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Romanesque Architecture key ideas: •Latin cross plan •coherence of design: unity and symmetry •heavy, thick walls and small windows •the use of a Roman vault—inherently limited; the barrel vault creates tremendous thrust at the springing point •large, ordered space which contrasted strongly with the chaos and uncertainty outside the church walls •creates a wonderful “stage” for the miracle of the Eucharist—the presence of God—God made incarnate again

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Page 1: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Romanesque Architecture

key ideas:

•Latin cross plan

•coherence of design: unity and symmetry

•heavy, thick walls and small windows

•the use of a Roman vault—inherently limited; the barrel vault creates tremendous thrust at the springing point

•large, ordered space which contrasted strongly with the chaos and uncertainty outside the church walls

•creates a wonderful “stage” for the miracle of the Eucharist—the presence of God—God made incarnate again

Page 2: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

floor planAbbey Church of Sainte-FoyConques, France 1125-1135

1. Can you find visual evidence that this church has small windows?

2. Can you find visual evidence that this church has thick walls and heavy piers?

3. Can you find visual evidence that this church has symmetry?

4. Can you find visual evidence that this church demonstrates visual unity? (Look for repeating shapes.)

5. Can you find visual evidence that this church was designed using the Latin cross plan?

Page 3: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

naveLa Madeleine at Vezelay France 1096-1132

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dnxm4UQPDTo&index=38&list=PLEEA1BAEC5B2F7654

Page 4: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

1. What is the boxed area called?2. What is the lower portion called?3. What is the upper portion called?

Page 5: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

1. What is the boxed area called?2. What is the purpose?

Page 6: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

1. What is the boxed area called?2. What is the purpose?

Page 7: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

1. What are the architectural elements in the boxed area called?

2. Do you see any rib vaults?

Page 8: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

1. What do you see in the boxed area?2. Why?

Page 9: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

This is an image of a side aisle.What is in the boxed area?

Page 10: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

naveLa Madeleine at Vezelay France 1096-1132

Page 11: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

1. blind arcade2. clerestory3. gallery4. nave5. string courses

Page 12: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

1. arcade2. blind arcade3. clerestory4. gallery5. nave6. ribs7. string courses8. vaulting9. engaged columnettes

Page 13: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Gothic versus Romanesque Architecture

Romanesque• The earliest churches were based on Greek temples and Roman basilicas (secular government buildings); essentially there was a substitution of a church plan for a temple plan: colonnades were shifted from the interior to the exterior; an arch was placed directly on a pier instead of placing a lintel directly on a pier (column)•The classic temple is a system of sturdy walls and colonnades all helping to sustain a solid roof. A Romanesque church follows essentially the same principles, except that an arch is placed over the colonnades.•All the parts of a Romanesque building contribute their share to the stability of the whole.•The structure stands through virtue of inertia.

Gothic• In a Gothic church the highly organized framework of piers, arches, and buttresses are organized so that the spaces of the wall and roof between them serve merely as an enclosure.• A Gothic church is a skillfully balanced system of thrusts and counterthrusts that are concentrated on special points of support.• All the different levels of the church interior are brought into homogenous composition: great vaulting shafts that articulate the massive piers rise from the floor; at the clerestory level these shafts become more decorative than supportive and spring from corbels in order to trace the vaulting that articulates each bay.•Flying buttresses allowed the walls to be dissolved.

Page 14: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Flying buttresses allowed the walls to be dissolved.

Page 15: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Roman barrel vault

The force lines converge at the point where the barrel vault springs from the wall.In order to support a heavy roof—one that is very wide--the walls of the nave would have to be very, very thick.

Flying Buttress

The lines of force created by the weight of the roof and the arches is redirected (or distributed) by the flying buttresses past the walls of the church to external piers (outside the child walls).As a result, windows can larger and the nave can be taller.

Page 16: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Abbey Church of Saint-DenisSaint-Denis, France 1140-44

Page 17: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

floor planAbbey Church of Sainte-FoyConques, France 1125-1135

Page 18: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Abbey Church of Saint-DenisSaint-Denis, France 1140-44

Standing in the choir, looking northeast at about 1:30.

Page 19: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Abbey Church of Saint-DenisSaint-Denis, France 1140-44

Looking into one of the radial chapels.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMlwnYObUKc

15:34

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMlwnYObUKc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMlwnYObUKc
Page 20: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

floor planAbbey Church of Sainte-FoyConques, France 1125-1135

floor planAmiens CathedralAmiens, France1220-1288

Page 21: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Abbey Church of Sainte-FoyConques, France 1125-1135

Page 22: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Abbey Church of Sainte-FoyConques, France 1125-1135

Page 23: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

transept looking into the crossingAmiens CathedralAmiens, France1220-1288

Page 24: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

looking down the nave toward the apseAmiens CathedralAmiens, France1220-1288

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24N94rZ7XtU

17:46

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24N94rZ7XtU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24N94rZ7XtU
Page 25: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Question: What made it possible to dissolve the walls so that windows could be enlarged?

Answer: The flying buttress.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKASY4H6QHo

Page 26: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

The lines of force created by the weight of the roof and the arches is redirected (or distributed) by the flying buttresses past the walls of the church to external piers (outside the child walls).As a result, windows can larger and the nave can be taller.

The Flying Buttress

Page 27: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Abbey Church of Sainte-FoyConques, France 1125-1135

Amiens CathedralAmiens, France

1220-1288

Page 28: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Church of Saint-Etienne, CaenNormandy, France

begun 1064—façade late 11th century

Page 29: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Reims Cathedral

west façade

c. 1211-1428

Page 30: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Chartres Cathedralca. 1194-1260

west façade

Page 31: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently
Page 32: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

flying buttresses

Page 33: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Question: What made it possible to dissolve the walls so that windows could be enlarged?

Answer: The flying buttress.

Page 34: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

The lines of force created by the weight of the roof and the arches is redirected (or distributed) by the flying buttresses past the walls of the church to external piers (outside the child walls).As a result, windows can larger and the nave can be taller.

The Flying Buttress

What do the red-orange arrows represent?

Page 35: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Amiens Cathedral: do you notice that the flying buttresses are lighter?

Page 36: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris France

Page 37: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Gargoyles at Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris France. I think these gargoyles are decorative.

Page 38: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Melchizedek, Abraham, Isaac, Samuel or Aaron, David 1200-1210 north transept

Page 39: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

south transept entrance: Saint Theodore, Saint Stephen, martyr, martyr

Page 40: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

The Beautiful Virgin

Page 41: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently
Page 42: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

The nave ceiling—looking directly up at the vaulting. Can you find a rib? Can you find a key stone? Can you find the main vault? Can you find where the engaged columnette joins the vaulting?

Page 43: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently
Page 44: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently
Page 45: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Who is this?

Page 46: Romanesque Architecture key ideas: Latin cross plan coherence of design: unity and symmetry heavy, thick walls and small windows the use of a Roman vault—inherently

Who is this?

Is this Gothic?


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