division rhodophyta
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Division Rhodophyta, red algaeTRANSCRIPT
Division RhodophytaDivision Rhodophytaอ.ดร. เนติ เงินแพทย
School of Medical Science, University of Phayao
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Division Rhodophyta-สวนใหญอยูในทะเล พบ 2-3 จีนัส (150 สปชีส)ในนํ้าจืด
-พบประมาณ 5000-5500 spp. (500-600 จีนัส) ถือวามีสมาชิกมากท่ีสุดในสาหรายทะเล
-ไมพบ free floating form
-มีรงควัตถุ phycocyanin, phycoerythrin เปนหลัก มีการสืบพันธแบบไมอาสัยเพศ เซลลสืบพันธไมมีแฟลกเจลลาเคลื่อนท่ีไมได
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1.11.1 ลักษณะของทัลลัสลักษณะของทัลลัส- ทัลลัสสวนใหญจะเปนเสนสายท่ีแตกแขนง
จํานวนมาก ขนาดไมใหญนักแตสาหรายบางชนิดในเขตอบอุนอาจมีความยาวถึง 1-2 เมตร
1.ลักษณะทั่วไป1.ลักษณะทั่วไปSchool of Medical Science, University of Phayao
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- การแตกแขนงของทัลลัสอาจแตกจาก main axis
uniaxial multiaxial
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- ทัลลัสเปนแผนแบนยาว แบบ พาเรนไคมา
Porphyra sp.
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1.21.2 PigmentPigmentChlorophyll a, dβ-carotene, α -caroteneXanthophyllPhycobilin R - phycoerythrin
R - phycocyanin
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1.3 สวนประกอบของเซลล1.3.1 ผนังเซลล- inner cell wall เปน cellulose
- outer cell wall เปน pectic substance มีสารเมือกพวกวุน sulfated galactan, cerrageenin, porphyran และ furcelleran - บางชนิดไมมีเซลลูโลสแตเปนสารพวก แมนแนนแทนทําให มีลักษณะนุมไมกระดาง เชน Porphyra
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Nucleus
Central stallate chromatophore
pyrenoid
1.3.2 Cytoplasm
Phycobilisome
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- reserved food Floridean starch
Soluble sugarคลายน้ําตาลซูโครสในพืชชั้นสูง กระจายอยุทั่วไซโตพลาสซึม
1.6 การอยูรวมกันกับสาหรายอ่ืนóมักเปน epiphyte แตบางคร้ังจะพบวาคลายพาราไซท เชน
Polysiphonia จะชอนไชโฮลฟาสตบน ที่เจริญอยุบนAscophyllum
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1.4 Pit connectionเปนรอยตอในแตละเซลลซ่ึงมีสาร บางอยางมาอุด (plug)ซ่ึงทําใหเซลลแตละเซลลไมติดตอถึงกันพบไดในสาหรายสีแดงทุกชนิดยกเวน order phophyridiales
Pit connection ชวยเพิ่มความแข็งแรงใหเซลลสาหรายสีแดง
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1.5 Calcification
เปนกลุมที่มีการสะสมหินปูน จะมีการสะสมสองแบบคือแคลไซท (calcite) โดยผลึกจะเปนกอน แบบ rhombohedral พบใน order corallinalesอะราโกไนต (arogonite) ผลึกแบบ orthorhombic พบใน order Nemalliales
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1.7 การสืบพันธุ Asexual Reproduction
1.7.1.1 monospore เกิดจากเซลลปกติ (diploid sporophyte)สราง monosporangium monospore
1.7.1.2 bispore bisporangium สราง bispore1.7.1.3 tetraspore cruciate, cruciate decussate,tetrahedral,zonate1.7.1.4 polyspore
สปอรที่สรางไมมีแฟลกเจลลัม
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1.7.2 Sexual reproductionMale gametes สรางจาก spermatium
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Polysiphonia’s antheridium
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Female gametes สรางจาก carpogonium
Polysiphonia’s Trichogyne
ประกอบดวยเซลล สามสี่เซลลเรียงกันเซลลไขจะอยุปลายสุดมีสวนท่ียืดยาวออกไป เรียก ตรับโคจีน (Trichogyne)
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Nemalion’s carpogonium
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Male gamete + Female gamete
zygote
carpospore
การสราง gonimoblast และ carposporeSchool of Medical Science, University of Phayao
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Polysiphonia’s cystocarp
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1.8.1 Biphasis แบบท่ี 1 แบบสลับGAMETOPHYTE PLANT (n)
carpogonium (n)
antheridium (n)+Carpospore (n)
Haploid gametophyte phase------------------------------------------------------Haploid carposporophyte phase
Zygote (2n)
Gonimoblast filament (n)
carposporangium (n)
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1.8.2 Biphasis แบบท่ี 2 สลับ n/2n
GAMETOPHYTE PLANT (n)
carpogonium (n)
antheridium (n)+Carpospore (n)
Haploid gametophyte phase---------------------------------------Diploid carposporophyte phase
Zygote (2n)
Gonimoblast filament (2n)
Carposporangium (2n)
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1.8.3 TriphasisGAMETOPHYTE PLANT (n)
carpogonium (n)
antheridium (n)+tetraspore (n)
Haploid gametophyte phase---------------------------------------------------------------------------Diploid carposporophyte phaseZygote (2n)
Gonimoblast filament (2n)
Carposporangium (2n)
Diploid Tetrasporophyte phase
Carpospore (2n)
Tetrasporophyte plant (2n)
Tetrasporangium (2n)
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Class Rhodophyceae
Sub class 1 Bangiodeae(Bangiophycidae) 4 orders
Sub class 2 Florideae(Florideophycidae) 6 orders
ClassificationClassificationSchool of Medical Science, University of Phayao
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Sub class Bangiophycidae
- branched / unbranched filament หรือ เปนแผนแบนบาง
- บางชนิดเปน parenchymatous form
- ไมมี pit connection
- เซลลเดียว หรือ เสนสาย
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ReproductionReproductionAsexual reproduction
1. สราง monosporangium monospore2. สราง neutral spore
Naked amoeboid spore Neutral spore
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Order 1 Porphyridiales
Family PorphyridiaceaePorphyridium เซลลเดี่ยวขนาดเล็ก
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Order 2 GoniotricalesFamily GoniotricaceaeGoniotrichum
เสนสายแตกแขนง
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Order 3 CompsopogonalesFamily CompsopogonaceaeCompsopogon เสนสายแตก
แขนง สีเขียวออกเทา
พบในนํ้าจืดคุณภาพไมดี
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Order 4 BangialesFamily 1 Erythropeltidaceae
Erythrocladia
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Family 2 Bangiaceaeต.ย. Porphyra spp. สาย, สายใบ, จีไฉ, Nori Porphyraเปนสาหรายท่ีมีความสําคัญทางเศรษฐกิจสูง มีช่ือสามัญวา “Laver” ช่ือภาษาไทยวา “สายใบ” ช่ือญี่ปุนคือ “โนร”ิ และช่ือจีนวา “จีไฉ” มีลักษณะเปนแผนแบนบางสีมวงเขมสวนใหญขอบมีรอยจีบยน ทัลลัสเจริญจากโฮลดฟาสต มีความหนาของทัลลัส 1-2 ช้ัน มีคลอโรพลาสตรูปดาว (stellate) สีชมพู มีเมือกเคลือบอยู
- รูปรางแบบ parenchymatous form
Disc shaped holdfast
rhizoid
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เปน monoecious
Male reproductive cell อยูรอบนอกFemale reproductive cell อยูถัดเขามาสีเขมกวา
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germinationmonospore
Spermatia(n)Carpogonia(n) zygote
(2n)
carposporangium
carpospore
Conchocelis phase
conchosporangium
germinationconchospore
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Conchocelis phase
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Porphyra sp.
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BangiaSchool of Medical Science, University of Phayao
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Subclass 2 Florideae- Filamentous form
- มี pit connection
- มี chloroplast มากกวา 1 อัน- บาง order มีการสืบพันธุสลับระหวาง gametophyte plant กับ tetrasporophyte plant
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- sex cell สรางบนแขนงพิเศษCarpogonium สรางบน carpogonial filament
Spermatium สรางบน spermatial filamentZygote งอกบน gonimoblast filament
Zygote มีการเปลี่ยนแปลงเปน 2 ทาง1. มีการแบงเซลลแบบ meiosis
2. ไมมีการแบงเซลลแบบ meiosis
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Life cycleLife cycle
Nemalionแบบท่ี 1
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Polysiphonia sp.
แบบท่ี 2
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Order 1 NemalionalesFamily 1 Acrochaetiaceae
Acrochaetium
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Family 2 BatrachospermaceaeBatrachospermum sp.
เปนสาหรายนํ้าจืด
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Lemanea
เปนสาหรายนํ้าจืด
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Family 3 Helminthocladiaceae
Liagora
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Family 4 Chaetangiaceae
ต.ย. Nemalion sp.
Scinaia sp.
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มี gonimoblast filament ใน cystocarp
Young cystocarp
Gonimoblast filament
cystocarp
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Order 2 GelidialesFamily Gelidiaceae
Gelidium sp. มี gel strength สูง
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Order 3 CryptonemialesFamily Corallinaceae
มี calcification (cortication) บน thallus
ต.ย. Corallina
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Jania sp.
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AmphiroaSchool of Medical Science, University of Phayao
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Order 4 GigartinalesFamily Gracilariaceae
Gracilaria verrucosa
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Family HypneaceaeHypnea sp.
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Family GigartinaceaeChondrus crispus - Iris moss
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Gigartina sp.
มี cerrageenin สูง
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Family SolieriaceaeEucheuma
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Order RhodyminialesFamily 1 Champiaceae
Champia
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Order Ceramialesมี cortication
Family 2 CeraminaceaeCeramium sp.
Centoceras
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Family 3 DelesseriaceaeCaloglossa
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Family 4 RhodomelaceaePolysiphonia sp.
Main axis, Tetraspore
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Laurencia sp.Tuberculate alternate branchlet
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Acanthophora sp.School of Medical Science, University of Phayao
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Division Division RhodophytaRhodophyta
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Batrachospermum gelatinosum Batrachospermum gelatinosum (Linnaeus) de Candolle(Linnaeus) de Candolle
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Batrachospermum macrosporum MontagneBatrachospermum macrosporum Montagne
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Batrachospermum novaBatrachospermum nova--guineenseguineenseKumano et JohnstonKumano et Johnston
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Batrachospermum diatyches Entwisle Batrachospermum diatyches Entwisle
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Batrachospermum mahalacenseBatrachospermum mahalacenseKumano et BowdenKumano et Bowden--KerbyKerby
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Sirotodia sp.1Sirotodia sp.1
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Sirotodia sp.2Sirotodia sp.2
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Caloglossa beccarii (Zanardini) De ToniCaloglossa beccarii (Zanardini) De Toni
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Bostrychia tenella (Lamouroux) J. AgardhBostrychia tenella (Lamouroux) J. Agardh
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Nemalionopsis sp.Nemalionopsis sp.
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Thorea sp.Thorea sp.
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Compsopogon coeruleus Compsopogon coeruleus (Balbis ex. Agardh) Montagne(Balbis ex. Agardh) Montagne
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Compsopogonopsis sp.Compsopogonopsis sp.
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Audouinella cylindrica Agardh
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