SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION - ENLIGHTENMENT

World History IISOL Review

Scientific Revolution

Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature

Formulation of the scientific method

Expansion of scientific knowledge

Scientists

Copernicus – heliocentric theoryKepler – planetary motion (planets revolve

around the sun in elliptical orbits)Galileo – used telescope to support the

heliocentric theoryHarvey – circulation of blood

Heliocentric Theory

Absolutism

Definition – a monarch who has complete control over the country and people (centralization of power) + divine right (power to rule comes from God)

Peter the Great – westernization of RussiaLouis XIV – Palace of Versailles (symbol of

royal power)/Sun KingFrederick the Great – military power

Absolutism

Enlightenment

Definition – applied reason to the human world, not just the natural world

Results – stimulated religious tolerance + fueled democratic revolutions around the world (American Revolution, French Revolution, and Latin American Revolutions)

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote LeviathanState of nature – people are evilSocial Contract – people give up nature and

form governments to control them (absolute monarchs)

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises on GovernmentPower to rule comes from the peopleMonarchs are not chosen by GodSocial Contract – people form governments to

protect their rights (life, liberty, and property)

Montesquieu

Wrote The Spirit of the LawsSeparation of powers Checks and balances

Rousseau

Wrote The Social ContractGovernment is a contract between people

and rulers General Will – majority rules

Voltaire

Separation of church and stateFreedom of speech