vertebrate zoology domain eukarya kingdom animalia phylum chordata sub-phylum vertebrata
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Vertebrate Zoology
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Sub-phylum Vertebrata
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Phylum Chordata
• Chordates have a nerve cord on the dorsal side of their bodies.
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Sub-Phylum Vertebrata
Bony covering over the spinal cord / nerve cord.
Vertebra – singular
Vertebrae – plural
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Fishes
• Ichthyology is the study of the fishes• Characteristics
scales-not all have scales (ex. Catfish)
ectothermic (cold-blooded)aquaticsexual reproductionexternal fertilization (in most cases)lateral lineswim bladdergills (except lung fishes)
• Key Sentence: Fishes have endoskeletons, gills, closed-loop circulation, and kidneys.
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Class Agnatha
• Jawless fishes– Ex. Lamprey– Ex. Hagfish
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Class Chodrichthyes
• Cartilage skeletons (no bones)– Sharks– Skates– Rays
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Class Osteichthyes
• Bony Fishes– Ray-finned fishes
• Most diversity
– Lung fishes– Lobe-finned fishes
• Ex. Coelocanth
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Class Amphibia• Characteristics
– Ectothermic– Smooth, moist skin– No claws on toes if toes are present– Aquatic and terrestrial– Have to return to water to reproduce– Sexual reproduction– External fertilization
• Key Sentence: Most of these amphibians share five key characteristics: legs, lungs, double-loop circulation, a partially divided heart, and cutaneous respiration.
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Class Amphibia
Anura – no tail
ex. Toads & frogs
Urodela – visible tail
ex. Salamanders & newts
Apoda – no legs
ex. Caecilians
Trachystoma – rough mouthed
ex. Sirens, mudpuppy, hellbender
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Class Reptilia• Characteristics
– Ecotothermic– Aquatic & terrestrial– Sexual reproduction– Internal fertilization– Amniote egg– Have to return to land to reproduce– Dry, scaly skin (waterproof) – Claws on toes if toes are present
• Key Sentence: Modern reptiles have scales, clawed toes, and an ectothermic metabolism, and reptiles lack feathers or hair.
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Class Reptilia
Order Rhynchocephalia
ex. tuatara
Order Chelonia
ex. Turtles (aquatic) & Tortoises (Terrestrial)
Order Crocodilia
ex. Crocodiles, Alligator, Gavial, Caimen
Order Squamata
ex. Lizards & Snakes
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Venomous Snakes in Emanuel County
Pit-Vipers (hemotoxin)• Rattlesnakes
– Eastern Diamondback ***– Timber or Cane-break– Pygmy (Carolina, Dusky, & pygmy)
• Cottonmouth moccasin• Copperhead
Elapid (neurotoxin)
Coral (red & yellow touch)
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Aves• Characteristics
– Endothermic (warm-blooded)– Feathers– Scales on legs– Claws on toes– Protect young– Beak or bill– Amniote egg– Oviparous– Sexual reproduciton– Internal fertilizatin
• Key Sentence: The key characteristics of modern birds include feathers, wings, lightweight skeleton, enodthermic metabolism, lungs with air sacs, and a beak.
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Orders of Aves
• Anseriformes- swans, geese, & ducks• Strigiformes- owls & nocturnal raptors• Apodiformes- hummingbirds• Psittaciformes- parrots, parakeets, budgerigars,
cockatoos, & cockatiels• Piciformes- woodpeckers, honeyguides, &
toucans• Falconiformes- raptors• Passeriformes- 5700 species most of the
familiar North American birds• Columbiformes- pigeons & doves
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Orders of Aves Cont.
• Ciconiiformes- long-necked, long-legged
• Galliformes- turkeys, pheasants, chickens, grouse, and quails (fowl)
• Sphenisciformes- flightless marine birds (penguin)
• Struthioniformes- ostritch
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Mammalia• Characteristics
– Endothermic– Hair / fur– 4 types of teeth– Mammary tissue– Young nourished with milk– Protect young– Sexual reproduction– Internal fertilization
• Key Sentence: Mammals are endothermic, they have hair and specialized teeth, and females produce milk in mammary glands, to nourish their young.
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Order Monotremata
Echidna- spiny ant-eater
Duck-billed platypus
Both are oviparous but nourish their young with milk
Found only in Austrailia
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Order Marsupalia
• Pouched mammals• Kangaroo• Koala• Wallaby• Wambat• Cuscus• Flying phylanger• Opossum
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Orders of Placentals Carry the young inside the uterus for full gestation (from
conception to birth)
• Rodentia- squirrels, marmots, chipmunks, gophers, muskrats, mice, rats, & porcupines
• Edentata-ant- eaters, armadillos, sloths• Lagomorpha- rabbits, hares, pikas• Insectivora- shrews, hedgehogs, moles• Primates- prosimians (lemurs, tarsiers,
lorises) & anthropoids (apes, monkeys, & humans)
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Orders of Mammalia cont.
• Chiroptera- bats• Carnivora- dogs, cats, raccoons, bears,
hyenas, & otters• Pinnidedia- sea lions, seals, walruses (or
is it walri???)• Artiodactyla- deer, elk, bison, moose,
cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and camels• Perissodactyla- horses, zebra,
rhinoceroses, tapirs
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Orders of Mammalia cont.
• Cetacea- whales, dolphins, porpoises
• Sirenia- manatees & dugongs
• Proboscidea- elephants (African & Indian)
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Gestation
• Oviparous- lay eggs that are incubated outside of the body ex. Aves
• Viviparous- hold young inside the body for the entire gestation and give live birth ex. Placental mammals
• Ovoviviparous- hold eggs inside female’s body, eggs hatch, live birth ex. Pit-vipers