rhodophyta domain eukarya kingdom rhodophyta/biliphyta? phylum rhodophyta
TRANSCRIPT
Rhodophyta
Domain EukaryaKingdom
Rhodophyta/Biliphyta?Phylum Rhodophyta
Looking Back at Bio 115The Organism as a Unit of Life
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!
Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)
Growth = irreversible change in size
Reproduction…failure = extinction
Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior
Adaptation-long term responses = evolution
Shifting Kingdoms2 3 5 6 8
Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria
Archaebacteria
ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteri
aArchaebacteri
aArchaebacter
ia
Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans
Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids
Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes
Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae
Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae
Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae
Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds
True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi
Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes
Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes TracheophytesTracheophyte
s
Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans
Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Lumpers Splitters
Plantae Protista Rhodophyta
How Many Kingdoms?Multicellul
ar Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
8
5
3
2
1
Rhodophyta• Photosynthetic, mostly marine red
algae
• Odd features Body multicellular, supported by water, so
simple thallus
• Thallus attached to substrate by holdfast
• Rarely pelagic (floating)
Chloroplasts have three membranes (secondary endosymbiont)
Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin…colors can be red, brown, purple, blue, green, blackish!
Storage materials: floridean starch in cytosol (-1,4-glycan)
Wall polysaccharides: cellulose and agar or carrageenan
No flagella, so centriole missing
Gametangia: spermatangia (male) and carpogonium (female)
Some species encrust with calcium carbonate…contribute to reefs
• 4000 species
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http://www.dennerle.de/images/pflanzen/algen/bartmic.gif
Compsopogon
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http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Caloglossa.jpg
Caloglossa
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http://www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex/photogallery/Callithamnion_baileyi_lb2306.jpg
CallithamnionQuickTime™ and a
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http://www.cibnor.org/colecciones/malgas/img/poc.jpg
Porphyridium
Here are some of the example red algae some of these you should have observed in laboratory.
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http://www.bio.mtu.edu/the_wall/phycodisc/RHODOPHYTA/gfx/PORPHYRIDIUM_UNICELL.jpg
Porphyridium
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Stellate Chloroplast
Floridean Starch
Vacuole
Polysiphonia nigrescens
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http://www.com.univ-mrs.fr/IRD/atollpol/ecorecat/images/polyser.jpg
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http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Polysiphonia_tetraspores.jpg
Polysiphonia nigrescens
2N tetrasporophyte
tetrasporangium
tetraspore (meiospore)
benthic (attached)
filamentous
common on New England rocky coast
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http://www.microscopy-uk.net/mag/imgmar99/polys7c.jpg
Tetraspore (meiospore) germinates into isomorphic homothallic gametophyte (1N) thallus
Male branches near the tops of the plants produce spermatangia
Female branches near the bottom of the thallus produce carpogonia
Polysiphonia nigrescens
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/ marine/algae/polysiphonia%20male.jpg
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Tetraspore (meiospore) germinates into isomorphic thallus
Male branches produce spermatangia releasing spermatia
Polysiphonia nigrescens
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http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Polysiphonia_female.jpg
Female branches produce carpogonium with trichogyne.
Trichogyne receives spermatium (no flagellum!)
trichogyne
spermatium
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/marine/algae/Polysiphonia%20nigrescens450.jpg
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http://www.microscopy-uk.net/mag/imgmar99/polys11b.jpg
Polysiphonia nigrescens
The 2N zygote develops inside the cystocarp attached to the gametophyte (1N) thallus.
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http://www.microscopy-uk.net/mag/imgmar99/polys3.jpg
The cystocarps expand and mature into carposporangiaCarposporangia release diploid carpospores which then germinate into diploid tetrasporophytes.
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carpogonium
Polysiphonia Life Cycle
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Gametophyte isomorphichomothallic
1N 2N
syngamy
meiosis
Carposporophyte (inside cystocarp)
spermatangium
spermatium(released to water)
trichogyne
Note: See previous slides for photo credits!
cystocarp
zygote (inside
cystocarp)
carpospore(released to watersettles to substrategrows by mitosis)
Tetrasporophyte
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tetrasporangium
tetraspore
(released to water
settles to substrate grows by mitosis)
gametes
(produced by mitosis)
tetrasporocyte