Europe Faces Europe Faces RevolutionsRevolutions

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Section 2Section 2

Main IdeasMain Ideas

Liberal and nationalist Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenged the uprisings challenged the old old conservativeconservative order of order of Europe.Europe.

The system of The system of nation-nation-statesstates established in established in Europe during this period Europe during this period continues today.continues today.

IntroductionIntroductionAt the same time as the revolutions At the same time as the revolutions in in Latin AmericaLatin America, Europe was also , Europe was also undergoing changes.undergoing changes.

The The Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna had tried had tried to restore the old monarchies and to restore the old monarchies and territorial divisions that had existed territorial divisions that had existed prior to the F.R.prior to the F.R.

At an At an internationalinternational level this was a level this was a success.success.

However, within countries the effort However, within countries the effort failed.failed.

Europe was plagued by revolutions Europe was plagued by revolutions between between 1815-18481815-1848..

Clash of PhilosophiesClash of PhilosophiesThree schools of thought spread Three schools of thought spread through Europe in the early 1800s.through Europe in the early 1800s.

Each believed its style of Each believed its style of governmentgovernment would best serve the would best serve the people.people.

Each attracted a different set of Each attracted a different set of followers.followers.

ConservativeConservative

LiberalLiberal

RadicalRadical

ConservativeConservative

Usually Usually wealthywealthy property property owners.owners.

Argued for protecting the Argued for protecting the traditional traditional monarchiesmonarchies of of Europe.Europe.

Today, what political party do Today, what political party do we associate with conservative we associate with conservative beliefs?beliefs?

Do conservatives today want a Do conservatives today want a lot of government involvement?lot of government involvement?

LiberalLiberal

Mostly middle-class Mostly middle-class businessbusiness leaders and merchants.leaders and merchants.They wanted to give more power They wanted to give more power to elected to elected parliamentsparliaments.. Only wanted the Only wanted the educatededucated and and

landowners to vote.landowners to vote.What political party do we What political party do we associate with liberals today?associate with liberals today?Is our current president a liberal?Is our current president a liberal?

RadicalRadical

Favored Favored drasticdrastic change to change to extend democracy to all people.extend democracy to all people.

They believed that governments They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the should practice the ideals of the French Revolution.French Revolution. LibertyLiberty EqualityEquality BrotherhoodBrotherhood

Nationalism DevelopsNationalism DevelopsNationalism – Nationalism – belief that belief that peoplepeople’’s s greatest loyalty greatest loyalty should not be to should not be to a king or an a king or an empire but to a empire but to a nation of people nation of people who share a who share a common common cultureculture and and historyhistory..

Nation-StateNation-State

Had its own Had its own independentindependent government.government.

Defends the nationDefends the nation’’s s territory and way of life.territory and way of life.

Represents the nation to Represents the nation to the rest of the world.the rest of the world.

1815 – only France, 1815 – only France, England and Spain were England and Spain were nation-states.nation-states.

Believers in NationalismBelievers in NationalismLiberals and Radicals were the Liberals and Radicals were the main believers in main believers in nationalismnationalism..Liberal middle class – teachers, Liberal middle class – teachers, lawyers & business people – lawyers & business people – led the struggle for led the struggle for constitutionalconstitutional government and government and the formation of nation-states.the formation of nation-states.GermansGermans wanted to gather wanted to gather many states into one large many states into one large state.state.Hungarians wanted to split Hungarians wanted to split away from Austria and establish away from Austria and establish self-rule.self-rule.

Nationalists Challenge Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerConservative Power

GreeksGreeks – first to win self-rule. – first to win self-rule.Greece had been part of the Greece had been part of the OttomanOttoman Empire. Empire.Ottomans controlled most of Ottomans controlled most of the the BalkansBalkans.. Present day Greece, Present day Greece,

Albania, Bulgaria, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and the Romania, Turkey and the former Yugoslavia.former Yugoslavia.

Greeks had kept their Greeks had kept their history history and culture and culture alive.alive.Demanded independence and Demanded independence and rebelled against the Ottoman rebelled against the Ottoman Turks in 1821.Turks in 1821.

The BalkansThe Balkans

Greeks Gain IndependenceGreeks Gain Independence

PowerfulPowerful European governments European governments opposed revolution.opposed revolution.

The cause of Greek independence The cause of Greek independence was popular with people.was popular with people.

Educated Europeans and Educated Europeans and AmericansAmericans loved and respected loved and respected Greek culture.Greek culture.

Britain, France and Russia took Britain, France and Russia took GreeceGreece’’s side and destroyed an s side and destroyed an Ottoman fleet in 1827.Ottoman fleet in 1827.

They signed a They signed a treatytreaty guaranteeing guaranteeing GreeceGreece’’s freedom.s freedom.

Turn to page 255 in your textTurn to page 255 in your text

Read the paragraphs under the headings Read the paragraphs under the headings 1830s Uprisings Crushed 1830s Uprisings Crushed and and 1848 1848 Revolutions Fail to UniteRevolutions Fail to Unite

Write a summary for each section.Write a summary for each section.

The summary should be no more than 4 The summary should be no more than 4 sentences each.sentences each.

Pick out the Pick out the mostmost important points. important points.

Add to your Bell Ringers. Add to your Bell Ringers.

1830s Uprisings Crushed1830s Uprisings Crushed

1.1. Which Belgian city did the riots break Which Belgian city did the riots break out?out?

2.2. In ______ 1830, the Belgians declared In ______ 1830, the Belgians declared their independence from the Dutch. their independence from the Dutch.

3.3. Who sent Austrian troops to restore order Who sent Austrian troops to restore order in Italy?in Italy?

4.4. Who staged a revolt in Warsaw in the late Who staged a revolt in Warsaw in the late 1830? 1830?

1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite

1.1. In what city did an unruly mob have a In what city did an unruly mob have a clash with the police?clash with the police?

2.2. Who called for a parliament and self-Who called for a parliament and self-government in Hungary?government in Hungary?

3.3. Who demanded Bohemian Who demanded Bohemian independence? independence?

4.4. By 1849, what had Europe practically By 1849, what had Europe practically returned to?returned to?

Radicals Change FranceRadicals Change France

RadicalsRadicals participated participated in many of the 1848 in many of the 1848 revolts. revolts.

Only in France was Only in France was the radical demand for the radical demand for democraticdemocratic government the main government the main goal of the revolution.goal of the revolution.

The Third RepublicThe Third Republic1848 - 1848 - Louis PhilippeLouis Philippe, , ruler of France, fell from ruler of France, fell from popular favor.popular favor.Paris mob overturned Paris mob overturned the monarchy & the monarchy & established a established a republicrepublic.. Fell apart almost Fell apart almost

immediately.immediately.

ConstitutionConstitution was was adopted.adopted. Called for a parliament Called for a parliament

and a strong president.and a strong president.

France Accepts a Strong RulerFrance Accepts a Strong Ruler

1848 - 1848 - Louis-NapoleonLouis-Napoleon – – nephew of Napoleon nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte – won the Bonaparte – won the presidential election.presidential election.

Four years later, he took the Four years later, he took the title Emperor title Emperor Napoleon IIINapoleon III.. Accepted without complaint.Accepted without complaint. Weary of instability.Weary of instability. Wanted a strong ruler.Wanted a strong ruler.

France ProspersFrance ProspersNapoleon III built Napoleon III built railroadsrailroads, encouraged , encouraged industrializationindustrialization, and , and promoted an ambitious promoted an ambitious program of public program of public works.works.

Due to his policies, Due to his policies, unemploymentunemployment decreased and the decreased and the country prospered.country prospered.

Reform in RussiaReform in Russia

Russia was not very Russia was not very industrializedindustrialized yet. yet.

Serfs Serfs still bound to land, still bound to land, under the feudal system.under the feudal system.

Czars were afraid to free Czars were afraid to free the serfs because it the serfs because it would anger the would anger the landowners.landowners.

Defeat Brings ChangeDefeat Brings Change

Czar Czar Nicholas INicholas I threatened to take threatened to take over part of the Ottoman Empire during over part of the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War.the Crimean War.

However, RussiaHowever, Russia’’s industries and s industries and transportation system failed to provide transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the troops.adequate supplies for the troops.

Russia lost the war.Russia lost the war.

Alexander IIAlexander II, Nicholas, Nicholas’’ son, decided to son, decided to move Russia toward modernization move Russia toward modernization and social change.and social change.

He believed his reforms would allow He believed his reforms would allow Russia to compete with western Russia to compete with western Europe for Europe for world powerworld power..

Reform and ReactionReform and Reaction

AlexanderAlexander’’s reformss reforms Freeing the serfsFreeing the serfs – bold move – bold move Peasant communities received about Peasant communities received about

½ the farmland in the country.½ the farmland in the country.Had 49 years to repay the Had 49 years to repay the governmentgovernment..

Alexander was Alexander was assassinatedassassinated by by terrorists in 1881.terrorists in 1881.

Alexander III continued to Alexander III continued to encourage encourage industrialismindustrialism..

NationalismNationalism helped drive Russia helped drive Russia toward industrial expansion.toward industrial expansion.

QuestionsQuestions

1.1. Who did liberals want to have power in Who did liberals want to have power in 1919thth century Europe? century Europe?

2.2. Give some examples of nationalism. (2 or Give some examples of nationalism. (2 or more) more)

3.3. What are some key characteristics of What are some key characteristics of nationalism?nationalism?

4.4. Describe some radical ideas of the time Describe some radical ideas of the time period. Give examples. period. Give examples.