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RHODOPHYTA - SYSConxi Rodríguez-Prieto

Filamentous or foliaceous.Stellate plast, except in the ‘Conchocelis’ stadium. Pit-connections absents, except in the ‘Conchocelis’ stadium.

3 generations, with heteromorphic gametophytes and sporophyte (‘Conchocelis’ stadium).Asexual reproduction by fragments or monosporangia.

BANGIALES - BANGIOPHYCEAE

Bangia fuscopurpurea Porphyra sp. ‘Conchocelis’ stadium

Gametophytes

Sporophyte

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HILDENBRANDIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Incrusting.Non calcified.Multiaxial.Life cycle unknown.Tetrasporangia in conceptales, cruciately or irregularly divided

Hildenbrandia rubra

Tetrasporangia

Transverse section

Surface view

Nemalion helminthoides

Erect.Terete or compressed.Gelatinous. Some are calcified.Multiaxial.3 generations, with heteromorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte.Procarpic.Tetrasporangia cruciate.

NEMALIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Carpogonial branch

Gonimoblast over a fusedcarpogonial branch

Spermatia

3

Filamentous or foliose, occasionally incrusting or small parasite.Uni (Rhodothamniella) or multiaxial (Palmaria). 2 generations, with isomorphic male gametophytes and tetrasporophytes.Carpogonium sessile.Procarpic.Tetrasporangia cruciately arranged.

Palmaria palmata

PALMARIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Rhodothamniella floridula

Palmaria palmata

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Erect.Terete, compressed or filamentous.Uniaxial. Gland cells always present.3 generations, with heteromorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophytes.

BONNEMAISONIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Asparagopsis armata ‘Falkenbergia rufolanosa’ stadium

Procarpic.Carpogonial branch with nutritive cells.Auxiliary cell absent.Gonimoblast developed from the carpogonium or from the hypogenous cell.

Tetrasporangia cruciate or irregularly cruciate.

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* Callithamniaceae* Ceramiaceae* Dasyaceae* Delesseriaceae* RhodomelaceaeSarcomeniaceaeSpyridiaceaeWrangeliaceae

CERAMIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Filamentous. Ceramium partially pseudoparenchymatous.Uniaxial.Gland cells often present.3 generations, with isomorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte.

CERAMIACEAE - CERAMIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Ceramium flaccidum

Antithamnion cruciatum

gland cell

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TetrasporangiaSpermatangia

Auxiliary cell

Carpogonial branch

Gonimoblast development

Procarpic.4-celled carpogonial branch.Tetrasporangia tetrahedrically or cruciately arranged.

Foliose. One to few cells wide. Occasionally with midrib or microscopic veins. Uniaxial.3 generations, with isomorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte.

DELESSERIACEAE - CERAMIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Hypoglossum hypoglossoides

Delesseria sanguinea

Midrib

Acrosorium ciliolatum

Microscopic veins

Cross section – Nitophyllum punctatum

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Tetrasporangia

Spermatangia

Auxiliary cell

Carpogonial branch

Procarpic.4-celled carpogonial branch.Tetrasporangia tetrahedrically or cruciately arranged.

Gonimoblast

From filamentous to pseudoparenchymatous. With trichoblasts.Uniaxials. Polysiphonous.3 generations, with isomorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte.Procarpic.

RHODOMELACEAE - CERAMIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Tetrasporangia tetrahedrically or

cruciately arranged

Spermatangial branchesAuxiliary cell4-celled carpogonial

branch

Polysiphonia sp.

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Chondria sp.

Erect.Terete or compressed.Cartilagineous.Uniaxial.3 generations, with isomorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte.Procarpic.

rhizines

GELIDIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

rhizines scattered in medulla rhizines concentrated in central medulla

Thomas & Freshwater 2001 Thomas & Freshwater 2001

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Nutritive branched filaments acting as auxiliary cellSessile carpogonium

SpermatangiaTetrasporangia

Stichidia

Erect. Medulla pseudoparenchymatous or empty.Some are parasite.Multiaxial.3 generations and with isomorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte.Procarpic.

RHODYMENIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Chylocladia verticillata

Gland cell

Rhodymenia pseudopalmata

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3 generations and with isomorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte.Procarpic.

Carpogonial branch (3-4-celled)

Gonimoblast formed over a fusion cell

Tetrasporangia cruciately ortetrahedrically arrangedSpermatangia

Plocamium cartilagineumPLOCAMIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Erect.Compressed.Sympodial.Some of them are parasite.Uniaxial.

Transverse section

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Carpogonial branch

3 generations, with isomorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte.Procarpic.Tetrasporangia zonately arranged and in stichidia.

Auxiliary cell

Stichidia

Cystocarp

Erect.Multiaxial.3 generations, with isomorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte.Non-procarpic.

HALYMENIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Gonimoblast developedover the auxiliary cell

Carpogonial branch Auxiliary cell

Tetrasporangia cruciatelyor irregularly divided

Ampulla

Ampulla

Ampulla

Connectingfilament

Halymenia latifolia

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Acrosymphyton purpuriferum

ACROSYMPHYTALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAEErect.Uniaxial.3 generations, with heteromorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte.Non-procarpic.

Acrosymphyton purpuriferum

Connecting filament

Auxiliary branch

Carpogonial branch

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Postrate or incrusting.Calcification occasionally present.3 generations with isomorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte.Procarpic.

PEYSSONNELIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Peyssonneliasquamaria

Perithallus

HypothallusSubhipothallus

Rhizoid

Perithallus

Hypothallus

Hypobasalcalcification

Rhizoid

Hypobasal calcification

Tetrasporangia in nematecia

Nematecia

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Erect, postrate or incrusting.Some are parasite.3 generations with isomorphic or hetermorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophytes, or 2 generations.Procarpic or non-procarpic.

GIGARTINALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Calliblepharis jubata

Incrusting.Pseudoparenchymatous.Calcified.Some are parasite.Multiaxial.3 generations, with isomorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte. Procarpic.Tetrasporangia zonately arranged and in conceptacles, except in Sporolithon, where they are cruciate and grouped in sori.

CORALLINALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Geniculate Non geniculate

Gonimoblast developed from a fusion cell between the carpogonial branch and

the auxiliary cell.2-celled carpogonial branch

.Auxiliary cell

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Conceptacles

Sahlingia subintegra

Filamentous or discoid. Stellate plast.Pit-conenctions absent.Sexual reproduction not well known.Asexual reproduction by monosporangia.

ERYTHROPELTIDALES - COMPSOPOGONOPHYCEAE

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Pseudofilamentous.Stellate plasts.Pit-connections absent.Sexual reproduction not well known.Asexual reproduction by cell division.

Stylonema alsidii

Stylonema cornu-cervi

STYLONEMATALES - STYLONEMATOPHYCEAE

Acrochaetium sp. Erect.Uniseriate branched filaments, usually < 1 cm.Uniaxial. 3 generations, with isomorphic or slightly heteromorphicgametophytes and tetrasporophyte. Procarpic.

ACROCHAETIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

Sessile carpogonium

Gonimoblast developed on the carpogonium

Tetrasporangia cruciate or cruciate-decusate

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Erect.Terete, compressed or foliose.Uniaxial.3 generations and isomorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophyte.Procarpic.Gonimoblast developed from a fusion cell among the carpogonial branchand the sterile branches.Tetrasporangia cruciately-decusately arranged.

GRACILARIALES – FLORIDEOPHYCEAE

2-celled carpogonial branch

Sterile branches

Supporting cell acting as auxiliary cell

Transverse section