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お問合せ先 茨城大学学術企画部学術情報課(図書館) 情報支援係 http://www.lib.ibaraki.ac.jp/toiawase/toiawase.html ROSEリポジトリいばらき (茨城大学学術情報リポジトリ) Title Morphology of Polymeric Materials Welding and their Butt- fusion Welded Joints Author(s) Bezruk. Leonid. I. / Ustinova. Yu.L. Citation 茨城大学教養部紀要(25): 195-204 Issue Date 1993 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10109/9692 Rights このリポジトリに収録されているコンテンツの著作権は、それぞれの著作権者に帰属 します。引用、転載、複製等される場合は、著作権法を遵守してください。

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Page 1: ROSEリポジトリいばらき (茨城大学学術情報リポ …ir.lib.ibaraki.ac.jp/bitstream/10109/9692/1/CSI2010_1759.pdf1.INTRODUCTION. Welding of polymeric materlals

お問合せ先

茨城大学学術企画部学術情報課(図書館)  情報支援係

http://www.lib.ibaraki.ac.jp/toiawase/toiawase.html

ROSEリポジトリいばらき (茨城大学学術情報リポジトリ)

Title Morphology of Polymeric Materials Welding and their Butt-fusion Welded Joints

Author(s) Bezruk. Leonid. I. / Ustinova. Yu.L.

Citation 茨城大学教養部紀要(25): 195-204

Issue Date 1993

URL http://hdl.handle.net/10109/9692

Rights

このリポジトリに収録されているコンテンツの著作権は、それぞれの著作権者に帰属します。引用、転載、複製等される場合は、著作権法を遵守してください。

Page 2: ROSEリポジトリいばらき (茨城大学学術情報リポ …ir.lib.ibaraki.ac.jp/bitstream/10109/9692/1/CSI2010_1759.pdf1.INTRODUCTION. Welding of polymeric materlals

Morphology of Polymeric Materials Welding

and Their Butt-fusion Welded Joints.

L.1.Bezruk, Yu. L. Ustinova

                                ABSTRACT

    Morphological data of Polypropylene(PP)and Polybutene-1(PB)welded

junctions was obtained by means of lnterference-polarizing Light Microscopy(IPLM),

Selected Area Electron Diffraction(SAED), Transmitting Electron Microscopy(TEM),

Wide Angle X-Rays Diffraction(WAXD>techniques. Several modes of plasma

treatment onto polymeric samples or specimens surface were used by adaptation a

plasma of electrodless radio-frequency discharge.

    The alteration of every morphological category for a relatively wide range of

welding conditions was examined. It was shown that the most crucial zones to

mechanical tests are the oriented areas of buttwelds and the thermally affected zone

adjacent to junction.Videorecording of the thin(approx.100 micrometers in thickness)

films welding under polarized light microscope observing permitted to clarify welding

technology as a process of adhesion as well as to see morphological changes during a

course first-order phase transitions(i.e.melting, crystallization).

1.INTRODUCTION.

    Welding of polymeric materlals can be considered as a technology process of the

non-detachable joint creation by means of short-time transfer of weldable surface to

the state which guarantees adhesion i.e. molecular contact of the countersubstances

and formation of a mixed zone of weldable materials having the same or different

chemical nature. Welding itself ls a relatively new field of polymeric technology. The

majority of published papers are devoted to welding equipment and technological

process description. One can find few papers only in which authors give relations

between junctions morphology and welding conditions.

    It is well known that physical properties of polymeric materials are determined by

their structural parameters. Therefore an investigation of morphological changes after

welding is important for resolving the fundamental questions on the welded joints

nature. It is also of great importance for working out a scientific approach to the

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196 LI. Bezruk, Yu. L. Ustinova

problems of obtaining junctions with giveh morphology as well as to make optimum

welding Parameters.

    The present paper aim is to investlgate morphological changes in PP and PB

butt-welded joints which were obtained,under a wide range of welding conditions.

ll.METHODS and MATERIALS.

    Original materials:(a)PP sheets,7mm in thick, melt flow index O,8;(b)PB

sheets,7mm in thick, melt flow index 3.02.

    PP and PB samples were welded by hot plate cowered with teflon fabric to

make it antiadhesive. Welds were made at a number of different temperatures. These

ranged from 180℃to 340℃for PP and from 150℃to 340℃for PB. The welding

pressure(Pw)was altered from O.05 to l MPa. For each series of samples one value

was varied only.

    Welded junction morphological changes were analyzed with an aid of IPLM,

SAED, WAXD and TEM techniques.

    Polymeric materials are usually exposed to cutting,polishing or cleaving in a

course of sample preparation for light or electron microscopy investigation. And

surface layers of polymeric specimens always get rather strong morphological

disturbances over such mechanical treatment. Such disturbed layers should be

removed from the specimen surface in thls or that way. There exist several methods

of disturbed layer removal. We suggested to use radio-frequency plasma technique.

Here the specimen surface i『acted upon by a range of plasma particles. Electrons are

the particles with the greatest energy in a case of electrodless radio-frequency

discharge. Their mean energy does not exceed 10ev and concentration we can easily

change from lO6 to lO9㎝一3. At electron concentration higher than 107㎝一3 and under

                             dynamic conditions of plasma particles byproducts   鵠・・。5肇

                      ・5晒認 generator output power. In such a case under plasma

   ぎ}9晶8?P謡e昔睾?2?f。呈bき韮譜。謁:ss treatment we observe no polymer weight losses but

   pユasコLa RF discharge on electron   ・。n・ent・ati。n         only surface optical contrast improvement, i.e.fine

morphological entities radius of curvation reduction. From the morphological point of

view this process can be called as etching(Fig.1). We believe that disturbed layer

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Morphology of Polymeric Materials Welding and Their          Butt-fusion Welded Joints.

197

thickness one can get after the plasma treatment is comparable with charged

particles track values. It is known that if the mean energy of electrons is 100ev, than

their tracks into polymeric substances have average values in 2,1nm. Respectively if

the electrons energy is about 10ev, the disturbed layer thickness will be comparable

with an atomic size.

    Etched samples are available to light optical and different electron microscopic

modes investigations. For TEM investigations we have prepared replicas by vacuum

evaporation and depositlon onto polymeric samples surface exclusively of carbon

ultrathin films. We have chosen carbon because it is amorphous according to SAED

data and have its grain size less than lnm. Deposited carbon films than were peeled

off from Polymeric surfaces. While peeling carbon films, replica gets no plastic

deformation. An adhesion of vacuum evaporated carbon film to etched polymeric

surface is extremely high. This fact allows to make fixed the morphology of

investigated samples surface which are separated as ultrathin (approx.50nm in

thlckness)solid Iayer from an original sample as non-detachable part of peeled

replica. Hereinafter we used this polymeric layers for SAED search. We need SAED

for preparative technique correctness control. In a case of oriented polymers such

separated from original polymeric surface layers are rather suitable to answer the

main questions about chemical nature and physica1(i.e. orientation degree,

crystallinity, unit cell parameters, crystallite dimensions ets.)state of investigated

materials. For example the data on helix conformation of macromolecules is able to

calculate in accordance with the real meridional reflex positlon on the SAED pattern

[2].It takes to clean replica after SAED investigation to obtain』 =@maximum of

morphological resolution. Slnce carbon is thermostable material up to approx.1700℃

one can easily clean replica from the above mentioned polymeric layer by heating in

vacuum to the temperature about 400℃.

    For IPLM investigations lO-30 μm(prepared by using glass knife)and

400-100μm(steel knife)thick cross sections were obtained by means of

“Multirange”microtome(LKB, Sweeden).

lll.MORPHOLOGY of the POLYPROPYLENE BUTT-WELDS.

    The idea[3コof polymeric materials morphology implies six categories:(1)shape,

(2)dimensions(from nanometers and more),(3)new growth or new formations,

(4)inclus三〇ns,(5)structure (i.e. relative position and/or interconnection of parts as a

whole),(6)color.Change in any of them results in properties changes of materials.

    Any type of polymeric material welding includes three main stages:(1)activation

of the surfaces to be weld;(2)surfhce transition to a liquid state of aggregation with a

BULLETIN, No。25,1993, CGE Ibaraki Univ.

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198 L.1.Bezruk, Yu. L. Ustinova

subsequent drawing them together to van-der-Waals distances, i.e. getting an adhesion

joint;(3)solidification.

                                      In the case of butt-welding we usually

心 Fユg.2  Scheme of the butt-welded

 joints; a-fuse, b-melting, c-fin,

 d-heat affected zone3

found to be positive(△n=0.002-O.0035).

crystallites was monoclinic(Fig.3a,b). Lattice

with the common known date, a-axls

According to classification these are Type I spherulites. It

besides Type I spherulites a number of Type皿

had negative birefrigance (△n=0,006-0.008).

hexagona1. In starting material these spherulites amount was about 5%

    With an increase of welding pressure

simultaneously with their deformation.

there would appear in joints areas

hexagonal).

    It should be noticed that the welding pressure increases the thickness of a joint’s

seam cross section decreases. One can see(Fig.4)that the seam obtained at welding

pressure more than O.3MPa consists mainly 2 zones:(a)central part-from deformed

spherulites of Type I and 皿, and lamellar areas with monoclinic and hexagonal

crystallites unit cells;(b)symmetrical melting zones, disposed on both sides of the

region marked“a”(Fig.2),i.e. zones where polymeric material softened in a course of

heating undergoes the greatest welding deformations.

    It is clearly seen even under light microscope that the seam morphology at

different crystallization conditions is not strictly symmetrical in respect to the joint

center(Fig.4). Interference coloring which one can get in the light microscope(IPLM)

while examine samples is very sensitive to the most delicate changes in chemical

nature, orientation and even some structural parameters of polymers, which can’t be

seen with the aid of black and white image。 We have not apply any artificial staining

of samples. It is evident that the coloring of the symmetrical welding zones is

different. The central fuse line of the seam we can identify in many cases through

interference coloring only. This is the boundary line between two weldable materials.

carry out stages(2)and(3)under some press-

ure. As a result melt always partly pressed out

and forms a fin. So butt-welds cross sections

have a vlew shown on Fig.2. And as a rule

they have two more or less symmetrical

boundaries with the starting materials. Investi-

gated samples of bulk PP contain spherulites

with an average size of 50μm. They were

   According to our SAED data unit cell of its

       parameters were in a good correlation

° was directed along the spherulite radius,

                   is worth mentioning that

         spherulites rises in the joints. They

          Unit cell of its crystallites was

    the content of Type 皿 spherulites rises

If this pressure reached more than O.15MPa

with lamellar morphology (unit cell being

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Morphology of Polymeric Materials Welding and Their          Butt-fusion Welded Joints.

199

We also can find out orientation changes through the melting zone width. Melting

zone being the most textured area of a seam。 For the samples obtained under the low

welding pressure(up to O.15MPa)big axes of macromolecules in crystallites of the

melting zone are chiefly oriented under the angle to the welding line in a seam cross

section. However if pressure over than O.2MPa the big axes get to be nearly parallel

to the welding plane. Morphologically this zone consists of highly deformed spherulites

which one can find in a course of longitudinal(in the sheet plane)sections of welded

seams research, These spherulites are ellipsoid-like, having crystallites with c-axes

oriented mainly along ellipse big axes. Evidently deformation occurs in a course of

welding into the melting zone and have a similar mechanism as on uniaxial

deformation of spherulitic PP,

    The most crucial areas of the welding joints are the fuse zone, forming at the

center of the seam and the melting zones(Fig.2). Molecular orientation in these zones

is one of the reasons of joint reduced mechanical strength. Frequently failure take

place on the heat affected zone neighboring the seam(i.e.areas in which a material

was subjected the action of temperature Iower than the melting one and get friable).

This area is now investigated insufficiently good.

lV. MORPHOLOGY of the POLYBUTENE WELDED SEAMS.

    There are many similar features in the PP and PB welded seam morphology

(e.g. two borders with an initial material having lamellar morphology, grinding of

structural elements, texture advent). There are a range of morphological areas in

seams for PB as well as for PP. The most oriented are:the fuse zone and the

melting zone. Under welding pressure the seams PB material orients more strongly

than the PP one. Over O.2MPa PB seams have practically no n6n-oriented areas.

Morphology of PB melting zone differs from the morphological characteristics to PP

and other crystallized polymers of the spherulite morphology origin. Apparently the

main reason which causes such PB difference from the corresponding zones of other

spherulitic polymers are peculiarities of its crystalllzation from the melt. It is known

that PB crystallize from melt in two steps. A non-stable tetragonal modification

(Fig6,g)in several days is gradually converts to a stable trigonal forms(Fig.5)by

means internal annealing. One can notice that such conversion is easy to recognize by

IPLM and WAXD techniques.

    Since PB crystallizes from lts melt rather slowly we used this material for

welding process modeling by means videorecording of morphological changes during a

course of PB samples welding(i.e.Heating-Cooling treatment).

    Here we wish to present the result of the dynamic morphological changes[4]

BULLETIN, No.25,1993, CGE Ibaraki Univ.

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200 L.1.Bezruk, Yu。 L. Ustinova

during a course of modeling welding directly under Polarized Light Microscope

(Fig.6). Mettler FP82 Microscopic Heating Table(MHT)with FP80 Central processor

of Mettler FP800 Thermal Analysis System was used to make computer control of

welding,50℃ start temperature with 5.0℃/min heating rate provided in this

modeling. PB thin(230 μm)film was cut to pieces and put against each other

between 2 microscopic support glasses. The distance between selvages to be weld

was about lmm. Such“sandwich”was placed into MHT and we carried out welding

procedure by heating our sample up to l70℃by means the start temperature and

heating rate mentioned above.

    It is possible to notice several stages of welding process. At first we saw a

thermal expansion of PB films by means of spherulites dimensions increase and

correspondingly decrease of the distance between selvages to be weld. Close to 88℃

this distance became twice as less(Fig.6a>. The original color of spherulites slightly

changed by annealing. It means unit cells parameters changes of polymeric crystals

have already started. In 23 minutes we has reached l20℃temperature(Fig.6b). At

this temperature conditions PB color change becomes highly noticeable. It means we

are about the lst order phase transition temperature of PB(i.emelting temperature).

However completely state of melt began at l30℃(Fig.6c).

    Since we did not apply a welding pressure to joint together the counterparts of

PB it took further heating till l70℃. About 165℃we have seen an adhesion contact

appearance by means of dividing line onto Fig.6c disappearance. So butt-weld of PB

has occurred.

    After that cooling process was carried out to see morphological changes in a

course of crystallization.

    Among a number of crystallizable polymeric materials perhaps PB only is the

best to enjoy us by its slow morphological changes during a course of crystallization

from melt(Fig.6d-h). Since monochromatic view of PB melt is changing to

polychromatic one we say again about lst order phase transition temperature,

i.e.crystallization. Of course for this way of phase transition determination a melting

temperature is equal to crystallization one. At first several primary spherulites appear,

than th6ir dimensions increase little by llttle(Fig.6d,e). Approximately about 105

℃(Fig.6f)we have the best crystallization temperature conditions, but for so called

tetragonal modification of PB crystallites(Fig.6f,g). As it was mentioned above such

unstable form of PB crystallites gradually(approx.7 days at room temperature)

transforms into stable trigonal crystals modification. Spherulites with such forms of

PB crystallites are shown at Fig.5. Fig.6h demonstrates such gradualness:

morphologically it seems almost like as Fig。6g, but has differences in color only. The

picture of Fig.6h has taken in 5 days after welding.

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Morphology of Polymeric Materlals Welding and Their          Butt-fusion Welded Joints.

201

    So as a result of butt-fusion welding morphological changes occur in the welded

seams.1t terms in appearance of the range of areas which differs on shape,

dimensions, structure and color of morphological units. The most crucial areas of

welded鼻eams are oriented zones. It takes to disturb orientation in these zones by

some other technological processes, e.g。 by annealing. Another way is to make

orientation much stronger in some fixed directions. One can get it with reinforceme-

nt.

                               REFERENCES

1.Hudis,M, Plasma Treatment of Solid Materials./in Techniques and Application of

  Plasma Chemistry, N.-Y., A Wiley-lnterscience Publication,1974, P.138.

2.Bezruk L., Graboshnlkova V., Grinyuk V. Morphology of Polymeric Materials as

  Revealed by Methods of Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy//

  Proceed. of the XVth Czech. Conf. on Electron Microscopy with International

  Participation, VoLB, Prague, Czech.Acad. of Sci.,1977, P.442.

3.Bezruk L., Yesaulenko G, Uskov I. Morphology of Polybutene Welded Seams//

  Proceed. XVIIth Intern. Conf.“Morphology of Polymers”, Vol.9E, Prague,

  Czech.Acad, of Sci.,1985, p.77.

4.Esaulenko G., Bezruk L, Kondratenko V. Study of strength characteristics of

  welded butt-joints in polyethylene and development of testing methods. VoL29, N

  9/10,London, Welding in the World,1991, PP.301-306.

BULLETIN, No,25,1993, CGE Ibaraki Univ,

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202 L.Is Bezruk, Yu. L. Ustinova

a

b

Fig.3 TEM patterns of the PP Type I spherulites:a-diffraction patterns from its center, b-pe-

riphery;c-morphology.

Fig.40ptical micrograph of the PP welded seam with P=0.3MPa, hot plate temperature 300℃.

Seam borders with the initial material are oriented. White color spherulites belong to the Type

III one,S.

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Morphology of Polymeric Materials Welding and Their          Butt-fusion Welded Joints,

203

a

b

Fig.5 Two variants of the PB spherulites with the trigonal modification of its crystals observ-

ing:a-in IPLM mode;b-in PLM(i.e. without interference plate)mode.

BULLETIN, No.25,1993, CGE Ibaraki Univ.

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204L.1.Bezruk, Yu. L. Ustinova

a

b

Fig.6 Fragments of PB welding by means dynamic morphological changes.