ w'kL kfOG5 .

oxf“ as'Nnf÷ sflnh÷ h'/]nL÷ 9's'/÷ 8f“km] kfOG5 .

oxf“ af3÷ d[u,xfQL÷ lrt'jf÷ nf]vs]{÷ efn'÷ s:t"/L kfOG5 .

oxf“ z]kf{÷ du/÷ /fO{ ÷lnDa"÷ afx'g÷ 5]qL÷ d';x/÷ ofbj÷ u'?ª hftsf dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5{g\ .

oxf“sf dflg;x¿n] af}4÷ lxGb'÷ ls/ft÷O:nfd÷ lj|ml:rog wd{ dfG5g\ .

oxf“sf dflg;x¿ v]tL÷Jofkf/÷ hflu/÷ pBf]u u5{g\ .

d a;]sf] 7fp“ ufp“ ÷;x/ xf] .

-u_ afnaflnsf pko'St lrx\g nufP nufPgg\ eGg] s'/fsf] hf“r ug{ tkfO{“n] cfkm"n] agfPsf] ;"rLdf lrx\g nufp“b} hfg'xf];\ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm"n] klxnf lrx\g nufPsf] x]g{ nufpg] / gldn]sf]df ;Rofpg] u/fpg ;Sg'x'G5 .

-3_ sIff ! / @ df ;a}n] gS;fsf] wf/0ff k|:6 eOg;s]sf] x'g ;S5 . o;sf nflu :yfgLo 7fp“sf] gS;f sf]/L Toxf“ /x]sf k|d'v j:t'x¿ ;d]t b]vfP/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ To;sf] cWoog ug{ nufpg ;Sg'x'G5 . gS;f eg]sf] s'g} 7fp“nfO{ sfuhdf ptfg]{ sfd xf] eGg] s'/f k|:6 kfl/lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .

-ª_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] ufp“ ;x/df /x]sf k|d'v :yfg, j:t', vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L, tfn, dlGb/, rf}tf/f], af6f], ljBfno, k|x/L rf}sL, :jf:Yo rf}sL, v]n d}bfg cflbsf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

-r_ pgLx¿n] l6kf]6 u/]sf :yfg tyf j:t'x¿sf] gS;fdf b]vfpg k|of]u ul/g] ;ª\s]tx¿ agfpg cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

:yfg tyf j:t' ;ª\s]t

gbL, vf]nf

dlGb/

u'Daf

rf}tf/f]

af6f]

ljBfno

3/

74

a;kfs{

c:ktfn, :jf:Yo s]Gb|

v}n d}bfg

k|x/L rf}sL

-5_ ;a}n] Ps} k6s / p:t} u/L ;ª\s]t agfpg] cEof; gl;Sg ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu lg/Gt/ cEof; u/fp“b} hfg], ghfGg]nfO{ hfGg]sf] x]/]/ l;Sg nufpg], cfkm"n] klg yk ;xof]u ub}{ hfg] ug'{kb{5 .

-h_ :yfgLo 7fp“sf] gS;f klxn] cfkm"n] agfP/ b]vfpg'xf];\ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ agfpg] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿n] Ps} k6sdf ;f]r]cg';f/sf gS;f agfpg ;Sb}gg\ . o;sf nflu ;'?df h:tf] agfP klg of] ePg eg]/ lg?T;flxt ug'{x'“b}g . ltdLn] agfPsf] 7Ls} 5 t/ oxf“ s]xL gldn]sfn] ldnfpg'k5{ . ;fyLsf] x]/]/ ldnfpg ;S5f}, o:t} lg/Gt/ cEof; u¥of} eg] /fd|f] x'G5 egL k|f]T;fxg ub}{ hfg'k5{ .

-em_ ljBfyL{x¿n] gS;f agfpg] cEof; ul/;s]kl5 pSt gS;fdf k"j{, klZrd, pQ/, blIf0fdf kg]{ 7fp“x¿ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / gS;fleq ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]u u/L dxŒjk"0f{ j:t' tyf :yfg eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-q_ gS;f sfo{df s;sf] l;sfO cj:yf s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] clen]v /fVg tn lbPsf] kmf/Fd agfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

ljBfyL{sf] gfd

gS;f agfPsf] k6s gS;f s:tf] nfUof] gS;f s;/L agfof]

! @ # $ % % eGbf a9L

w]/} /fd|f]

/fd|f] l7s} ;fdfGo w]/} g/fd|f]

cfkm}“ lzIfssf] x]/]/

;fyLsf] x]/]/

-tkfO{“n] ;lhnf] nfUg] cGo k|sf/sf] kmf/fd klg agfpg ;Sg'x'G5 ._

75

PsfO M ^

xfd|f] ljut p2]Zo

-s_ cfkm\gf l5d]sLsf] ljutsf af/]df ;f]wvf]h u/L kQf nufpg .

-v_ l5d]sLsf] j]ze"iff / rf8kj{sf af/]df ;f]wvf]h u/L kQf nufpg .

-u_ l5d]sLn] klxn] / clxn] ug]{ k];f Joj;fosf] / /xg;xgsf] af/]df t'ngf ug{ .

-3_ xfd|f] b]zsf jL/jL/ª\ugfx¿ / pgLx¿n] b]znfO{ k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg vf]hL ug{ .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] ljutsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lnO;s]kl5 la:tf/} glhs} a;f]af; ug]{ l5d]sLx¿sf lat]sf s'/fx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 . l5d]sLx¿ klxnf sxf“ a:y], slxn]b]lv oxf“ a:g yfn]sf x'g\, pgLx¿sf] klxn]sf] vfgf, j]ze"iff, /xg;xg, rf8kj{df s]xL kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ ls klxn]sf] h:t} 5 eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fp“b} hfg'kb{5 . To;} u/L l5d]sLn] klxn] ug]{ sfd / clxn] ug]{ sfddf s]s] leGgtfx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . h:tf s'/f klg ;f]wvf]h u/L kQf nufpg], l6kf]6 ug]{ / sIffdf k|:t't ug]{ ug'{kb{5 .

xfd|f] b]zdf klxn] b]zsf] enfO x'g] ljleGg sfd ug]{ jL/jL/ª\ugfx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{, pgLx¿n] b]zsf nflu k'¥ofPsf of]ubfg kQf nufpg] sfo{ u/fpg'kb{5 . ljutdf b]zsf nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] cd/l;+x yfkf, aneb| s'“j/, elSt yfkf, /fh]Gb|nIdL h:tf JolStTjx¿n] u/]sf sfd;“u kl/lrt u/fpg'kb{5 .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

:yfgLo 7fp“df kfOg] ljleGg P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿ -u/uxgf, n'ufsk8f, d'b|f, afhfufhf, ef“8fs'“8f cflb_ P]ltxfl;s :yn / JolStTj, P]ltxfl;s j:t' cflbsf] tl:a/ tyf ;"rL, d"Nofª\sg kmf/fd cflb .


-s_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/glhs} /x]sf] s'g} Pshgf l5d]sL;“u ;f]w]/ lgDglnlvt tYox¿ kQf nufpg Nofpg eGg'xf];\M s] s'/f klxn] sxf“÷s:tf]÷ s] lyof] clxn] sxf“÷s:tf]÷s] 5

!= a;f]af; ug]{ 7fp“

@= vfg]s'/f

#= n'ufsk8f

$= 3/

%= rf8kj{

^= k];f, Joj;fo

&= u/uxgf

76

-v_ ;“u} k9\g] s'g} Pshgf ;fyLsf] klxn] / clxn]sf] af/]df klg dflysf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ n]vfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .

-u_ afnaflnsfx¿n] lbOPsf] ;fd'bflos sfo{ tyf lj|mofsnfk u/]sf] gu/]sf] x]g'{kb{5 . u/]sf] eP ldNg] u/L u/]sf] 5 jf ldn]sf] 5}g x]g{ / u/]sf] 5}g eg] lsg u/]g eGg] sf/0f;d]t vf]hL u/L ug{sf nflu cfjZos yk ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . lbOPsf] sfo{ s;n] s;/L u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f d"Nofª\sg u/L clen]v /fVg o:tf] kmf/fd k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

ljBfyL{sf] gfd M

sfdsf] ljj/0f ;w“} u5{ -%_ w]/} h;f] u5{ -$_

slxn]sfxL“ dfq u5{-#_

w]/}h;f] ub}{g -@_

ub}{ ub{{}g

-!_

sf/0f

sIffsfo{

u[xsfo{

;fd'bflos sfo{

-3_ :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ePsf P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿ / :ynx¿sf] cjnf]sg u/fpg], tL P]ltxfl;s :yn tyf j:t'x¿sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5, To;sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu s;n] s] sfd ug'{kb{5 . o:tf s'/fdf klg afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljrf/ dGyg u/fpg tyf To:tf sfddf ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 .

-ª_ ;d'bfodf klxn] / klxn] ;fdhsf] enfOsf nflu /fd|f sfd ug]{ JolStx¿ kQf nufpg], pgLx¿sf] tl:a/ ;ª\sng ug]{, pgLx¿n] ;dfhnfO{ u/]sf] of]ubfgsf] l6kf]6 ug]{ h:tf lj|mofsnfk klg u/fpg'kb{5 .

-r_ xfd|f] b]zsf nflu /fd|f] sfd ug]{ JolStx¿ / pgLx¿n] u/]sf] sfd, pgLx¿af6 xfdLn] l;Sg'kg]{ s'/fsf] tflnsf agfO{ n]Vg nufpg ;Sg'x'G5 . h:t} M

P]ltxfl;s JolStTjsf] gfd b]zsf nflu u/]sf] of]ubfg xfdLn] l;Sg'kg]{ s'/f

elSt yfkf &) jif{sf] pd]/df ;d]t cª\u|]hLx¿;“u n8]/ b]z arfP .

nf]e nfnrfdf kg'{x'“b}g .

b]zsf] dfof ug'{k5{ .

/fh]Gb|nIdL g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fdf of]ubfg .

dlxnfn] klg 7"nf sfd ug{ ;S5g\ .

b]zsf] /Iff ug'{k5{ .

-5_ :yfgLo ;d'bfodf klg elSt yfkf, cd/l;+x yfkf, /fh]Gb|nIdL, aneb| s'“j/ cflb h:tf JolStTjx¿ x'g ;S5g\ t/ pgLx¿ ljleGg sf/0fn] cf]em]ndf k/]sf x'g ;S5g\ . To:tf s'g} If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg lbg], JolStTjx¿sf] ;Demgf ug]{, of]ubfgsf] sb/ ug]{ sfo{j|md u/]/ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg ;Sg'x'G5 .

-h_ afnaflnsfx¿n] sIffdf, 3/df ;d'bfodf u/]sf x/]s lj|mofsnfksf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{, clen]v /fVg] / ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg] ug'{kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfOpknlAw kQf nfUg] / jif{sf] cGTodf pbf/ sIff]Gglt ug{ ;3fp k'Ug] x'G5 .

77

PsfO M &

xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk p2]Zo

-s_ ;a} k|sf/sf sfd tyf k];fsf] dxŒj atfpg .

-v_ ldtJooL x'g] afgL a;fNg .

-u_ cfkm\gf] ufp“ jf ;x/df ag]sf ;fdfgx¿ k|of]u ubf{ x'g] kmfObf atfpg .

-3_ cfkm\gf] ufp“ jf ;x/df ag]sf ;fdfgx¿ k|of]u ug]{ afgL a;fNg .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

:yfgLo kl/j]z, JolStsf] of]ubfg, Ifdtf cflbsf] cfwf/df ;d'bfodf km/skm/s sfd tyf k];f Joj;fo ug]{ dflg;x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . h:t} M sf]xL v]tL u5{g\, s;}n] kz'kfng u/]sf x'G5g\, sf]xL pBf]udf sfd u5{g, sf]xL Jofkf/ u5{g\, To;} u/L k9fpg], sfof{nodf sfd ug]{, xf]6n Joj;fo ug]{, 8sdL{ tyf l;sdL{sf] sfd ug]{ cflb sfddf ;+nUg x'G5g\ . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv ;d'bfodf ul/g] sfdsf] cf–cfkm\gf] 7fp“df plQs} dxŒj x'g] s'/f l;sfpg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfx¿n] b}lgs k|of]udf Nofpg] ;fdfgx¿sf] htg ug]{ ?lkof“ k};f vr{ ubf{ cgfjZos ¿kdf vr{ gug]{, ;fg}b]lv ldtJooL x'g] afgLsf] ljsf; ug]{ h:tf ;Lk l;sfpg'kb{5 .

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ aflx/ pTkfbg ePsf ;fdfgeGbf :yfgLo ufp“3/ jf ;x/df pTkfbg ePsf ;fdfgx¿ k|of]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fp“b} hfg'kb{5 . :yfgLo pBf]uwGbf km:6fp“b} uof] eg] /f]huf/sf] cj;/ l;h{gf x'G5 / kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfo cfTdlge{/ x'“b} hfG5 . cfkm" cfTdlge{/ ePdf c¿sf] d'v tfSg'kb}{g . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv :yfgLo pTkfbg ePsf j:t'x¿sf] dxŒj a'emfpg] / To;sf] k|of]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

:yfgLo 7fp“df ul/g] sfdx¿sf] ;"rL tyf tl:a/ jf lrqx¿, ldtJooL x'g] kmfObfx¿sf] ;"rL, :yfgLo ufp“ jf ;x/df ag]sf ;fdfgx¿sf] gd'gf lrq, ;"rL cflb .


-s_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo ;d'bfodf dflg;x¿n] ug]{ sfd ;a}nfO{ kfn};“u eGg nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] eg]sf sfdx¿ l6Kb} hfg'xf];\ . 5'6]sf] eP cGTodf cfkm}“n] yk ul/lbg ;Sg'x'G5 .

-v_ :yfgLo ;d'bfodf dflg;x¿n] ug]{ sfdsf] dxŒj a'emfpg o:tf] lj|mofsnfk u/fpg ;Sg'x'G5 .

sf] gePdf s] x'G5

ls;fg cGg pTkfbg x'“b}g .

8sdL{ 3/ agfpg ;ls“b}g .

78

ljBfyL{x¿n] ;xL eg] eg]gg\ jf n]v] n]v]gg\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;“u;“u} n]vfhf]vf u/L cfjZos ePdf ;'wf/;d]t ub}{ hfg'kb{5 .

-u_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] JolStut ;fdfg, ljBfnosf ;fdfg / 3/sf ;fdfgx¿ htg ug{ l;sfpg] / To;cg';f/ ug{ cEof; u/fpg'kb{5 .

-3_ cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] ?lkof“ k};f hyfefjL vr{ gug]{ clt cfjZos ;fdfg dfq lsGg] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fp“b} geO{ gx'g] ;fdfgsf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / To;dWo] ltdLn] olt ?lkof“ kfof} eg] s]s] lsG5f} eg]/ k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg ;Sg'x'G5 .

-ª_ afnaflnsfx¿ l;sfPcg';f/ ;fdfgsf] htg ug]{, ldtJooL x'g] eP ePgg\ eGg] s'/fsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L To;sf] clen]v;d]t /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . h:t} M

ljBfyL{sf] gfd

lj|mofsnfksf] ljj/0f ljBfyL{n] b]vfpg] Jojxf/

;w]}“ u5{ k|foh;f] u5{ slxn] sfxL“ dfq u5{{

k|foM ub}{g

ub}{ ub}{g

!= cfkm\gf] ;fdfgsf] htg

@= ;fyLsf] ;dfgsf] htg

#= ljBfnosf] ;dfgsf] htg

$= ?lkof“ k};fsf] ldtJolotf

-kl5Nnf] tLgcf]6f dxndf lrx\g nfu]sf] 5 eg] To:tf ljBfyL{x¿df ;s/fTds Jojxf/df kl/jt{g gePsf] eGg ;lsG5 . p;df lsg kl/jt{g gcfPsf] xf] kQf nufpg yk ;xo]fu ug'{kb{5 ._

-r_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo 7fp“df pTkfbg x'g] ;fdfgx¿sf] gfd n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . k|To]sn] s]s] n]v] k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / 5'6]sf] eP yk ul/lbg'kb{5 .

=-5_ tL ;fdfgx¿dWo] afnaflnsfx¿sf] 3/, JolStut, ljBfnodf s'gs'g ;fdfg k|of]udf cfPsf 5g\, k|of]udf cfPsf ;fdfgx¿df lrx\g nufpg eGg'xf];\ .

-h_ :yfgLo ;fdfg k|of]u ubf{ x'g] kmfObfx¿ atfOlbg'xf];\ . h:t} M

:yfgLo ;fdfg ÷vfg]s'/f k|of]u ubf{ x'g] kmfObf

;fu;AhL jf t/sf/L tfhf x'g] x'“bf :jf:YonfO{ kmfObf ug]{ / :yfgLo dflg;x¿nfO{ t/sf/L v]tL ug{ k|f]T;fxg x'g] .

3/df k|of]u ul/g] cf}hf/x¿ x“l;of, sf]bfnf], v's'/L, xnf], s'6f] cflb

:yfgLo JolStn] /f]huf/ kfpg] / aflx/sf] t'ngfdf ;:tf] klg x'g]

3/]n' n'ufsk8f alnof] x'g], :yfgLo dflg;x¿n] sfd kfpg]

kmlg{r/ -s';L{, 6]an, 8]S;, a]Gr, vf6 lksf{, b/fh cflb_

;:tf] x'g] / :yfgLo dlg;x¿n] sfd kfpg]

vfg]s'/f tfhf x'“bf :jf:YonfO{ kmfObf x'g]

-em_ ljBfnodf k|of]udf cfpg] ;fdfgx¿ klg ;s];Dd :yfgLo:t/df pTkfbg x'g] ;fdfgx¿ k|of]udf Nofpg] cEof; ug'{kb{5 . h:t} M 8]S;a]Gr s';L{, 6]an :yfgLo 7fp“df aGb}gg\ / dx“uf] klg k5{ eg] To;sf] ;6\6f ;'s'n, u'Gb|L, lksf{ cflb k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

79

-`_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ klg JolStut ;fdfg, 3/df k|of]udf Nofpg] ;fdfg cflb :yfgLo ¿kdf pTkfbg ePsf k|of]udf Nofpg] u/]sf] 5g\ 5}gg\, cjnf]sg ug]{, clen]v /fVg] / ;'wf/ ug]{ ug'{kb{5 . cjnf]sg kmf/fdsf] gd'gf o:tf] x'g ;S5 .

;fdfg÷

vfg]s'/f

;a} :yfgLo pTkfbg -!))k|ltzt_

w]/}h;f] :yfgLo pTkfbg -&% k|ltzt eGbf a9L_

cfwf h;f] :yfgLo pTkfbg -%) k|ltzt_

cfwfeGbf sd -@% k|ltzt_

Hofb} sd :yfgLo pTkfbg -@% k|ltzteGbf sd_

:yfgLo pTkfbgk|of]u g} gug]{

JolStut ;fdfg

ljBfnodf JolStut k|of]u ug]{ ;fdu|L

ljBfnosf] ;fdfg÷ vfg]s'/f 3/df k|of]u ug]{ ;fdfg vfg]s'/f

3/sf] ;fdfg÷

vfg]s'/f

-clen]v /fVg] kmf/fdsf] 9f“rf cfkm"nfO{ ;lhnf] x'g] u/L cGo 9f“rfdf klg agfpg ;Sg'x'G5 ._ lzIfs ;fyLx¿, o;df lbOPsf d"Nofª\sg lj|mofsnfk gd'gfsf nflu dfq} x'g\ . :yfgLo kl/j]z / ljBfnosf] cj:yf x]/L d"Nofª\sgsf l;h{gfTds / /rgfTds lj|mofsnfk l;h{gf u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

80

sIff –$

PsfO M !

cfkm" cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s

p2]Zo

-s_ lgs6 l5d]sLx¿sf] gfd / ;DaGw atfpg .

-v_ k];fut Jofj;flos ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf atfpg / ltgsf] ;'/Iff ug{ .

-u_ l5d]sLx¿aLr Ps cfk;df ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg ug{ .

d'Vo ljifoj:t'

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf 5/l5d]sLx¿;“u /fd|f] ;DaGw /FVg'kb{5 . cfkm\gf] 6f]n l5d]ssf] gfd, l5d]sLx¿;“u gftf nufP/ ;Daf]wg ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 . h:t} M cfdf, a'jf, bfh'efO lbbL, alxgL afh], aHo} sfsf, sfsL cflb o;}u/L k];fut, Jofj;flos ;fdflhs xnf], s'6f], sf]bfnf], 8f]sf], gfDnf], v's'/L, 9s, t/fh' lnP/ cflb ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cfjZoscg';f/ k|of]u / ;'/Iff ug{ ;hu agfpg'kb{5 . aflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] l5d]sLx¿;“u ePsf ;dfgx¿ h:t}M v]nf}gf, sfkL, snd, k];fut cf}hf/ s'rf], u'Gb|L, x“l;of cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ tf}/ tl/sfx¿ l;sfpg'kb{5 .

z}lIfs ;fdu|L

l5d]sLx¿;“u gftf nufP/ ;Daf]wg ug]{ rf6{ a'af, cfdf, sfsf, sfsL,bfh', lbbL cflb .

k];fut ;fdu|Lx¿sf] rf6{, ;"rL k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf / ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ n]v]sf] rf6{ .

l5d]sLx¿af6 ;xof]u lng ;Sg] ;fdfx¿sf] rf6{ .

l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ u[xsfo{cGtu{t cfkm\gf] 6f]n l5d]ssf s'g} !) hgfsf] gfd n]Vg

nufpg'xf];\ . pSt gfdcg';f/ cfkm"n] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ gftf ;DaGw lgDg tflnsfcg';f/ tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\M

ljBfyL{sf] gfd j|m=;+= l5d]sLsf] gfd gftf ;DaGw s}lkmot

!= xl/axfb'/ g]kfnL sfsf @= #= $= %= ^=

81

&= *= (= !)= -v_ tkfO{“n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lbPsf] u[xsfo{ jf kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf k|To]s

ljBfyL{af6 hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ . olb s'g} ljBfyL{n] gu/]sf] kfPdf gugf{sf sf/0fx¿ vf]Hg'xf];\ . sf/0fx¿ klxrfg u/L ljBfyL{x¿af6 pSt sfo{ ug{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ . cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

-u_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos sfo{sf] ¿kdf kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]sdf k|of]u x'g] k];fut ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg] . pSt ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf ;'/Iff ug]{ pkfox¿ ;d]6L lgDgfg';f/sf] rf6{ tof/ ug{ nufpg] . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;f]w]/ nufpg] .

;fdu|L k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf ;'/Iff ug]{ pkfo

-3_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] l5d]sLx¿aLr Ps cfk;df s] s:tf ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg u/]sf] 5 <

3/df cleefjs;“u ;f]w]/ jf cfkm}n] ;f]wvf]h u/L tof/ u/]/ Nofpg sfo{ lbg] . != cfkm"n] u/]sf] ;xof]u @= c¿af6 lnPsf] ;xof]u

pko'{Stcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] tof/ u/]sf] rf6{sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿n] xfn;Dd l5d]sLnfO{ u/]sf] ;xof]usf] af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

ljBfyL{n] ug]{ cg';f/sf] ;xof]u u/]sf 5g, 5}gg\ pgLx¿sf] cjnf]sg u/L clen]v Jojl:yt ¿kdf /fVg lgDgfg';f/sf] kmf/fd k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

o;}u/L cg';"rL klg tof/ u/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . pgLx¿n] sIffdf Psn] csf]{nfO{ ug]{ ;xof]usf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpg ;lsG5 .

82

PsfO M @

xfd|f k/Dk/f ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf p2]Zo -s_ c¿n] eg]sf s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg / cfkm\gf] wf/0ff cleJoSt ug{ . -v_ cfkm\gf ;d'bfosf ljleGg efiff j]ze"iff, /xg;xg cflb cjnf]sg ug{ / rf8kj{x¿df

;xefuL x'g . -u_ cfkm" hGd]sf] :yfgk|lt uf}/j ug]{ / cfkm\gf] hGd :ynsf] ljsf; tyf pgLx¿sf nflu ;Sbf]

;xof]u ug{ . -3_ cfkm\gf] lhNnfleq ;fj{hlgs enfOsf] sfd ug]{ JolStx¿ vf]hL u/L ;Ddfg ug{ /

pgLx¿sf] sfdaf6 k|]/0ff lng . d'Vo ljifoj:t' ljBfyL{x¿df cfkm"eGbf 7"nf dflg;x¿n] cx|fPsf lgb]{zg u/]sf l;sfPsf s'/fx¿ Wofgk"j{s ;'g]/ cfkm\gf b}lgs Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 . pgLx¿df ;'g]/ a'em]sf / Jojxf/df nfu" u/]sf s'/fx¿sf] ;DaGw / cfkm\gf] JolStut /fo g8/fO{ k|:6 JoSt ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 . cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf af]Ng, efiff, g]kfnL, g]jf/L, d}lynL, ysfnL, /fO{, lnDa' cflbsf] cjnf]sg ug{ / rf8kj{x¿df ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ vfnsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fpg'kb{5 . o;}u/L afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfkm" hGd]sf] :yfgsf] gfd To;sf ljz]iftf, d7dlGb/ vf]nf, gbL vlgh cflb ePsf j:t'x¿sf] ;++/If0f dd{t ;Def/ cflb s'/fx¿df ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/lbg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ o:tf lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ul/lbg'kb{5 . o;}u/L cfkm\gf] lhNnfleq ;fj{hlgs enfOsf] sfd ug]{ JolStx¿sf] vf]hL u/L ;Ddfg ug]{ / /fd|f] sfdaf6 k|]/0ff lng] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|L

;d'bfosf j]ze"iff, /xg;xg / rf8kj{ emNs]sf] lrq, rf6{, kf]:6/ d7dlGb/, vf]nf gbLsf] lrq / ;+/If0fsf] rf6{ cflb .

l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg -s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dfGohgx¿sf] gfd -h:t}M a'af, cfdf, bfh', sfsf, sfsL, lbbL, legfh', lzIfs,

;fdflhs sfo{stf{ cflb sfuhdf n]vL s]xLnfO{ !÷! cf]6f lemSg nufpg] . pgLx¿n] lems]sf] sfuhdf n]lvPcg';f/sf] e"ldsf kfn}kfnf] clego ug{ nufpg] .

-v_ cGo ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] s'/f ;'Gg] cf–cfkm\gf s'/fx¿ /fVg nufpg] . pSt ;dodf lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿sf] Jojxf/sf] cjnf]sg u/L clen]v /fVg] .

83

j|m=;= ljBfyL{sf] gfd dfGohg;“usf] Jojxf/ clt /fd|f] /fd|f] l7s} ;fdfGo

!= @= #= $= %= -u_ o;}u/L ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkm\gf] 3/kl/jf/, 6f]n l5d]sdf dfGohg;“u ug]{ Jojxf/ klg

cjnf]sg u/L clen]v /fVg ;lsG5 . -3_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf af]lng] efiff, j]ze"iff, /xg;xg cflb cjnf]sg ug{

rf8kj{x¿df ;xefuL x'g] s'/fx¿sf] nflu ;d"xdf e"ldsf clego ug{ nufpg] . -ª_ rf8kj{df ul/g] sfo{sf] e"ldsf clego tyf :yfgLo efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . -r_ o;}u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kl/of]hgf ;d'bfo sfo{sf] ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/sf] tflnsf tof/ ug{

nufpg] . j|m=;+= efiff nufpg] sk8f rf8kj{ ;b:o

!= g]kfnL @= g]jf/L #= -5_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm" hGd]sf] :yfgsf] dxŒj s] s:tf] 5 < To; :yfgsf] s;/L ljsf; ug{

;lsG5 < To;sf af/]df 3/ kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf ;f]wvf]h u/L lgDg cfwf/df tof/ ug{ nufpg] .

cfk\mgf] hGd:yfg M :yfg÷j:t' dxŒj ÷ljz]iftf ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug'{kfg]{ sfo{

d7dlGb/

jghª\un

-h_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] lhNnfleq ;fj{hlgs enfOsf] sfd ug]{ JolStx¿ sf]sf] x'g\ . ltgn]

s'gs'g If]qdf enfOsf] sfd u/]sf x'g\ < To;sf] vf]hL u/L ;Ddfg ug{ / /fd|f] sfdaf6 s] s:tf] k|]/0ff lng ;lsG5 < eGg] af/]df lgDgfg';f/sf] tflnsf÷rf6{sf cfwf/df ;d'bfodf ljleGg JolStx¿nfO{ e]6L ;f]wL vf]h ug{ nufpg] . pSt ;f]wvf]hsf] ljj/0f sIffsf]7fdf k|:6 ug{ nufO{ cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ .

84

lhNnfleq ;fj{hlgs enfOsf] sfo{ ug]{ JolSt

j|m=;+= gfd If]q k|d'v of]ubfg

!= @= #= $= %=

pk/f]Stcg';f/sf lj|mofsnfkx¿ ljBfyL{n] u/] gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿sf] cj:yfcg';f/ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfo{x¿sf] clen]v /fVg'xf];\ .

85

sIff – $ PsfO M #

;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg p2]Zo -s_ :yfgLo ;d'bfodf cK7\of/fdf -;d:of_ k/]sfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ . -v_ dfbs kbfy{ ;]jgaf6 x'g] a]kmfObf atfO To:tf] s'ntaf6 6f9f /xg . -u_ ;dfhdf /x]sf s'/Llt tyf e]befjk"0f{ ;+:sf/x¿ x6fpg ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{ . -3_ :yfgLo:t/df ePsf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] gfd / sfd atfpg . d'Vo ljifoj:t' ljleGg y/Lsf dflg;x¿ ldn]/ ;d'bfo aGb5 . x/]s cf–cfkm\g} OR5f cfsfª\Iff x'G5g\ . To;} u/L ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf klg ljleGg ¿kx¿ x'G5g\ . cfk;L ;xof]u / ;x\befjn] o:tf ;d:ofnfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfno tyf 5/l5d]sdf ljkbdf k/]sf JolStx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{, ;fdflhs sª\nssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] s'nt dfbskbfy{, w"dkfg tyf cGo gzfn' kbfy{sf] ;]jg ug]{ afgLn] ;dfhnfO{ Nofpg ;Sg] ljleGg ;d:ofx¿k|lt afnaflnsfnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg / ;dfhdf To:tf ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ eg] ltgsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ ;d]t pgLx¿nfO{ ;zSt agfpg] ug'{kb{5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf sltko g/fd|f s'/Lltx¿ 5g\ . To:tf s'/LltnfO{ ;dodf g} ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPg eg] g/fd|f] k|efj kfb{5g\ . ;fdflhs s'/Llt x6fpg] Pp6f ;zSt dfWod lzIff xf] . s] slt sf/0fn] o:tf /Llt k/Dk/f 7Ls 5}gg\ eGg]\ af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm} ;f]wvf]h ug{ nufpg] / To:tf s'/Llt x6fpg] pkfox¿nfO{ Jojxfl/s hLjgdf k|of]udf Nofpg'kb{5 . ;do kl/jt{gzLn 5 To;} cg'¿k ;d'bfodf klg gof“gof“ ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ . To:tf ;d:ofsf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ :yfkgf ePsf x'G5g\ . To:tf ;ª\3;+:yf / ltgn] ug]{ sfo{sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbO{ To:tf ;+:yfaf6 lng ;lsg] ;xof]u / ug{ ;lsg] ;xsfo{sf] ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg ;lsPdf ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv ;fdflhs sfo{df ;xefuL u/fpg] ugf{n] ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|L :yfgLo:t/ /x]sf ;d:of / s'/Lltx¿sf] tl:a/ jf lrqx¿, dfbs kbfy{ ;]jgaf6 z/L/df

xflg k'u]sf] b]vfpg] lrq, tl:a/ ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ePsf] tflnsf, kf]:6/, ljleGg ¥ofnLsf kmf]6fx¿ cflb .

l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg -s_ afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] 6f]n ;d'bfodf /x]sf ;d:ofx¿ !÷! cf]6f eGg nufpg'xf];\ /

pgLx¿n] eg]sf ;d:ofnfO{ kf6Ldf n]Vb} hfg'xf];\ . s'g} ;d:of 5'6]sf] eP yk u/L atfOlbg'xf];\ .

-v_ g]kfndf k|To]s jif{ af9L, klx/f], e"Ifo, cfunfuL h:tf ljleGg k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿ ePsf x'G5g\ . To:tf 36\gfaf6 kLl8tx¿nfO{ /fxt ;ª\sng ug{ sIffdf Pp6f /fxt ;ª\sng afs; /fVg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pSt afs;df n'uf, vfg]s'/f, gub cfkm\gf] x}l;otn] ;Sg] ;xof]u ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . pSt gub lhG;L ;fdfg ;DalGwt lgsfodf x:tfGt/0f ug]{

86

Joj:yf ldnfpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿sf ;lj|motfsf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . ;xof]u ug{ grfxg] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .

-u_ ;fdflhs s'/Lltx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L To:tf s'/Llt x6fpg ljBfyL{sf] txaf6 ug{ ;lsg] lj|mofsnfk tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf pNn]v ug{ nufpg'xf];\M

gd'gf s'/Lltsf] gfd ;dfwfgsf] pkfo

bfOhf] k|yf hgr]tgf hufpg], bjfjd"ns sfo{j|md ug]{ sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg] .

-3_ kf7\ok':tssf] ‘emu8fsf] ;dfwfg’ kf7df ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg e"ldsf lbO{ clego u/fpg'xf];\

. clego @÷# ;d"xdf klg u/fpg ;lsG5 . /fd|f] clego ug]{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{xf];\ . -ª_ afnaflnsfx¿ ljBFnoleq jf aflx/ emu8f u/]sf] jf Pscf;df ldn]/ v]n]sf] b]Vg'eof]

eg] To:tf 36gfnfO{ sIffdf ;a} ;fd' atfOlbg'xf];\ . emu8f ug'{x'“b}g eGg] / ;a}nfO{ ldnfpg vf]Hg] ljBfyL{nfO{ plrt k|f]T;fxg lbg'xf];\ .

-r_ afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno glhssf] s'g} ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfdf :ynut cjnf]sg e|d0f u/fO{ pSt ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo / sfo{j|md;DaGwL ljj/0f ;ª\sng u/L 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / ;f] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-5_ s'g} Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ c¿ ;fyLnfO{ yfxf g'xg] u/L cfkm"n] cfly{s cj:yfsf] sf/0f sfkL snd lsGg g;s]sf] clego u/L ;fyLx¿;“u ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . o:tf] ljBfyL{ 5gf]6 ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] cfu|xnfO{ cGo ljBfyL{n] s'g ¿kdf lnG5g\ . pgLx¿n] b]vfpg] Jojxf/sf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . d"Nofª\sg ug{ tnsf] tflnsf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5M

ljBfyL{sf] gfd ;xof]u u/]sf] gu/]sf]

87

PsfO M$

gful/s r]tgf p]2Zo -s_ afnclwsf/ / dlxnf clwsf/x¿nfO{ pkof]u ug{ . -v_ /fli6«o ;Dkbfx¿ -k|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts cflb_ sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ / ;+/If0fdf ;xefuL x'g . -u_ ;fj{hlgs :yndf kmf]xf]/d}nf gug{ / 6«flkms lgod kfngf ug{ . -3_ cfkm" a;]sf] uf=lj=;= / g=kf=sf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ atfpg . -ª_ cfkm\gf] kl/jf/, 5/l5d]s / ;d'bfosf ;a};“u ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ . d'Vo ljifoj:t' o; PsfOdf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/, ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/, ;xeflutf, ljsf;sf] clwsf/sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, kf}li6s cfxf/, afn>d, zf]if0faf6 5'6sf/f, afnSna, ;xeflutf, v]Ng], k9\g], 6f]nL g]tf aGg] clwsf/sf] hfgsf/L u/fO{ afnaflnsfnfO{ To:tf sfo{df ;xefuL u/fpg k|]l/t ug'{k5{ . dlxnfsf] ;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/, ;dtf, ;dfgtf, k|hgg :jf:Yo cflbsf] clwsf/sf] hfgsf/L afnaflnsfnfO{ u/fpg'k5{ . /fli6«o ;Dkbfx¿ -k|fs[lts / ;f+:s[lts_ h:t}M gbLgfnf jghª\un, df6f], vlgh cflbsf] k|of]u, To;sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ tl/sfsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . To:t} ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ dlGb/, u'Daf, rr{, dl:hb cflbsf] kl/ro, ;b'kof]u / ;+/If0f ug{ k|]l/t u/fpg'k5{ . ;fj{hlgs :ynsf] ;/;kmfO -af6f]3f6f], k'nk'n];f, rf}/, Ogf/, rf}tf/f, v]nd}bfg cflbsf] ;/;kmfO ug{ k|]l/t u/fpg] / kmf]xf]/d}nf gug{, 6«flkms lgodsf] kfngf ug{, 6«flkms ;ª\s]tcg';f/ af6f] sf6\g / km'6kfysf] k|of]u ug{ k|]l/t u/fpg'k5{ . cfkm" a;]sf] uflj;÷gkf sf] kl/ro, ;+/rgf / sfo{x¿ atfpg ;Sg] agfpg'k5{ . cfkm\gf] kl/jf/, 5/l5d]s / ;d'bfosf ;a};“u ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ l;sfpg'k5{ / To:tf sfo{sf nflu k|]l/t ug'{k5{ . z}lIfs ;fdu|L -s_ afn clwsf/sf] ;"rL, dlxnf clwsf/ n]lvPsf] Kn]sf8{, k|fs[lts / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf

tl:a/ / lrqx¿, cjnf]sg e|d0f, ;/;kmfO ul//x]sf] lrq, 6«flkms lgod kfngfsf] cEof;, uflj; / gkfsf] ;+/rgf rf6{, sfo{x¿sf] ;"rL cflb .

-v_ d"Nofª\sg kmf/fd, ?h';"rL cflb l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg -s_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] kfPsf] clwsf/ s'gs'g k|of]u u/]sf] jf pkof]u u/]sf 5g\

k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg'xf];\ / To;sf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . -v_ dlxnf clwsf/cGtu{t s'gs'g clwsf/ kb{5g\ . To;sf] ;"rL agfpg nufO{ ljBfyL{sf]

d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . -u_ k|fs[lts / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fdf afnaflnsfn] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg

ug'{xf];\ .

88

?h';"rLsf] gd'gf sIff M $ ljBFyL{sf] gfdM -s_ gbLgfnf kmf]xf]/ u5{÷ub}{g -v_ af]6lj?jf ;+/If0fdf ;xefuL x'G5÷x'“b}g -u_ dlGb/÷u'Daf÷rr{÷ dl:hb cflbsf] ;/;kmfO u5{÷ub}{g

;fj{hlgs :ynsf] ;/;kmfOdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf s:tf] /x]sf] 5 cjnf]sg klg ug'{xf];\ / cleefjs;“u ;f]wk'5 u/L pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

6«lkms ;ª\s]tcg';f/ Jojxf/ u/] gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L jf cfkm\g} k|ToIf lgb]{zgdf kfngf u/] gu/]sf] x]/L afnaflnsfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . ljBfnodf h]j|fj|ml;ªsf] gd'gf agfP/ clego ljlwåf/f o:tf] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ / To;sf] kfngf u/] gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] uflj;÷gkfsf] ;+/rgf, sfo{ / kbflwsf/Lsf] gfd ;ª\sng ug{ nufO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / To;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug{'[xf];\ .

afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/jf/, 5/l5d]s / ;d'bfodf /x]sf ;a} JolStnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ k|]l/t ug'{xf];\ / u/] gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

dfly plNnlvt d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgx¿ ljsf; ubf{ n}ª\lus b[li6sf]0f, ;dfj]zLs/0f cflb kIfnfO{ ljrf/ k'¥ofO{ ljz]if l;sfO cfjZostf ePsfx¿sf nflu ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof cjnDag ug'{xf];\ .

89

PsfO M %

xfd|f] k[UYjL p2]Zo -s_ cfkm" /x]sf] lhNnfsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿k / ;fdflhs /xg;xg cWoog u/L atfpg . -v_ cfkm" /x]sf] lhNnfsf] ;fdfGo gS;f sf]g{ / dxŒjk"0f{ :ynx¿ b]vfpg . -u_ k[YjLsf] pTklQ / agf]6;DaGwL ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbg . -3_ glhssf] l5d]sL /fi6«x¿ rLg / ef/tsf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbg . d'Vo ljifoj:t' ljBfyL{x¿n] sIff Psdf cfkm\gf] kl/jf/, b'O{df 5/l5d]s jf ;d'bfo, sIff # df uflj; / sIff $ df lhNnfsf] kl/ro kfpg\ eGg] p2]Zon] oL kf7x¿ /flvPsf] 5g\ . kf7\ok':tsdf u'NdL / s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf] pbfx/0f lbP/ To;}u/L x/]s lhNnfsf afnaflnsfx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf] lhNnfsf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;s"g\ eGg] p2]Zo oL kf7x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] lhNnfsf] ;fdfGo gS;f sf]g{ / To;df cfkm\gf] cleefjssf] ;xof]u lnP/ d'Vo s'/fx¿ eg{ cEof; u/fpg kf7df lj|mofsnfkx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . k[YjLsf]sf] pTklQ ;DaGwdf ljleGg l;4fGtx¿ eP klg o; sIffdf k[YjLsf] pTklQ ;DaGwdf ax' k|rlnt l;4fGtcg';f/ ;"o{sf] glhs}af6 zlStzfnL tf/f u'lh|“bf To;sf] cfsif{0f zlStn] ubf{ ;"o{sf] 6'j|mfx¿ 5'6\l6P/ u|xx¿ ag]sf x'g\ . tL u|xx¿dWo] k[YjL klg Ps xf] eGg] hfgsf/L, ljBfyL{nfO{ lbg vf]lhPsf] 5 . k[YjL e"d08n, dWod08n / s]Gb| d08n u/L tLg txdf ag]sf] 5 . e"d08ndf hn, :yn / jfo' d08n /x]sf 5g\ . l5d]sL b]zx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] j|mddf o; sIffdf xfd|f] l;dfgf hf]l8Psf b]zx¿ rLg / ef/tsf] kl/ro u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . ef/t / rLgsf] Ifq]kmn, xfjfkfgL, /xg;xg, cfly{s lj|mofsnfk cflbsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro u/fpg] / gS;fdf rLg / ef/t klxrfg ug]{ lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ . z}lIfs ;fdu|L g]kfn / l5d]sL b]zx¿sf] gS;fx¿, cfkm\gf] lhNnfsf] gS;f, df6f], Unf]a, lrq uf]hL

tflnsf, d]6fsf8{ . l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg -s_ leQfdf g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts gS;f 6f“:g'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf jf JolStut ¿kdf

g]kfnsf] gS;f ljt/0f u/L Toxf“ ePsf] g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts gS;fdf cf–cfkm\gf] lhNnf klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . To;dfly kftnf] sfuh /fvL jf cfkm\gf] lhNnfsf] gS;f x]/]/ cfkm\gf] lhNfsf] gS;f ptfg{ nufpg'xf];\ . To;nfO{ 7"nf] cfsf/df agfpg eGg'xf];\ . cfkm\gf] lhNnfsf d'Vod'Vo 7fp“, gbL, vf]nf, tfn, kf]v/L, hª\un, kxf8,af6f], dlGb/ cflb eg{

90

nufpg'xf];\ . lhlj;af6 k|fKt x'g] o:tf] gS;fsf] pkof]u ug{ ;s] emg} /fd|f] x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] ;Lk / ;xeflutfsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/ /x]sf] jf cfkm" a;]sf] j/k/ /x]sf k|lz4 :yn, /xg;xg, efiff, j]ze"iff cflbsf af/]df 5nkmn u/fO{ pgLx¿sf lhNnfsf af/]df hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf] h:t} tflnsf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

hflt efiff k|lz4 7fp“ afnLgfnL vfg]s'/f xfjfkfgL

o:t} vfnL tflnsf af]8{df agfO{ kfn}kfnf] ;f]4} eb}{ hfg'xf];\ . sIffdf km/skm/s lhNnfsf afnaflnsf ePdf pgLx¿sf] 5'6\6f5'6\6} ;d"x agfP/ tflnsf e/fpg ;lsG5 . ghfg]df cfkm"n] ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ . -u_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ v'nf rf}/df n}hfg'xf];\ . dflglnp“ #) hgf ljBfyL{ /x]5g\ eg] % hgfsf]

;d"xnfO{ tf/f / @% hgfsf] ;d"xnfO{ ;"o{ dfGg] . @% hgfsf] ;d"x rf}/sf] sl/a aLrdf /fVg] . % hgfsf] ;d"xnfO{ rf}/sf] 6f9fsf] s'gfaf6 cw{j[Qfsf/ ¿kdf 7"nf] ;d"xsf] glhs x'“b} csf]{ s'gfdf lj:tf/} bf}8\b} hfg eGg] t/ 7"nf] ;d"x eGbf %–& ld6/ k/af6 g} 6f9f hfg'k5{ . ;"o{ ;d"x cfk;df u'r'd'Rr k/]/ a;]sf x'G5g\ . tf/f ;d"x hlthlt glhs cfp“5 ;"o{ ;d"x pltplt tf/f ;d"xtkm{ nfDrf] aGb} hfG5 . t/ tf/f ;d"x ;"o{ ;d"xnfO{ g5f]O 6fl9g nfUbf ;"o{ ;d"xsf & hgf afx]s cGo ljBfyL{ ;"o{ ;d"xaf6 5'6\l6P/ ;"o{ ;d"xsf & hgfnfO{ 3'Dg yfN5g\ . pgLx¿ 3'Db} hf“bf b'O{b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"x agfp“b} 3'Db} hfG5g\ . ;"o{ ;d"xsf & hgfn] tfnL ahfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . 3'Dg] ;d"xx¿ u|x eP s'g} b'O{ ;d"xaf6 PsPshgf lgsfnL cGo b'O{ ;d"xdf ld;fO{ #–# hgfsf] u|x agfOlbg'k5{ . tfnL /f]Sbf ;a} ;d"xx¿ 6Ss cl8g'k5{ . o;nfO{ k[YjL gfds/0f ug]{ . o;}u/L k[YjL / u|xx¿sf] pTklQ ePsf] tYo ljBfyL{nfO{ k|:6 kfg]{ . of] v]n Psb'O{ k6s bf]xf]¥ofPkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ dWo] s]xLnfO{ v]ndf s]s] eof] / k[YjLsf] pTklQ s;/L eof] egL eGg nufpg] . ghfg]df cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ . sIffdf /x]sf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vosf] cfwf/df tf/f, ;"o{ / u|x x'g] ;ª\Vof lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

-3_ kf7\ok':tssf] kf7 # sf] lrq 7"nf] rf6{df jf af]8{df agfO{ 6f“:g] . x/]s r/0fsf] j0f{g

ljBfyL{nfO{ ug{ nufO{ lj|mofsnfk g+= @ sf] jfSox¿ k9L 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6\ofpg nufpg] . -ª_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ n]l;nf] df6f] d'5]/ uf]nfsf/ 8Nnf] agfpg nufpg] . To;nfO{ tf/ jf

rf]ofsf] d2tn] cfwf agfpg nufpg] . csf]{ ;fgf] uf]nf] agfO{ klxn]sf] 8Nnf sfl6Psf] ;dtn efusf] aLrdf s]xL df6f] lgsfn]/ cfwf 8Nnf] 3';fpg] / 6f“:g] . Pp6f l;Gsfn] ;fgf] uf]nf] / 7"nf] uf]nf]sf] aflx/L lsgf/f aLrdf kg]{ u/L 3]/f sf]g]{ . ca k[YjLsf] tLg efu aGof] . ;fgf] uf]nf] s]Gb| d08n, To;eGbf aflx/ dWo d08n / To;eGbf aflx/sf] e"d08n xf] egL l;sfpg] aflx/L uf]nf] efudf df6f]sf kxf8x¿ agfP/ 6f“:g] / ulx/f] efu ;d'b| xf]

91

egL lrgfpg] . of] lj|mofsndkfaf6 ljBfyL{n] k[YjLsf] agf]6 af/]df k|:6 x'g] 5g\ . lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf d"Nofª\sg ub}{ hfg] .

/f]n g+= ljifoj:t'sf] :ki6tf ;lj|motf pTs[i6tf

-r_ l5d]sL /fi6«sf ljleGg tYox¿ emNsg] d]6fsf8{x¿ jf emnskQLx¿ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

ks]6 rf6{nfO{ b'O{ efu u/L Psftkm{ ef/t / csf{tkm{ rLg n]lvPsf] sf8{x¿ /fVg'xf];\ . x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ PsPscf]6f sf8{ lng nufO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kf7 % / ^ k9L cfkm\gf] sf8{ s'g b]z;“u ldNg] /x]5 kQf nufpg eGg'xf];\ . kQf nfu]kl5 ldNg] b]z /x]sf] efudf pSt sf8{ /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}sf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 ks]6 rf6{ k9L ef/tdf s]s] /x]5 / rLgdf s]s] /x]5 egL atfO{ gldn]sf sf8{x¿ ldnfpg nufpg'xf];\ . of] v]n tLg rf/ k6s bf]xf]¥ofpg'k5{ .

ef/t rLg lrlgof j]lhª lbNnL lxGbL

lj|mofsnfk ;lsPkl5 dff}lvs k|Zgx¿ ug'{xf];\ . g;Sg]nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

92

PsfO M ^

xfd|f] ljut p2]Zo -s_ cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld cWoog u/L atfpg . -v_ g]kfnL zAbsf] pTklQsf] cfwf/ atfpg . -u_ xfd|f jL/ ;lxbx¿sf] vf]hL u/L of]ubfg atfpg . d'Vo ljifoj:t' P]ltxfl;s ljifoj:t' cWoog ug]{ j|mddf o; sIffdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] P]ltxfl;s :ynx¿, To;sf] k[i7e"ld cflbsf] cWoog ug]{ ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\ok':tssf] kf7 ! df 8f]6Lsf] pbfx/0f lbP/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] klg To:tf P]ltxfl;s :ynsf] cWoog u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . kf7 @ df xfd|f P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfsf] kl/ro lb“b} cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfx¿ klxrfg ug]{ / To;sf] ;+/If0fdf ;lj|mo u/fpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s cWoog ;'?cft ug]{ j|mddf o; sIffdf g]kfn zAbsf] pTklQ s;/L eof] eGg] hfgsf/L u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . wd{, hflt / efiffsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gfd /xg uPsf] pbfx/0f lb“b} ljBfyL{sf] cfkm\gf] ufp“÷6f]n jf lhNnfsf] gfd s;/L /x]sf] xf]nf egL vf]hL ug{ nufpg'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, :jwLgtf / k|hftGq, nf]stGqsf nflu cfkm\gf] Hofg pT;u{ ug]{ JolStx¿nfO{ ;lxb elgG5 . tL ;lxbx¿sf] kl/ro, ltgsf] sfd / ltgaf6 k|]/0ff k|fKt ug]{ lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s 36gfx¿ b]vfpg ;do /]vf lgdf{0f ug{ l;sfpg] lj|mofsnfk ;dfj]z 5 . l;sfOlj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg -s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljBFno glhssf] P]ltxfl;s tyf k'/ftflŒjs :ynsf] e|d0f u/fg'xf];\ .

e|d0fsf j|mddf ljBfyL{x¿n] To; aflx/L agf]6, P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿, To;;DaGwL k|rlnt egfO jf syfx¿ d"lt{ / ;fdfgx¿ cflbsf] af/]df hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug{ nufpg'k5{ . :yfgLo JolStx¿;“u ;f]w]/ tYox¿ ;ª\sng ug{ nufpg'kb{5 . ;a} ljBfyL{n] cfjZos hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ul/;s]kl5 To;sf] ljj/0f 3/df n]v]/ Nofpg nufpg] / sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg] . k|ltef x'g]x¿n] lrq, uLt, sljtf, syf jf ;+jfbsf dfWodaf6 k|:t't u/] klg x'g] hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{sf] lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf lgDg cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ . /f]n g+= ;lj|motf k|ltj]bgsf] :t/ ldng;fl/tf

-v_ cfkm\gf] ufp“sf] ljut jif{df ePsf ljsf; sfo{x¿sf] af/]df cfkm\gf cleefjs;“u s] slxn] eof] eGg] hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/L ;do/]vfdf b]vfpg nufpg] . ;do /]vfdf :s]n / 36gf k|:t'ltsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ .

93

-u_ cfkm\gf] If]qdf ePsf P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfx¿sf] af/]df ;f]wL ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg] . To:tf

;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;Gb]z lbg] ;"rgf, gf/f jf kf]:6/ tof/ ug{ nufpg] . To:tf ;"rgf, gf/f jf kf]:6/df x'g'kg]{ ;fdfGo s'/fx¿ eP gePsf] cfwf/df cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbO{ ;'wf/ ug'{xf];\ .

-3_ ljBFyL{x¿nfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . ;d"x ‘s’ nfO{ wd{sf cfwf/df ‘v’ nfO{ hfltsf cfwf/df, ‘u’ nfO{ efiffsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gfd /x]sf] s'/f 7"nf] cIf/df n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . ;f]xL ;dodf ;d"x ‘3’ nfO{ ljBfno glhssf] ;d'bfodf n}hfg'xf];\ / :yfgLo ufp“÷6f]nsf] gfd s;/L /x\of] egL :yfgLo JolStx¿;“u ;f]wL hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ . ;a}sf] sfo{ ;lsPkl5 kfn}kfnf] sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|:t'lt / ;lj|motfsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

-ª_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kf7 $ sf] ljifoj:t'x¿ cWoog u/L ldlt / P]ltxfl;s 36gfsf] tflnsf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt tflnsfaf6 ;do/]vf agfpg l;sfpg'xf];\ . ljBFyL{nfO{ JolStut ¿kdf ;do/]vf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / lgDg cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

;kmfO

:s]n ldn] gldn]sf]

ldlt cg';f/ 36gf /fv]sf] ldn] gldn]sf] cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbO{ ;'wf/ u/]/ sIffdf k|bz{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-r_ sIffnfO{ rf/ ;d"x agfpg'xf];\ . Ps ;d"xnfO{ Pp6f ;lxbsf] kl/ro 7"nf cIf/df n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . Pp6f lj:s'6 jf rfprfpsf] sf6'{gnfO{ To;sf] rf/kf6fdf rf/ ;lxbsf] kl/ro n]lvPsf] sfuh 6f“:g nufpg'xf];\ . sf6'{gnfO{ aGb u/L wfuf]n] em'08fP/ kfn}kfnf] 3'dfp“b} x/]s ;d"xnfO{ k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / sIffdf e'mG8fpg'xf];\ / w]/}hgf ;lxbsf] gfd n]Vg'k/]df c¿ sf6'{g aS;x¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xsfo{, ;kmfO, sfo{ ;Dkfbg / k|:t'tLs/0fsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg u/L cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

94

PsfO M &


p2]Zo -s_ ;a} k|sf/sf >dsf] ;Ddfg ug{ . -v_ n'uf, sk8fsf] k|of]udf ldtJolotf ckgfpg . -u_ cfkm\gf] If]qdf pTkflbt tyf lgld{t j:t'x¿sf] pkof]u ug{ . -3_ 3/kl/jf/ tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk atfpg / ;xof]u ug{ . d'Vo ljifoj:t' 3/kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf ljleGg k|sf/sf sfd tyf >d ug]{ dflg;x¿ x'G5g\ . sltko ;d'bfodf sfdsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{, >d ug]{nfO{ x]nfsf] b[li6n] x]g]{ rng klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] e]befj x6fpg afnaflnsfx¿nfo{ >dsf] ;Ddfg ug{ / >d ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fg}b]lv vlr{nf] / t8se8s hLjg z}nLaf6 aRg cfDbfgLcg';f/sf] vr{ ug{ ldtJooL x'g] afgLsf] ;d]t ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 . 3/kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf ljleGg k|sf/sf cfly{s lj|mofsnfkdf ;nUg x'G5g\ . To:tf cfocfh{gsf lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] hfgsf/L lng], cfkm"nfO{ dgkg]{ sfddf ljz]if rf;f] /fVg], To:tf] sfo{df ;+nUg x'“b} hfg] / c¿nfO{ klg ;xof]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 . o;}u/L cfkm\gf] ;d'bfo, lhNnf tyf If]qdf s]s] j:t' pTkfbg x'G5g\ jf lgdf{0f x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL ug]{, :yfgLo 7fp“df pTkfbg tyf lgdf{0f ePsf ;fdu|L k|of]udf k|fyldstf lbg] afgL a;fp“b} n}hfg'kb{5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|L

:yfgLo 7fp“df ul/g] >d -sfd_ x¿sf] ;"rL, To;;“u ;DalGwt tl:a/ tyf lrqx¿

n'uf sk8fdf ldtJooLtf ckgfpg cfjZos pkfox¿sf] ;"rL

:yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf If]qdf pTkflbt tyf lgld{t j:t'x¿ gd'gf jf ;"rL

d"Nofª\sgsf nflu cfjZos ;fwgx¿ . l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg -s_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] 3/ / :yfgLo ufp“ tyf gu/sf dflg;x¿n] ug]{ sfdsf]

af/]df pgLx¿sf] cleefjs tyf cGo JolStx¿;“u ;f]w]/ jf cfkm}“n] b]v]sf cfwf/df l6kf]6 u/]/ Nofpg eGg'xf];\ .

-v_ afnaflnsfn] ;ª\sng u/]/ NofPsf] ljj/0fnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf l6kf]6 ub}{ hfg'xf];\ . ;a} g;d]l6Psf eP yk ul/lbg'xf];\ . sfdsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ rng 5, 5}g olb 5 eg] To:tf] rng ;'wf/ ug{ jf x6fpg ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfosf] af/]df k|Zgf]Q/sf] dfWodaf6 lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M

;dbf'odf s:tfs:tf sfd ul/G5 <

sfd ug]{ JolStnfO{ s:tf] Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 <

sfd ug]{ JolSt 7"nf] sL sfd gug]{ JolSt <

95

ltdLnfO{ s'g sfd dgk5{ < lsg < cflb

-u_ n'uf sk8fsf] k|of]udf ldtJolotf ckgfpg] pkfox¿sf] ;"rL sfnf]kf6L jf 7"nf sfuhdf n]v]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

n'ufsk8f k6\6ofP/ jf x\ofª\u/df em'G8ofP/ /fVg] .

;do ;dodf w'g]

kmf]xf]/ 7fp“df gv]Ng]

htg ;fy nufpg]

O:qL -cfO/g_ ug]{ cflb .

-3_ ljBfyL{x¿sf n'uf sk8fsf] ;/;kmfOsf] cj:yf s:tf] /xG5 eGg] clen]v /fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 . o;sf] nflu tn pNn]v u/]cg';f/sf] cjnf]sg kmf/fd agfP/ clen]v /fVg] ug'{xf];\ .

ljBFyL{sf] gfd n'ufsf] cj:yf

;w}“ ;kmf nufpg] #

k|foh;f] ;kmf nufpg] @

slxn]sfxL“ dfq ;kmf nufpg] !

slxNo} ;kmf gnufpg] .

) -ª_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf To; If]qdf pTkflbt tyf lgld{t j:t'x¿sf] ;fdu|L

;"rL ;f]wvf]h u/]/ Nofpg eGg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] NofPsf] ;"rL k9]/ ;'gfpg nufO{ l6kf]6 ub}{ hfg'xf];\ / 5'6]sf] eP yk u/]/ j:t'x¿sf] gfdsf] ;"rLnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg'xf];\ .

-r_ pSt ;"rLdf pNn]v ul/Psf j:t'x¿dWo] ljBfyL{sf 3/df, ljBfnodf, lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{n]

s'gs'g ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . ;f]wvf]h u/L l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf If]qdf pTkflbt tyf lgld{t j:t'x¿ k|of]u ubf{ x'g] kmfObfx¿ k|Zgf]Q/ tyf 5nkmnaf6 tof/ ug'[xf];\ . h:t} M

;:tf] x'g]

:yfgLo JolStn] /f]huf/ kfpg]

pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf; x'g]

:yfgLo k"“hL aflxl/g /f]lsg]

96

ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] cflb . afnaflnsfnfO{ klg :yfgLo j:t'sf] k|of]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{sf] afgLdf ;'wf/ eP gePsf] cjnf]sgaf6 d"Nofª\sg u/L clen]v ;d]t /fVg'xf];\ . h:t} M s'g ljBfyL{

s] j:t' k|of]u u¥of] sxf“ ag]sf] xf] afgL ;'wf/ eof]÷ ePg

k[i7kf]if0f

dbg v]nf}gf cfkm\g} If]qdf

/Ltf vfhf aflx/ ag]sf] :yfgLo ufp“sf] vfhf vfg]

-5_ k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ :yfgLo 7fp“df ul/g] cfocfh{gsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ !)÷!) cf]6fsf] gfd n]v]/ Nofpg nufpg'xf];\ / pgLx¿n] n]v]sf ;"rL hf“r u/]/ cfjZos eP ;'wf/ ;d]t ul/lbg'xf];\ . h:t} M

t/sf/L v]tL

s'v'/fkfng

rf]ofsf ;fdfg agfpg] -8f]sf], 8fnf], y'G;], dfGb|f] cflb_

pmgsf] ;fdn agfpg] -6f]kL, l:j6/, df]hf, k~hf cflb_

afv|f kfng

dfx'/L kfng

df5f kfng

hl8a'6L v]tL

Rofp v]tL

kmnkm"n v]tL

;'“u'/ kfng cflb .

nf]stfaf6 sfuh agfpg]

df6fsf ef8f agfpg]

;fa'g agfpg] pBf]u

d}gj}QL pBf]u

k'tnLx¿ agfpg] .

97

sIff – % PsfO M !

cfkm" cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s

p2]Zo -s_ cfkm\gf] l5d]sLx¿sf] sfd / k];f atfpg . -v_ ;fd'bflos sfddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg . -u_ l5d]sLx¿k|lt plrt Jojxf/ ug{ . d'Vo ljifoj:t' afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] l5d]sLx¿sf] sfd / k];faf/] hfgsf/L x'g'kb{5 . cfkm\gf] l5d]sLx¿n] ckgfPsf d'Vo sfd÷k];f s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/ / gf]s/Lsf af/]df l;sfOg'kb{5 . v]tLkftL tyf kz'kfng s[lif sfdcGtu{t kb{5g\ eg] 8f]sf], 8fnf] agfpg], n'uf sk8f a'Gg] l;pg]] df6f]sf] ef“8f] agfpg], kmnfdsf] sfd cflb pBf]uleq kb{5g\ . o;}u/L xf]6n ljleGg ;fdfgsf] v'b|f tyf yf]s Jofkf/ cflb Jofkf/leq kb{5g\ eg] gf]s/LcGtu{t lzIfs, sd{rf/L x'g] h:tf sfo{ kg]{ s'/f pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;d'bfodf x'g] ljleGg sfo{x¿ h:t}M ;fd'bflos sfddf d2t, ljjfx, j|taGwdf ;xof]u, ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df ;/;kmfO, ljBfno af6f]3f6f], rf}tf/f, kf6Lkf}jf cflb lgdf{0f tyf dd{t ;xof]u ug]{ s'/fx¿sf] af/]df ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fpg' h?/L x'G5 . o;}u/L pgLx¿n] l5d]sLx¿k|lt ug]{ Jojxf/ -h:t} 7"nfsf] OHht tyf ;Ddfg / ;fgfnfO{ dfof_ cfjZos ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg l5d]sdf hftkft, wd{ 7"nf] ;fgf] uf]/f], sfnf] wgL ul/a dlxnf, k'?if cflb ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿ksf] Jojxf/ / ;xfg'e"lt c¿sf] b'Mv kL8f a'emg] h:tf sfo{x¿ ug'{kb{5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|L

ljleGg k];f n]lvPsf rf6{, lrq, tl:a/

;fd'bflos sfd emNsg] lrq, tl:a/

;fj{hlgs :ynsf] tl:a/ . l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf ¿kdf cfkm\gf l5d]sLn] ug]{ sfd / k];fsf af/]df lgDgfg';f/sf] tflnsfdf l6kf]6 u/L Nofpg nufpg]M

98

j|m=;++ l5d]sLsf] gfd sfd ÷k];f != @= #= $= %=

l5d]sLx¿n] ug]{ d'Vo sfd k];f emNsg] lrq÷ tl:a/ k|:t't u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] ;f]wL To;sf af/]df eGg nufpg] .

s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/cGtu{t s] s:tf sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L ;d"x sfo{ ug{ nufO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg ;lsg] .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljBfno glhsdf /x]sf] ljleGg k];fdf ;+nUg JolStx¿;“u e]6 u/fO{ pgLx¿n] ug{] sfdsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lng -dflysf] tflnsfnfO{_ nufpg] .

pko'{Stcg';f/sf] lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf, ;lj|motf s] s:tf] 5 To;sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿n] s] slt sfo{x¿ u/]sf 5g\ To;nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

j|m=;+= ljBfyL{sf] gfd ljBfyL{sf] ;lj|motf

pRr /fd|f] ;fdfGo sdhf]/

!= @= #= $= %=

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d'bfodf x'g] s] s:tf sfo{x¿df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf 5g\ To;sf] rf6{df tof/ ug{ nufpg] .

;fj{hlgs :ynx¿sf] ;/;kmfOcGtu{t ljBfno / ljBFno glhssf] af6f]3f6f] rf}tf/f]sf] ;/;kmfO ug{ nufpg] .

ljBFyL{x¿n] ;/;kmfO{ sfo{ tyf ;d'bfodf u/]sf] ;xof]usf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{kb{5 . k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] /]s8{ clen]v /fvL pgLx¿sf] cjnf]sgdfkm{t d"Nofª\sg ug'{kb{5 .

99

j|m=;+= ljBfyL{sf] gfd ;xeflutf ;lj|motf ;xof]u

!= @= #= $= %=

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l5d]sLx¿k|lt s] s:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ ;f]wL 5nkmn ug]{ .

ljBfyL{x¿dWo]af6 l5d]sLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ nufO{ pgLx¿n] l5d]sLx¿k|lt ug]{ Jojxf/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ nufpg] .

ljBFyL{x¿n] u/]sf lj|mofsnfksf] cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

ljBfyL{x¿;“u ;d'bfodf s] s:tf] e]befj /x]sf] 5 < 5nkmn ub}{ ;fdflhs e]befj x6fpg v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsfsf] af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg] . wgL, ul/a, dlxnf k'?if hftkft, 7"nf] ;fgf] uf]/f], sfnf] cflbnfO{ ;dfg lsl;dn] Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f k|:6 kfg]{ .

c? JolStsf] kL8f, b'Mv a'emL cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xof]u ug]{ s'/f e"ldsf clego u/FO{ ;xL ¿kdf u/] gu/]sf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

ljBfyL{x¿sf lj|mofsnfknfO{ cjnf]sg u/L clen]v /fVg'kg]{ pgLx¿n] u/]sf lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] cj:yfcg';f/ cfjZostfadf]lhd k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .

100

PsfO M @

xfd|f] k/Dk/f ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf

p2]Zo -s_ k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs k|rngx¿sf] -lzi6frf/_ t'ngfTds cWoog u/L /fd|f k|rngx¿

cjnDag ug]{ . -v_ cfkm\gf] lhNnfleqsf efiff, wd{, j]ze"if, /xg;xgsf] af/]df atfpg / ljleGg d]nf

kj{x¿sf ;xefuL x'g . -u_ g]kfnL ePsf]df cfTd;Ddfg ug{ / ljleGg ljsf; sfo{df ;xefuL x'g . -3_ cfkm\gf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ JolStx¿sf] c;n sfdaf6 k|]/0ff lng / cg's/0fLo sfd ug{ . d'Vo ljifoj:t' xfd|f k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs k|rngx¿sf] af/]df afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 . t'ngfTds cWoog u/fO{ ;dfhdf /x]sf k/Dk/fut k|rngdf /fd|f / g/fd|f 5'6\ofO{ /fd|f kIfx¿nfO{ dfq cjnDag ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{kb{5 . h;cg';f/ cfdf, a'jf / u'?nfO{ cfb/ gft]bf/x¿;“u e]63f6 ug]{ sfo{df hf]8 lbg] . o;} u/L k'?if, dlxnf, wgL, ul/a,hflt, j0f{, wd{ cflbdf ;fdfGo lzi6 Jojxf/, dfg, ;Ddfg, Ifdf clejfbg wGojfb 1fkg cflb h:tf Jojxf/ u/fpg] vfnsf lj|mofsnfkx¿df hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . o;}u/L lhNnf:t/Lo efiff wd{ j]ze"iffsf] kl/ro lbg'kb{5 . cfkm\gf] lhNnfleq dflgg] ljleGg wd{x¿sf] ;"rL lgdf{0f / ;a} k|sf/sf] wd{k|lt ;Demgf /fVg', lhNnf leqsf /xg;xg /Lltl/jfhsf] hfgsf/L tyf j]ze"iffsf] cjnf]sg / j0f{g ug'{ u/fpg'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ cfkm" a;]sf] lhNnfleqsf ljleGg d]nfkj{ rf8kj{x¿sf] gfd, dgfOg] dlxgf, o;sf] k/Dk/f dxŒj / :yfgLo kj{df ;xeflutf x'g] s'/fx¿df hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm" g]kfnL ePsf]df cfTd;Ddfg ug{ If]q / b]zsf k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ gbL lxdfn, tfn, /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt', h8La'6Lsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug]{ sf{odf ;r]t u/fpg'kb{5 . P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿ d7dlGb/, :df/s, If]qLo / /fli6«o ¿kdf /x]sf k|fs[lts tyf P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{g ug{ hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . cfkm\gf] If]qsf] pGglt / enfOsf nflu sfd ug]{ JolStx¿ lzIfs, 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, k/f]ksf/L, ;dfh;]jL, lj4fg k|fWofks / cGo ;dfhsf Voflt k|fKt JolStx¿af6 k|]/0ff lng / pgLxnfO{ ;dfg ug{ h:tf sfo{x¿ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t u/fpg'kb{5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|L

k/Dk/fut k|rngx¿ n]lvPsf rf6{ .

;dfgtf b;f{pg] zAb, lzi6 Jojxf/, clejfbg b;f{pg] lrq .

efiff, wd{, j]ze"iff emNsg] lrq

d]nfkj{, rf8kj{ b;f{pg] lrq÷tl:a/

gbL, lxdfn, tfn, /fli6«o lgs'~h jGohGt', hl8a'6L, d7dlGb/sf] lrq .

101


ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;dfhsf k/Dk/fut k|rngx¿sf] lrq tl:a/ k|bz{g u/L /fd|f / g/fd|f kIf 5'6\ofpg nufO{ t'ngfTds cWoog ug{ nufpg] .

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ /fd|f k|rngx¿sf] clego ug{ nufpg] . clegosf cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] lj|mofsnfksf] cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

lzi6 Jojxf/, dfg ;Ddfgdf clejfbg wGojfbsf] k|of]u u/L clego ug{ nufpg] / cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .

ljBFyL{x¿nfO{ u[xsfo{sf ¿kdf cfkm\gf] lhNnfleq af]lng] efiff, dflgg] wd{, lhNnfleq /xg;xgsf] l/ltl/jfhsf] af/]df rf6{ tof/ ug{ nufpg] .

lhNnfleq af]lng] efiff / dflgg] wd{

j|m+=;+= efiff wd{ rf8kj{

!= @= #= $= %=

o;}u/L lhNnfleq dgfOg] rf8kj{x¿sf] gfd tL dgfOg] dlxgf / dxŒjsf] af/]df pNn]v u/L lgDgfg';f/sf] rf6{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;dIf tof/ ug{ nufO{ k|:t't ug{ lrq, rf6{sf] k|of]u ug]{ .

j|m=;+= d]nfkj{÷rf8kj{ dlxgf dxŒj

!= @= #= $= %=

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ :yfgLo kj{df ;xefuL ePsf] clego ug{ nufpg] . olb kj{ ;~rfng x'g] :yfg ljBFnoaf6 glhs ePdf kj{df g} e|d0f u/fpg] . pSt cj:yfdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] cjnfs]g u/L pgLx¿sf] lj|mofsnfksf] clen]v /fVg] .

ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf lj|mofsnfk / u[xsfo{sf] cjnf]sg u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg] . s;n] s] slt u[xsfo{x¿ u/]sf] 5 cjnf]sg u/L /]s8{ clen]v /fVg'kb{5 .

kl/of]hgf sfo{sf ¿kdf cfkm\gf] If]q / /fi6«sf k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg] .

pSt k|fs[lts tyf P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g nflu ljBfno glhssf] s'g} :yndf nflu ;xefuL u/fpg] .

102

pSt j:t'x¿sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;j|md ;DalGwt If]qsf JolStx¿;“u cGt/lj|mof ug{ cfjZos cj;/ k|bfg u/L ;+/If0f ;+jw{gsf nflu pTk]|l/t u/fpg'kb{5 .

cfkm\gf] If]qsf] pGgltsf nflu sfd ug]{ jf JolStx¿ s'gs'g If]qsf k];fsdL{ jf ;dfh;]jL x'g ;Sb5g\ eGg] af/]df 3/kl/jf/ tyf l5d]sdf ;f]wvf]h u/L lgDgfg';f/sf] rf6{ tof/ u/L Nofpg nufpg] .

j|m=;+= If]q, k];f u/]sf] ljz]if sfo{

!= lzIfs @= #= $= %=

pko'{St tflnsfcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] u[xsfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/] gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg] / pgLx¿sf] clen]v /fVg] .

dflysf lj|mofsnfkx¿sf cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L lgDgfg';f/sf] tflnsfdf clen]v /fvL cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .


j|m=;+= ljBFyL{sf] gfd u[xsfo{ kl/of]hgf sfo{

clego ;xeflutf k|:t'tLs/0f

!= @= #= $= %=

103

PsfO M #


p2]Zo -s_ dfbs tyf nfu'kbfy{ ;]jgaf6 6f9f /xg / To:tf s'ntdf nfu]sf JolStx¿nfO{ ;'wf/sf= k|of; ug{ . -v_ ;dfhdf rf]/L 8s}tL h:tf 36gfk|lt ;hu /xL glhssf] ;'/Iff lgsfodf va/ ug{ . -u_ afx\o ;+:s[ltsf] gsf/fTds k|efjaf6 aRg / cfkm\gf] ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{g ug{ . d'Vo ljifoj:t' o; PsfOdf ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;d:ofx¿ s'nt, rf]/L, 8s}tL, cgfjZos gSsn ug]{ k|j[lQ h:tf ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . ;dfhdf ;d:of cfpg glbg jf em}emu8fsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g glbg d]nldnfk sfod ug]{ tl/sf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] lgjf/0fsf nflu :yfkgf ePsf ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfsf] kl/ro lbg'sf] ;fy} ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;d]6LPsf] 5 . ;dfhdf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ cfp“5g\ . tL ;d:ofsf] plrt ;dfwfg ;dodf ug{ ;lsPg eg] To:tf ;d:ofn] ljs/fn ¿k lng ;Sb5g\ . ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfkm\gf] txaf6 kxn ug{ ;lsg] pkfosf] vf]hL ug{ nufpg'sf] ;fy} ;fdflhs ;d:ofaf6 aRg l;sfpg] clek|fo o; PsfOsf] /x]sf] 5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|L dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]/ nl8/x]sf JolStx¿sf] tl:a/, ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ;"rL

;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfsf tl:a/x¿, ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] gfd / sfd n]lvPsf] tflnsf, krf{ kDKn]6 / kf]:6/x¿, kqklqsfsf ;fGble{s ;dfrf/sf sl6ªx¿

l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg -s_ dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]/ af6f]df nl8/x]sf] tl:a/ b]vfp“b} dfbs kbfy{sf] ;]jg ugf{n] x'g]

xflg ;DaGwdf ljBFyL{nfO{ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ / PsPscf]6f xflg gf]S;fgL eGg nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] :ki6;“u atfpg ;s] g;s]sf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ ljleGg kqklqsfdf k|sflzt dfbskbfy{ ;]jg / cGo s'ntsf sf/0f ;dfhdf 36]sf cfk/flws 36gf;DaGwL ;dfrf/sf sl6ª\ux¿ ljBFyL{nfO{ ;ª\sng ug{ nufO{ 7"nf] rf6{k]k/df 6f“;]/ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / tL ;dfrf/af6 k|fKt ;Gb]z 5f]6s/Ldf l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-u_ cfkm\gf] ;+:sf/ k/Dk/fnfO{ la;]{/ ljb]zL ;+:s[ltsf] gSsn ubf{ cfkm\gf] df}lns klxrfg x/fpg]tkm{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;r]t u/fp“b} /fd|f k/Dk/f / ;+:sf/ tyf g/fd|f k/Dk/f / ;+:sf/ 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ . afnaflnsfsf] Jojxf/ / rfnrngsf] ;"'Id cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . cf}krfl/s ¿kdf dfq ge} cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf laxfg a]n'sLsf] cltl/St ;dodf 3/ kl/jf/df ug]{ pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/sf] cleefjs;“u ;f]wk'5 u/L clen]v /fVg'xf];\ / pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;Nnfx / k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

104

-3_ ljleGg ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yf / ltgsf] sfd n]lvPsf] tflnsf k|bz{g u/L tL ;+:yfsf af/]df ljBfyL{aLr 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . 5nkmndf ljBfyL{sf] ;lj|motf lgl:j|motfsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

j|m=;+= ljBFyL{sf] gfd ;lj|motf

pQd dWod lgDg != @= #= $= %= -ª_ ;fdflhs ;d:of lgjf/0fdf ljleGg lgsfosf] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg'xf];\ .

k|Zgsf] gd'gf lgDgfg';f/sf] x'g;Sb5 .

:yfgLo lgsfo s'gs'g 5g\ <

:yfgLo lgsfon] ug]{ sfdsf] ;"rL tof/ kf/ .

ltd|f] ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf ;+:yf gfd / sfdnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

gd'gf tflnsf

j|m=;+= ;+:yfsf] gfd ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu u/]sf] sfd

pknlAw

^= ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:of / ltgsf] lg/fs/0fsf pkfo 7"nf cIf/df n]vL ljBfnosf] xftf

jl/kl/ 6f“; ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

105

PsfO M $

gful/s r]tgf

p2]Zo -s_ df}lns clwsf/ / st{Jok|lt ;hu /xg / pkof]u ug{ . -v_ /fli6«o ;Dkbf ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{gsf nflu ;~rflnt d'Vo cfof]hgfx¿sf] gfd atfpg /

ltgLx¿sf] sfddf ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{ . -u_ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rlncfPsf /fd|f ;fdflhs lgodx¿ kfngf ug{ / o;k|lt c¿nfO{ klg

;r]t u/fpg . -3_ cfkm" a;]sf] lhNnfsf] lh=lj=;=sf] kl/ro, ;+/rgf sfo{ atfpg . -ª_ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf kl/lrt tyf ckl/lrt JolSt;“u ;xof]u / ;b\efj sfod ug{ . d'Vo ljifoj:t' o; PsfOdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ df}lns clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/fpg, c¿sf] xssf] xgg\ gu/fpg, cfkm\gf] st{Jok|lt ;r]t /xL sfo{ ug{ k|]l/t u/fpg'k5{ . /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{gsf nflu j[Iff/f]k0f, ;fd'bflos jg, /fli6«o lgs'~h / ;/sf/L Pjd\ hg:t/af6 ;~rflnt k'/fTflTjs dxŒjsf ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fdf ;xefuL x'g k|]l/t u/fpg'k5{ . ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngf, hfqf, kj{, d]nfdf ;xeflutf l9s'6L, P]rf]k}“rf], u'7L, e]hf -du/ hftsf] rng_ cflbdf ;xeflutf u/fpg k|]l/t ug'{k5{ . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] kl/ro, ;+/rgf / sfo{x¿sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf kl/lrt / ckl/lrt;“u lzi6 / gd| Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ . JolStx¿aLr åGå ePdf To;sf] dWo:ytf u/L ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ k|]l/t ug'{k5{ . cfk;L ;b\efj / d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L ;dfhdf lbuf] zflGt sfod ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{k5{ . z}lIfs ;fdu|L

;+ljwfgsf df}lns clwsf/sf ;"rL, d'Vod'Vo cfof]hgfsf lrq -j[If/f]k0f, l;“rfO, k'/ftŒj;DaGwL_, hfqfdf ;xeflutf ePsf] tl:a/, lh=lj=;=sf] ;ª\u7gsf] ;+/rgfsf] rf6{, sfo{x¿sf] ;"rL, Ps cfk;df dWo:ytf u/]sf] tl:a/ cflb .

l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg -s_ df}lns clwsf/sf] ;"rL k|bz{g u/L 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/] gu/]sf]

k|Zgf]Q/ u/fO{ ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ c¿sf] clwsf/sf] xgg u5{ ub}{g cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ /fli6«o ;Dkbf ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g;DaGwL d'Vod'Vo cfof]hgfsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f u/fO{ k|ltj]bg n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / To;sf cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . k|ltj]bgsf] vfsf lgDgfg';f/sf] x'g] 5 M

106

!= cfof]hgfsf] gfdM @= cfof]hgf :ynM #= cfof]hgf ;'? ePsf] ldlt M $= cfof]hgf k"/f x'g] ;do M %= cfof]hgfaf6 nfefljGt hg;ª\Vof M ^= cfof]hgfdf ;++nUg lgsfo M &= cfof]hgfsf] nfut M *= cfof]hgfsf] pknlAw M

-u_ cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf hfqf, kj{ / d]nfdf ;xeflutf eP gePsf] cjnf]sg u/L To;sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-3_ lh=lj=;=sf] ;ª\u7g rf6{ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / To;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . ;ª\u7g rf6{sf] gd'gf kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] 5 . To;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-ª_ ljBfyL{nfO{ lh=lj=;=sf] cjnf]sg e|d0f u/fO{ To;n] ug]{ sfo{sf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / To;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-r_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d'bfosf kl/lrt / ckl/lrt JolSt;“u ul/g] Jojxf/sf] clego u/fpg'xf];\ . Jojxfl/s kl/jt{g eof] ePg d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

-5_ sIffdf jf aflx/ h'g;'s} :yfgdf klg ;fyLx¿aLr emu8f ePdf dWo:ytf u/L emu8f /f]Sg] sfo{df k|]l/t u/fpg To; ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{nfO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / clegoåf/f To:tf ;Lkx¿ l;s] gl;s]sf] cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

107

PsfO M %

xfd|f] k[YjL

p2]Zo -s_ xfd|f] b]zsf] k|fs[lts :j¿k / ;fdflhs hghLjg cWoog u/L atfpg . -v_ g]kfnsf] gS;fdf dxŒjk"0f{ :ynx¿ b]vfpg . -u_ Unf]a / gS;fdf dxflbk / dxf;fu/ b]vfpg . -3_ l5d]sL /fi6«x¿ e'6fg, aª\unfb]z, kfls:tfg, >Lnª\sf, dflNbE; / ckmuflg:tfgsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro lbg . d'Vo ljifoj:t' o; PsfOsf] klxnf] efudf g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns kl/ro ;dfj]z 5 . g]kfn ef}uf]lns ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ d'n's xf] . g]kfnsf] w/ftn blIf0faf6 pQ/tkm{ cUnf] x'“b} uPsf] 5 . prfO a9\b} uPkl5 tfkj|md 36\b} hfG5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] t/fO{ k|b]zdf udL{, dWo kxf8L efudf ;dzLtf]i0f -w]/} udL{ jf w]/} hf8f] gx'g]_ / lxdfnL k|b]zdf lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . xfjfkfgL km/s k/]cg';f/ k|fs[lts jg:kltdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . blIf0fsf] t/fO{ k|b]zdf udL{ / jiff{ w]/} x'g] x'gfn] pi0f ;bfaxf/ -;w}“ xl/of] x'g]_ / 7"nf kft ePsf jg:kltx¿ h:t}M ;fn, l;;f}, gl/jn, ;'kf/L, s]/f, cflb kfOG5 . oL jg:kltsf] gof“ kft cfPkl5 dfq kftx¿ em5{g\ . kxf8L If]qdf lxp“bdf kft emg]{ ktem/ jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . lsgls kxf8L k|b]zdf lxp“b ;'Vvf / lr;f] x'G5 . h;/L xfdL d'vaf6 kfgL vfG5f}“ / lk;fasf] dfWodaf6 kfgL kmfN5f}“ . To;}u/L jg:kltn] h/faf6 kfgL ;f]:5 / kftaf6 jfikLs/0f u/L kfgL kmfN5 . kxf8L w/ftn le/fnf] x'g] x'“bf lxp“bsf] jiff{ gx'g] ;dodf Toxf“sf] df6f] cToGt ;'Vvf x'G5 . h;sf sf/0f h/faf6 kfgL ;f]:g kfp“b}g . To:tf] cj:yfdf kftaf6 kfgL kmfln/xg] xf] eg] la?jf dg{;S5 . To;}n] lxp“bdf tL jg:kltx¿n] cfkm\gf kftx¿ kmfn]/ gfª\uf] x'G5g\ . jiff{t\ nfUg'cl3 kfn'jf xfN5g\ . lxdfnL e]udf lxp“kg]{ / w]/} lr;f] x'g] x'gfn] hf8f]af6 hf]lug Toxf“sf jg:kltsf 8f“7df afSnf] af]j|mf /x]sf x'G5g\ . kft dl;gf / xf“uf nrsbf/ x'G5g\ h;df lxp“ cl8g ;Sb}g . lxdfnL k|b]z klg ;'Vvf ePsf] x'“bf jfikLs/0f sd ug{sf] lglDt dl;gf kft x'G5g\ . ;Nnf, w'kL, b]jbf/ hftsf jg:klt oxf“ kfOG5g\ . lxdfnL k|b]zdf a9L 9'ª\uf / afn'jf ldl;Psf] df6f] kfOG5 eg] kxf8L k|bz]df /ftf] km';|f] sd pAhfpx'g] df6f] kfOG5 . t/fO{ k|b]zdf gbLn] aufP/ NofO{ y'kf/]sf] dlnnf] g/d kf“uf] df6f] kfOG5 . xfjfkfgL, jg:klt, df6f]sf] :j¿kcg';f/ dflg;x¿sf] /xg;xg / njfOvjfO klg km/s km/s /x]sf] x'G5 . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf / hghLjgsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg' g} o; kf7sf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . o; PsfOsf] bf];|f] efudf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] cfsf/k|sf/ / ljleGg ef]uf]lns tYox¿ gS;fsf] dfWodaf6 kl/lrt u/fpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] gS;f ptfg]{ ;/n ljlwx¿ l;sfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] gS;fdf gbL, kxf8, af6f], ljleGg :yfgx¿ eg]{ cEof; u/fOG5 . Unf]a / gS;fsf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf k|of]ufTds cEof;x¿ u/fOG5 . t];|f] efudf xfd|f l5d]sL /fi6«x¿sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . vf; u/L ;fs{ ;ª\u7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] af/]df kl/lrt u/fpg] lj|mofsnfk / ljifoj:t' o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

108

z}lIfs ;fdu|L g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts / /fhg}lts leQ] gS;f, P6n;x¿ -sDtLdf#–$ hgfnfO{ Pp6f k'Ug] u/L_ g]kfnsf] /]vfª\lst vfnL gS;fx¿, g]kfnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k, jg:klt, hghLjg b]vfpg] lrq tyf kmf]6f]x¿, Pl;ofsf] leQ] gS;f, ;fs{ ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ljleGg tYox¿ b]vfpg] lrq / tl:a/x¿, dfl:sª 6]k, s}“rL, k'/fgf kqklqsf .

l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg -s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf af“ª\g'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xnfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] sfo{x¿ ug{

nufpg'xf];\ . s]xL lrq / tl:a/x¿ cfkm}“n] lbg'xf];\ . ;d"x ‘s’ w/ftnLo :j¿kcg';f/ lxdfnL kxf8L / t/fO If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ lrq, tl:a/

jf 7fp“x¿sf] gfp“ n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{ tof/ ug]{ . ;d"x ‘v’ lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ k|b]zsf] hghLjg emNsfpg] lrq, tl:a/ jf ljj/0f

n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{ tof/ ug]{ . ;d"x ‘u’ lxdfnL, kxf8L, t/fO{ k|b]zsf] jg:kltsf lrq, tl:a/, ljj/0f n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{

tof/ ug]{ . ;d"x‘3’ lxdfnL kxf8L / t/fO{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ df6f]sf] 7f]; gd'gf jf ljj/0f tof/

ug]{ . leQfdf 7"nf] g]kfnsf] gS;f 6f“:g'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xn] kfn}kfnf] cfcfkm\gf] ;d"xdf k/]sf j:t'x¿ ;DalGwt 7fp“df 6f“:g nufpg] / ;a}n] cjnf]sg u/L gldn]sf 7fp“df ldnfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;lj|motf, ;fd"lxs sfo{ / ldNg] u/L 6f“;] g6f“;]sf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . -v_ af]8{df tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfpg'xf];\ jf uf]hL tflnsf /fVg'xf];\ . lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{

k|b]zdf kfOg] jg:kltx¿, xfjfkfgL, vfg]s'/f, afnLgfnL, df6f], j]ze"iff, hfthflt cflb n]lvPsf] 5'6\6f5'6\6} d]6fsf8{x¿ jf lrqkQLx¿ agfpg'xf];\ . ltgnfO{ 5\of;ld; kf/]/ /fvL x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ PsPscf]6f sf8{ lng nufpg'xf];\ / tflnsfsf] ldNg] sf]7fdf 6f“:g nufpg'xf];\ . gldn]df ldnfpg ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

h:t} M lr;f] kf“uf]df6f] ktem/ z]kf{ lxdfnL k|b]z kxf8L k|b]z t/fO{ k|b]z

xfjfkfgL jg:klt df6f] vfg]s'/f n'uf afnLgfnL 7fp“x¿ hfthflt hldg

-u_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] vfnL gS;f / kftnf] sfuh lbP/ /]vfª\lst gS;fdfly kftnf] sfuh /fv]/ 6«]; ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . of] sfo{ @–$ k6s ug{ nufPkl5 vfnL xftn] sfkLdf

109

gS;f sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ . 6]«; u/]sf] gS;fdf ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]u u/]/ P6n; x]b}{ gbL, kxf8, tfn, af6f] cflb eg{ nufpg'xf];\ . lgDg cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg u/L cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{sf] gfd jf /f]n g+= cfsf/k|sf/ ;ª\s]t e/]sf] :yfg

-3_= Unf]a x]/L tnsf s'/fx¿ kQf nufpg eGg] . x/]s ljBfyL{n] kfn]}kfnf] Unf]a x]/L pSt

s'/fx¿ kQf nufpg'kg]{ x'G5 . h:t}M k|zfGt dxf;fu/ e"dWo] /]vf, g]kfn, cd]l/sf, ef/t, rLg, hfkfg cflb . g;Sg] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ . o;}u/L ljZjsf] leQ] /fhg}lts gS;f jf P6n;df x]/]/ o:t} s'/fx¿ kQf nufpg eGg'xf];\ .

-ª_= ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':ts x]/]/ l5d]sL /fi6«x¿sf] ljleGg kIfsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] tYox¿ n]lvPsf sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿ tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . h:t} M

sf]nDaf] df5f @ s/f]8 % nfv cflb Ps ;d"xnfO{ Pp6f b]zsf] ljj/0f n]Vg nufp“bf pko'St x'G5 . ;a}n] tof/ kf/]sf]

ljj/0fsf sf8{x¿ Ps} 7fp“df 5\of;ld; kf/]/ /fVg] x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ PsPscf]6f sf8{ 5fg]/ tnsf] h:t} ldNg] 7fp“df /fVg nufpg] . ldNof] ldn]g cGo ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;f]Wg] / gldn]df ;RofOlbg] . of] ljmofsnfk b'O{ tLg k6s u/fpg] k|To]s k6s ldnfpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof l6Kb} hfg] . pknlAw:t/ a9\bf] j|mddf x'g'k5{ .

e'6fg aª\unfb]z >Lnª\sf dflNbE; ckmuflg:tfg kfls:tfg

If]qkmn l;dfgf /fhwfgL xfjfkfgL hg;ª\Vof efiff pTkfbg k];f d'b|f pknlAw:t/ -ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof_

klxnf] k6s bf];|f] k6s t];|f] k6s

oL tYox¿;DaGwL k|Zg agfP/ xflh/L hjfkm klg ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .

110

PsfO M ^

xfd|f] ljut

p2]Zo -s_ cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf P]ltxfl;s JolStTjsf] vf]hL / ;Ddfg ug{ tyf P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿

;+/If0fdf ;xof]u ug{ . -v_ g]kfnsf] k|frLgsfn -dlxifkfn / ls/ft_sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ultljlw j0f{g ug{ . -u_ xfd|f /fli6«o lje"ltx¿ / /fi6« k|d'v tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg . d'Vo ljifoj:t' Oltxf; eg]sf] ljutsf 36gfx¿sf] tYo k"0f{ ljj/0f xf] . xfd|f] 3/, 5/l5d]s / ;d'bfodf ljleGg P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿ 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} ljleGg JolStx¿n] ;dfh / /fi6«sf lglDt of]ubfg lbPsf x'G5g\ . To:tf j:t' / JolStx¿sf] klxrfg Pjd\ vf]hLaf6 ljleGg P]ltxfl;s tYox¿ km]nf kg{ ;S5g\ . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ To:tf P]ltxfl;s JolStx¿sf] vf]hL Pjd\ ;Ddfg ug]{ afgL a;fpg'k5{ . sIff % b]lv g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] cWoog u/fpg] j|mddf uf]kfn j+z, dlx;kfn j+z / ls/ft sfnsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro u/fpg] kf7 o; PsfOdf ul/Psf] 5 . /fi6« / ;dfhsf] OHht a9\g] / nf]slxtsf/L sfd ug]{ JolStx¿nfO{ /fi6«n] ;Ddfg :j¿k /fli6«o lje"lt egL 3f]if0ff ub{5 . To:tf /fli6«o lje"ltx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] kf7x¿ o; PsfOdf /flvPsf] 5 . xfn g]kfndf !^ hgf /fli6«o lje"ltsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] /fli6«o lje"lt 3f]if0ff ug]{ j|md rln/xg] x'“bf ylkPsf lje"ltx¿sf af/]df klg vf]hL u/L lzIf0f ug'{k5{ . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf /fi6« k|d'v / ;/sf/ k|d'vx¿sf] af/]df klg hfgsf/L x'g'k5{ . ;/sf/ k|d'v / /fi6« k|d'vx¿ kl/jt{g eO/xg] x'gfn] kl/jt{g x'gf;fy} afnaflnsfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . z}lIfs ;fdu|L d]6fsf8{x¿, kf]:6/, lrq, s}“rL, ;fbf sfuh, ;fOgk]g, kqklqsf . l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg -s_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ $–% hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf P]ltxfl;s

j:t'x¿sf] vf]hL u/L ljj/0f ;ª\sng ug{, lznfkq, wft'kqx¿ k9\g / ;fg{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ lbg'xf];\ . ;d'bfosf P]ltxfl;s JolStTjx¿sf] vf]hL u/L ljj/0f tof/ ug{ JolStut kl/of]hgf sfo{ lbg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] tYo tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ j|mddf / pgLx¿n] tof/ kf/]sf] k|ltj]bg ljj/0fsf cfwf/df tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . pSt >]0fLdfkg tflnsfdf :t/ x]/L - _ lrx\g nufpg'xf];\ .

111

ljBfyL{sf] gfd÷/f]n g+= ;lj|motf tYo tYofª\s ljj/0f

b|i6JoM w]/} /fd|f] , ;fdfGo , sdhf]/ sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ k'g ;xof]u u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{ bf]xf]¥ofpg nufpg'xf];\ . k|ltj]bgdf

;DalGwt lrq jf tl:a/ /fv]df a9L k|fyldstf lbg'xf];\ . -v_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ls/ft uf]kfn, dlxifkfn sfndWo] s'g} Ps ;dosf] P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f k9]/

PsPscf]6f syf tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ . syf k9]/ ;'gfpg nufpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿sf] syfdf lgDg s'/fx¿sf] cfwf/df e/]/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

ljBfyL{sf] gfd÷/f]n g+= l;h{gfTdstf efiffut z'4tf tYox¿

b|i6JoM w]/} /fd|f] , /fd|f] , ;fdfGo -u_ ljBfyL;ª\Vof w]/} ePdf x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ uf]kfn, dlxifkfn / ls/ft sfnsf tYox¿

;DaGwdf pQ/;lxtsf k|Zgx¿ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}sf k|Zg / pQ/x¿ kfn}kfnf] k9]/ ;'gfpg nufpg'xf];\ . gldn]sf k|Zg tyf pQ/x¿ ;Rofpg] / bf]xf]l/Psf k|Zgx¿ x6fpg] . ;a} k|Zgx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fp“df /fvL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sDtLdf rf/ ;d"x agfpg] / xflh/L hjfkm k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng ug]{ . sd cª\s Nofpg] ;d"xnfO{ lj|mofsnfk ‘v’ df h:t} syf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . xflh/L hjfkmdf hjfkm lb“bf Ps ljBfyL{n] Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ dfq lbg kfpg] / ;a}sf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 dfq bf]xf]¥ofP/ kfnf] cfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .

-3_ kf7 $ sf] uLtdf no xfn]/ ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ cfkm";“u} ufpg nufpg'xf];\ . b'O{ tLg k6s

bf]xf]¥ofP/ ufpg nufpg'xf];\ . kl5Nnf] k6ssf] ufogsf j|mddf lgDg cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

112

gufpg] ljBFyL{ no ldnfpg g;Sg] ljBfyL{ /fd|f] ufpg] ljBfyL{

sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ k'g cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ . -ª_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b'O{b'O{hgfsf] ;d"x agfO{ x/]s ;d"xn] k[YjLgf/fo0f, aneb| / cd/l;+x dWo]

s'g} Ps;“usf] ;+jfbnfO{ xfpefpsf ;fy k9]/ jf gk9L clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . lgDg cfwf/df ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{sf] gfd xfpefp zAb pRrf/0f clego ws jf nfh dfg]

gdfg]sf]

b|i6JoM /fd|f] , l7s} , sdhf]/ -r_ x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} Ps /fli6«o lje"ltsf] kl/ro 7"nf cIf/df kfgfel/ x'g] u/L n]Vg

nufpg'xf];\ . kfn}kfnf] sIff cufl8 uO{ k9\b} leQfdf 6f“:b} ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;lsPkl5 Psk6s ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;a} kfgf k9\g nufpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 lgDg k|Zgx¿ klxn] ;d"xdf / kl5 JolStut ¿kdf ;f]wL d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M != kf;fª Nxfd'n] s] sfd u/]sL lyOg\ . @= efg'eSt sxf“ hlGdPsf lyP < #= efg'eStsf] vf]hL s;n] u/] < $= cª\u|]hnfO{ Pl;ofaf6 x6fpg] of]hgf s;n] agfP < %= /fd zfx s]sf lglDt k|l;4 lyP < ^= g]kfndf k|hftGq slxn] cfof] < &= ls/ft ;d'bfodf anL k|yfsf] cGTo s;n] u/]sf lyP < *= g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] g]t[Tj s;n] u/] < (= cª\u|]hn] nf]e b]vfp“bf klg gkm:g] JolSt sf] lyP < !)= g]kfn ;+jt\ s;n] rnfP <

113

!!= c+z'jdf{n] s] u/] < !@= cd/l;+xaf6 s] l;Sg ;lsG5 < !#= c/lgsf] h:t} x'g s] ug'{k5{ < !$= ;Ltf sxf“ hGd]sL lyOg\ < !%= n'lDagLdf hGd]sf lje"ltsf] gfd s] xf] < !^= ljåfgsf] ;ef sxf“ x'GYof] < -5_ ljBfnodf ePsf kqklqsfaf6 jt{dfg ;/sf/ k|d'v / /fi6« k|d'vx¿sf tl:a/ / pgLx¿n]

u/]sf sfd;DaGwL ;dfrf/x¿ ;ª\sng u/L leQ] klqsfdf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ . ljBFyL{sf] lgDg cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\M

;fdu|Lsf] ;fGble{stf

pTs[i6tf

;sf/fTdstf

;hfj6

114

PsfO M &


p2]Zo -s_ >dsf] ;Ddfg / ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug{ . -v_ ljBfnosf] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]udf ldtJolotf ckgfpg / htg ug{ . -u_ :jb]zL ;fdfgsf] pkof]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ . -3_ xfd|f] b]zsf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk klxrfg ug{ . d'Vo ljifoj:t' o; sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkm" /x]sf] lhNnfleqsf ljleGg JolStx¿n] ug]{ >d -sfd_ sf] hfgsf/L lng], tL sfd ug]{ JolStx¿sf] sfdsf cfwf/df e]befj x'g] /x]5 eg] To;sf] sf/0f vf]hL ug]{ / ;a} sfdsf] cfcfkm\gf] 7fp“df ;dfg dxŒj /x]sfn] To:tf] lje]b x6fpg] pkfox¿sf vf]hL ug{ nufpg] / pgLx¿nfO{ sfdsf cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gx'g] lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'kb{5 . ljBfnodf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdfgx¿ x'G5g\ . tL ;fdfgx¿sf] htgsf] ;fy k|of]u ug]{, rnfp“bf ;lsg] ;fdu|Lx¿ kfgL, rs cflb kmf¿ ug{ l;sfpg] ug'{k5{ . :jb]zdf pTkfbg x'g] ;fdfgx¿ klxrfg ug]{ / ;s];Dd ltg} ;fdu|L pkof]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ If]qsf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfksf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] o:t} ufp“, ;x/, k"jL{ If]q, dWo] If]q / klZrdL If]qdf x'g] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk / To;df ;dfgtf tyf leGgtfx¿ kQf nufpg nufpg] h:tf lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'kb{5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|L

ljleGg sfd;“u ;DalGwt tl:a/ tyf lrqx¿

ljBfnosf ;fdfgx¿sf] ljj/0f

:jb]zL ;fdfg / b]zsf ljleGg If]qdf ul/g] lj|mofsnfksf] ljj/0f

d"Nofª\sgsf nflu cfjZos kmf/fdx¿ cflb . l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofª\sg -s_ lhNnfleq /x]sf dflg;x¿n] ug]{ ljleGg k|sf/sf sfd ->d_x¿ ;f]wvf]h u/]/ To;sf]

ljj/0f n]v]/ Nofpg eGg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] n]v]/ NofPsf] ljj/0f kfn};“u eGg nufpg'xf];\ / l6kf]6 ub}{ hfg'xf];\ . 5'6]sf] eP yk u/L lbg'xf];\ . lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] sfo{ u/]/ NofP gNofPsf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg u/L gNofPsf] eP To;sf] sf/0f kQf nufO{ yk ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

115

-v_ ljBfyL{x¿n] >dsf] cfwf/df e]befj jf x]nf ug]{ u/] gu/]sf] ljleGg ;dodf cjnf]sg u/L To;sf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . pSt d"Nofª\sgsf nflu 9f“rf lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;S5 M

ljBfyL{sf] gfd jf /f]n g+=

e]befj ug]{ e]befj gug]{ lbOPsf] k[i7kf]if0f k[i7kf]if0f kl5 ;'wf/ eof] ePg

-u_ ljBfnodf ePsf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt

;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg] sfddf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L klxnf] ;d"xnfO{ v]n;“u ;DalGwt, bf];|f]nfO{ ;f+:s[lts sfo{j|md;“u ;DalGwt, t];|f]nfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L rf}yf]nfO{ ;/;kmfO;“u ;fdu|L ;DaGw u/]/ l6kf]6 ug{ nufPdf ;xh x'g ;S5 . ;d"x sfo{sf] ;dodf k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] ;+nUgtf, ;lj|motf cflbsf] cjnf]sg ug]{, d"Nofª\sg ug]{ / k[i7kf]if0f lbg] ug'{kb{5 .

-3_ ljBFnodf ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]udf ldtJolotf tyf htg u5{g\ ub}{gg\ eGg] kQf

nufpg ljBfyL{x¿sf] b}lgs Jojxf/ cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ . d"Nofª\sgsf] 9f“rf cfkm"nfO{ ;lhnf] x'g] u/L agfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .

pbfx/0fsf nflu Pp6f 9f“rf tn lbOPsf] 5M ljBfyL{sf] gfd

ljBfnosf] ;fdfgsf] htg tyf ldtJolotf lbOPsf] k[i7kf]if0f ;“w} ug]{ k|foh;f] ug]{ slxn]s“fxL

ug]{ ;DemfPdf dfq ug]{

slxNo} gug]{

-ª_ xfd|f] b]zdf ;~rfng ePsf cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿ 5nkmn u/L l6kf]6 ug{sf nflu

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf af“8\g'xf];\ . k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ sDtLdf Pp6f If]qsf] kg]{ u/L cfly{s lj|mofsnfksf] ljj/0f tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . If]q ljefhg ubf{ ef}uf]lns cfwf/df, /fhgLlts cfwf/df ufp“ jf ;x/sf] cfwf/df 5'6\ofpg ;Sg'x'G5 . ;d"x sfo{ lbPkl5 x/]s ;d"xnfO{ ;do ;dodf ;xof]u ug]{, ;d"xdf ljBfyL{sf] ;+nUgtf cjnf]sg ug]{, cfjZos eP tTsfn k[i7kf]if0f lbg], ;d:of k/]df ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ h:tf sfo{ ul//xg'kb{5 . ljBfyL{sf] JolStut, ;d"xut sfo{sf] clen]v /fVg cfjZos 7fGg' ePdf clen]v klg /fVg ;Sg'x'G5 . k|To]s lj|mofsnfksf] cnucnu clen]v /fVg Jojxfl/s

116

¿kdf ;Dej gx'g] x'“bf ldNbf] h'Nbf] lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] Ps} 7fp“df Ps} k6s klg clen]v /fVg ;lsG5 .

-r_ k|of]u x'g] ;fduLx¿dWo] s'gs'g ;fdfg :jb]zdf ag]sf / s'gs'g ;fdfg ljb]zdf ag]sf x'g\

jlu{s/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ljb]zdf ag]sf ;fdfgsf] ;6\6f cfkm\g} b]zdf ag]sf ;fdfg k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5, ;ls“b}g Tof] ;d]t n]Vg eGg'xf];\ .

:jb]zL ;fdfg ljb]zL ;fdfg ljb]zL ;fdfgsf]

ljsNk ljsNk s] 5

8]:s a]Gr sDKo'6/ es'G8f]

5}g 5

g]kfndf ag]sf] klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

-5_ ljBfyL{x¿sf] 3/df ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿ klg :jb]zL / ljb]zL u/]/ juL{s/0f u/]/ Nofpg eGg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] 5'6\ofP/ NofP gNofPsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

sg · 2015. 6. 24. · 1 k|fylds txdf d "nofª \sg k |lj |mof k|fylds tx lziffsf ] cfwf/e...

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