Second Era of RevolutionsBritish Reform and Uprisings in France, Central America, and the United States

British Reforms• Great Britain undergoes a series of Progressive Reforms• Progressive Reform – working for the advancement of the entire

society, primarily those that are down trodden.

• Reforms made in:• Worker rights and safety• Voting rights• Rights of Imperial holdings outside of England

Worker Reforms• Reform Act of 1832:• Gave industrial cities representation in Parliament (Government)• Parliament still wanted limits placed on voting

• Only men with education• Only men who held land

• Excluded many workers and women from voting

• Factory Act of 1833:• Limited working hours of children• Made it illegal for teenagers to work more than 12 hours/day• Required schooling for 9-13 year olds during work day

Public Acts (Slavery, Health, Criminal Acts)• Slavery Abolition Act• Did not grant immediate freedom• Government compensated slave owners for their loss

• Public Health laws were passed• Criminal Laws were passed

• These were all passed as a way to clean up society

Voting Rights• Chartism – refers to people who pushed for the People’s

Charter in Parliament• People’s Charter – Demanded voting rights for all men• Movement started in 1839• Charter was dismissed by Parliament initially

• Led to protests and uprisings• Revolt in 1848• Constant uprisings led to voting rights being changed

• Victorian Era Changes – Changes that occurred during reign of Queen Victoria in England (1837-1901)• Voting rights extended more working men • Fought for women’s right to vote (suffrage)

• Got right to vote in 1918 – women over 30 only

Self-Rule in the Empire• Ireland:• Irish lost much of their land to British landlords who moved in

• Hurt Irish agriculture and farming• Led to crisis called Potato Famine in mid-1800s• Many Irish moved to America• Others died• More still continued to lose there family farms and life savings

• England expected Ireland to still export food• Led to Irish revolts starting in the 1860s• Did not get limited self-rule until 1920s

Self-Rule in the Empire• Canada:• Started with rebellions in 1837 – Reform pushed for in 1838• 1867 – Several Canadian provinces given power to govern

themselves• Led to Canada becoming a Dominion – self governing colony

• Australia:• Area was used as a prison/place of exile for British criminals• All changed when copper and gold was discovered – British

colonists settled there• 1901 – Australia gains self rule – sets up own government

• New Zealand – land exchanged for self rule

Revolution in France (Again)• King Louis XVIII (18th) put in power after fall of Napoleon

Bonaparte• Put there by Congress of Vienna – foreign rulers• When Louis XVIII died – Charles X (10th) inherited the throne

• Suspended power of legislature – people’s rights taken away• Angered the populace

• 1830 – French people revolt – Charles X gives up throne• Was the final push needed for future revolutions in Europe• Led to end of all Monarchies

French Republic Born – Revolution of 1848• Started because workers felt rights were infringed on• Brought to power Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)• Outcomes:• All French men gained right to vote• Republican government supported• Movement fired for Women’s Rights• Other revolutions take place in Europe

Franco-Prussian War (1871)• Led to the capture of Napoleon III• Defeat led to push for change in France – deposed Napoleon III

from the throne• Third Republic formed:• Reforms:

• Primary education available for children between ages of 6 and 13• Trade unions legalized• Working hours reduced• Employers forced to give workers one day off/week

• Dreyfus Affair- Showed the depth of hatred between groups in France – this primarily dealt with anti-Semitism (prejudice toward Jews)• Led to growth in Jewish Nationalism• Now Jews wanted their own land – start of argument for the nation of

Israel

Summary• This is an era of Progressive Reform in Europe• Looking to give rights to those who do not have them

• These reforms lead to conflict – even revolution• Governments change or are overthrown

• Revolution will spread throughout Europe• End of Monarchies

Question Slide #1• What is Progressive Reform? Give some examples.

• What was the purpose of the Reform Act of 1832? What issues arose?

• What did the Factory Act of 1833 do?

• Why were the Slavery Abolition Act and Public Health and Criminal Laws important to pass?

• What is Chartism?

Question Slide #2• What was the People’s Charter?

• What reforms took place during the Victorian Era in England?

• What nations fought England for self-rule? To what extent did each receive self rule?

• What role did the Congress of Vienna play in forming the French government?

• What were the outcomes of the French Revolution of 1848?

Question Slide #3• The Third Republic in France was formed out of what event?

• What reforms took place in France under the reign of the Third Republic?

• What was the significance of the Dreyfus Affair? What was started because of it?