overview of themes between 1815 and 1871, europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and...

13
Overview of Themes Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired by ideologies, or theories of society and government, that lay the foundation for political action. These ideologies – liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and nationalism – were produced by Western historical developments and endowed the West with a distinctive political culture.

Upload: megan-mccormick

Post on 26-Dec-2015

218 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

Overview of ThemesOverview of ThemesBetween 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions.The participants in these events were inspired by ideologies, or theories of society and government, that lay the foundation for political action.These ideologies – liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and nationalism – were produced by Western historical developments and endowed the West with a distinctive political culture.

Page 2: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

LiberalismLiberalismMain principle:

political, social, and economic freedoms are paramount,

the main function of government is to protect these freedoms.

Agenda-varies from country to country, but 3 main objectives:

to establish and protect the individual rights, constitutions

to expand the right to vote to all property owners

to promote free trade (laissez faire)

Page 3: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

Liberals: Opposed what? Favored what? Liberals: Opposed what? Favored what? Supported by whom?Supported by whom?

Opposed: Aristocratic privilege

Favored: Equality before the law Limited monarchy

Supported by: Urban middle class of

ProfessionalsMerchants Manufacturers

Why M-C? They felt most aggrieved by their lack of political rights and believed that their growing wealth gave them a basis for claiming a share of political power.

Page 4: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

Women? Lower classes?Women? Lower classes?

Right to vote (the franchise): only to Right to vote (the franchise): only to property owners, especially m-c and maleproperty owners, especially m-c and male

Not lower classes. Poor could not be Not lower classes. Poor could not be trusted to elect reps who would protect trusted to elect reps who would protect property rights.property rights.

No women either. Separate spheres. No women either. Separate spheres. Women had the home. Men had public Women had the home. Men had public affairsaffairs

Page 5: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

Conservatism: Throne, land and Conservatism: Throne, land and altar united!altar united!

Goals: sought to preserve the established order, in

particular monarchy and aristocracy, (and the Church)

prevent the spread of those movements born of the French Revolution: liberalism and nationalism.

Fine line sep. conservatism (gradual change allowed) from reaction (reject any change and return to old order)Ideological foundation of reactionary movements found in conservatism

Page 6: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

SocialismSocialism

CAUSES:CAUSES:Desire to reorganize society to establish Desire to reorganize society to establish cooperation and a new sense of community.cooperation and a new sense of community.Increasing misery of working classes disturbed Increasing misery of working classes disturbed liberal thinkers (Bentham and Mill), who proposed liberal thinkers (Bentham and Mill), who proposed a modification of a modification of laissez-fairelaissez-faire economics. economics. IR=disasterIR=disasterLiberal practices in politics and economics seemed Liberal practices in politics and economics seemed to promote selfish individualism and the to promote selfish individualism and the fragmenting of society.fragmenting of society.

Page 7: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

Socialists BeliefsSocialists Beliefs

Proposed a system of greater economic equality Proposed a system of greater economic equality planned by the government (sometimes called planned by the government (sometimes called Utopian Socialists)Utopian Socialists)Every social institution should have as its main goal Every social institution should have as its main goal improved conditions for the poor.improved conditions for the poor.Planned economy Planned economy

Page 8: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

Other forms of SocialismOther forms of Socialism

Christian Socialism (began in England around Christian Socialism (began in England around 1848)1848) Believed the evils of industrialism would be ended Believed the evils of industrialism would be ended

by following Christian principles.by following Christian principles. Attempted to bridge the gap between the anti-Attempted to bridge the gap between the anti-

religious drift of socialism and the need for religious drift of socialism and the need for Christian social justice for workers.Christian social justice for workers.

Page 9: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

Scientific SocialismScientific Socialism or or MarxismMarxism Developed by Karl Marx and Friederich Engels

The Communist Manifesto (1848) Considered the “bible” of communism Intended to replace utopian hopes and dreams with a militant

blueprint for socialist working class success.

Theory of dialectical materialism The economic interpretation of history: all human history has been

determined by economic factors (mainly who controls the means of production and distribution).

The class struggle: Since the beginning of time there has been a class struggle between the rich and the poor or the exploiters and the exploited.

Page 10: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

Scientific SocialismScientific Socialism or or MarxismMarxismTheory of dialectical materialism (continued)

Theory of Surplus Value: the true value of a product was labor and, since the worker received a small portion of his just labor price, the difference was surplus value, “stolen” from him by the capitalist.Socialism was inevitable: Capitalism contained the seeds of its own destruction (overproduction, unemployment, etc.)Violent revolution:

The increasing gap between proletariat and bourgeoisie will be so great that the working classes will rise up in revolution and overthrow the elite bourgeoisie.

Will create a “dictatorship of the proletariat.”

“WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!”Creation of a classless society: Will result as modern capitalism is dismantled.

“From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs,” will take place.

Page 11: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

How does Communism differ How does Communism differ from other forms of socialism?from other forms of socialism?

Its call for REVOLUTIONIts call for REVOLUTION

Its emphasis on class conflictIts emphasis on class conflict

Its insistence on complete economic Its insistence on complete economic equalityequality

Page 12: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

Nationalism: The Unity of the Nationalism: The Unity of the PeoplePeople

First appeared during French RevolutionFirst appeared during French Revolution

Nation=large community of people with a Nation=large community of people with a sense of unity based on a shared sense of unity based on a shared homeland and culturehomeland and culture

Believes that nations have a right to have Believes that nations have a right to have their own political institutions and that the their own political institutions and that the interests of the nation are supremeinterests of the nation are supreme

Page 13: Overview of Themes Between 1815 and 1871, Europe witnessed many reform movements, uprisings, and revolutions. The participants in these events were inspired

1919thth C. Nationalists C. NationalistsWanted to estab. nation-states based on self-determination Nation has a right to be ruled only by its own

members All members of nation should be included in the

state Often spoke of the “antiquity” of their nation

Had always been a distinct German or French or Swiss or Italian people living in their respective homelands

Really a fiction. Little cultural unity. Even w/in a nation state there is linguistic, religious and ethnic diversity.

Really a myth!