The Middle AgesRomanesque & Gothic

Church and State….

Europe in theRomanesquePeriod

Romanesque: 1000-1150/1200. Overlap w/Byzantine… 500 - 1400 (late Byzantine)

William the Conqueror invades England and conquers it in 1066; ties w/Normandy

Early Medieval = 500 yrs ofIlliteracy, Invaders & Instability

• Did NOT promote major architectural innovation, exceptbrief periods w/Charlemagne & Ottonian rulers

• Many expected the world to end in flames & the SecondComing in 1033 (2012 ??)

• Hey! We’re still here… Europe got back its VERVE andJOIE DE VIVRE.

• Still war threatened… and they’d forgotten about civilizedamenities like sanitation, concrete, roads…

• But fragments of Rome leftover inspiredRomanesque architects

Europe Settles Down…

• Vikings were Christianized; Islamic invadersneutralized

• Trade & the arts flourished in cities, that finallybegan to expand

• Strong bonds between Kings & feudal leaders andthe Church brought stability, kind of like the oldRoman Empire…

Feudal LifeLand was main source of wealth and power for aristocracy (hereditary)

Feudalism: land for services, Lord gave property & protection to vassal,who worked for the lord & gave military service. Peasants worked the land.

Worcester Chronicle

Illustrates the 3 classes

Church was closely aligned

With Kings & Feudal Lords

Aristocracy gave church

Land for monasteries

Church gave education

Unified communities

Church as Center of Medieval Life

• Towns outdoing each other building churches: civic pride• Record keeping, birth, wedding, death, worship, trade in

town center• “Shortly after the year 1000, all Christian peoples were seized with a

great desire to outdo one another in magnificence. It was as if thevery world had shaken itself, and casting off her old garments, wasclothing herself everywhere in a white robe of churches.”- RalphGlaber, monk, 1050

• Medieval masons: master builders, architects,artists, who learned through experience &apprenticeship, vs. formal study.

Reconstruction drawing of Abbey at Cluny, Burgundy, France, 1088-1130

A Pilgrim’s Progress…“ a hank of hair, and a piece of bone…from every shire’ s end.. .Of

England to Canterbury they went…the blessed martyr for toseek.” -Chaucer, Canterbury Tales

• Mass phenomenon that sent 1000s of religiouspilgrims across Europe and Holy Lands, wendingfrom 1 church to next, seeing holy relics suchas?????

• Crusades in 11th and 12th centuries…Europepreviously playing defense against Islamicinvaders, now became aggressor (WHY??)

The Pilgrim’s Journey

•Tomb of St. Peter &Constantian churches inRome

•Cathedral of St. Jamesin Santiago deCompostela Spain

•Journeys 1 year +

•Monasteries providedfood & lodging

•Visit relics on way

•TOURISM for townsand $$-build churches

•Ex: Chartres had pieceof tunic of St. Mary

•Injured/sick looking formiracles with holy relics

Romanesque : Pilgrim’s Progress•Sculpture shows Jesus as a pilgrim..Pilgrim’s hat, satchel with seashell…on road to Emmaus with disciples.

•Great religious fervor, increasingprosperity of monasteries, & cult ofpilgrimages inspired construction oftens of thousands of churches!

•Between 1050-1350, in Francealone, 80 cathedrals, 500 largechurches, and 10,000’s of churcheswere constructed.

•Where else have we seen religiouspilgrimages?????Christ and Disciples on Road to Emmau,Pier relief, 1100, Cloister of the Abbey ofSanto Domingo, Castile, Spain.

Romanesque Architecture:A Mighty Fortress

Roman revival, sort of ...

Really a combination of styles!Watch video…

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSiD5Jinpuw&playnext=1&list=PL7F02240CB490E6C3&index=15

ROMANESQUE: A KIND OF ROMANREVIVAL

Romanesque builders added apses,variety of ambulatories, and chapels toaccommodate pilgrims & worshippers.

Use of cut stone masonry.. Enhancedacoustics for Gregorian chants…•Gregorian Monks Medieval Chant

Interior, Church of Saint Vincenc,Cardona Spain

One of the first Romanesque churchesbuilt in Spain, built in 1020s

Used strip buttresses and arched corbeltables for decoration as well as support.

Needed thick walls and small windowsfor security (threat of war)

Norman RomanesqueMont St. Michel, France

• Largely intactRomanesque with rarewooden roof

• Gothic spires lateraddition

• Completely cut off at hightide

• 3 layer: ground floor,tribune gallery, clerestorywindows

• Nave divided into regularbays

View of Mt. St Michel at low tide

Nave, Church of St.Etienne,Caen

1060-77

Normandy, France

FLASHCARD

St. Etienne, Caen

Timber roof laterreplaced by stone in12th century

Battle of 1066

• William the Conqueror• Invaded Britain with the Norman knights,

British had no cavalry• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLy1Lsk

T6Y8&feature=related

Bayeux Tapestry (flashcard) Messengers Signal the Appearance of a Comet

Bishop Odo Blessing the Feast, Bayeux Tapestry

Norman-Anglo Saxon embroidery

300” long, 20” high, 1066-1082, Romanesque Period

Commemorated the conquest of England and defeat of King Harold by William theConqueror

flashcard

Detail of BayeuxTapestry

Cathedral of St. James, Santiagode Compostela

1078-1122, Gallica, Spain

•MAJOR pilgrimage destination

•Model of functional planning &traffic control of PILGRIMS

•Continuous aisles & ambulatorieslet pilgrims move around thechurch, visiting chapels andsaying prayers, w/o disruptingmain services @ high altar

•Solidity and geometric forms:mighty fortress of Romanesquestyle!

•Church was open 24/7 towelcome pilgrims

•Held body of St. James, patronsaint of Iberian peninsula

•Flashcard

Reconstruction drawing & floor plan ofCathedral of St James, Santiago de

Compostela, Spain, 1078-1122

Cross section of Cathedralof St. James

Note: pointed arches,possibly inspired by whatkind of architecture thatwould have been seen inSpain????????????

Pointed arches would laterbe adopted in Gothicchurches…can bear moreweight and give highereffect, let in more light.

Reliquary Statue of SainteFoy

Gilt over wood core, addedgems and cameos

33” high, Conques, France9th or 10th century

Housed skull of child martyrSainte Foy (Saint Faith)

Romanesque pilgrims &Christians wanted tovenerate & worship actualrelics of saints & holypeople…how was thisdifferent than the ByzantineChristian traditions????

Palace Chapel of Charlemagne, 9th century, Aachen, Germany

Preceded or laid groundwork for Romanesque style architecture…

Remember this???

flashcard

Last Judgment atAutun, Tympamum onWest Portal, Cathedralof Saint-Lazara, Autun

Giselbertus

flashcard

1120-1130(Romanesque)

Stylized figures,terrifying urgency oflast judgment

Thin, tall figuresswarming aroundChrist

2 pilgrims in bottomregister

Christ in Majesty, Church ofSan Clement, Spain

Flashcard

Mural painting in Romanesquechurch

Byzantine influence inelongated figures

Classical influence in drapery

Virgin & Child (aka Mary as Throneof Wisdom)

Late 12th century (Romanesque)

Oak w/polychromy, 21” high

Some variations inRomanesque style…

For example, Cistercianmonks believed in simplicityrather than ornate decoration

Abbey Church of Notre-Dame,Fontenay, 1139-47, Burgundy

Pointed rib barrelvaults..churches such as thisone influenced theInternational Gothic Style thatbecame popular in the1300s…

Romanesque churches hadmany regional variations…

Cathedral Complex, Pisa; 1063-13th century, Tuscany, Italy

Early Christian & Roman influence seen in columns & arcades

OOOPS>>. What’s happening with the CAMPANILE (Bell Tower?)

Rich marble facades, cruciform basilica, (tons of lead added to base, reinforcedso the leaning tower doesn’t fall!!) Jon Mora assigned (FAIL)

Church of Sant’Ambrogio, Milan, Italy; Begun 1080….

Speyercathedral

Speyer Cathedral

1st Romanesque churchin Germany - 10thcentury - flashcard

80 years to build

Engaged columns semi-circular, stone roof unlikeother churches

Typical arches & bays

Built by Emperor Conrad

1st buliding constructedentirely from stone inEurope

Largest crypt in Germany

Exterior of Speyer Cathedral

1080-1106 (Romanesque)

Largest Romanesquearchitecture known

ENGLISHINNOVATION: THERIB VAULTDurham Cathedral, England,1087-1133

FlashcardNorman Conquest of England in 1066,legacy of William the Conqueror

Part of a Benedictine monastery &complex

Long narrow nave

Huge composite piers alternate withcarved & decorated columns

Stone ribs strengthened groin vaults sothey could carry more weight

Strong vertical emphasis, laidgroundwork for Gothic architecture

Dover Castle

England

Note GreatTower, walleddefenses.

Invaders triedto scale walls,very difficultdue to locationon cliff

Round towersmore resistantto tunnelingunder and tobattering rams