division: rhodophyta - university of california, santa cruz · pdf fileherbarium assignment:...

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1 1 Important Dates May 9- Practical I & Notebooks Due: - Study your notebook - most algae you've already seen - know your phycologist terms - bring your MAC - microscope section - matching section - 2 unknowns - turn in notebooks & MAC to TA at start of lab - labs 1-5 graded - 3 hours - AM lab starts at 9 AM!!! May 12- next Monday Presentation Paper Due May 28- Presentation Question Due University of California, Santa Cruz ALGAE OF Chlorophyta, Cladophorales Name Acrosiphonia coalita (Ruprect) R.F. Scagel, D.J . Garbary, L.Golden & M.J.Hawkes Location Davenport Landing , Santa Cruz, California Habitat found in low intertidal, growing on rocks Collected by your name Date April 19, 2014 No. 1 Identified by your name Date April 19, 2014 Heterokontophyta Incertae sedis Phaeostrophion irregulare Setchell & N.L. Gardner Herbarium assignment: current name: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/californiaseaweeds.html current order: http://www.algaebase.org/ 3 Division: Rhodophyta 4 DOMAIN 1.Bacteria- cyanobacteria (blue green algae) 2.Archae 3.Eukaryotes Groups (Kingdom) 1. Alveolates- dinoflagellates 2. Stramenopiles- diatoms, heterokonyophyta 3. Rhizaria- unicellular amoeboids 4. Excavates- unicellular flagellates 5. Plantae- rhodophyta, chlorophyta, seagrasses 6. Amoebozoans- slimemolds 7. Fungi- heterotrophs with extracellular digestion 8. Choanoflagellates - unicellular 9. Animals- multicellular heterotrophs “Algae”

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Page 1: Division: Rhodophyta - University of California, Santa Cruz · PDF fileHerbarium assignment: current name:   ... Plantae- rhodophyta, chlorophyta, seagrasses 6

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Important Dates May 9- Practical I & Notebooks Due: - Study your notebook - most algae you've already seen - know your phycologist terms - bring your MAC - microscope section - matching section - 2 unknowns - turn in notebooks & MAC to TA at start of lab - labs 1-5 graded - 3 hours - AM lab starts at 9 AM!!! May 12- next Monday Presentation Paper Due May 28- Presentation Question Due

University of California, Santa Cruz

ALGAE OF Chlorophyta, Cladophorales

Name Acrosiphonia coalita (Ruprect) R.F. Scagel, D.J .

Garbary, L.Golden & M.J.Hawkes

Location Davenport Landing , Santa Cruz, California

Habitat found in low intertidal, growing on rocks

Collected by your name Date April 19, 2014 No. 1

Identified by your name Date April 19, 2014

Heterokontophyta Incertae sedis

Phaeostrophion irregulare Setchell & N.L. Gardner

Herbarium assignment: current name: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/californiaseaweeds.html

current order: http://www.algaebase.org/

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Division: Rhodophyta

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DOMAIN 1.Bacteria- cyanobacteria (blue green algae)

2.Archae 3.Eukaryotes

Groups (Kingdom) 1. Alveolates- dinoflagellates 2. Stramenopiles- diatoms, heterokonyophyta 3. Rhizaria- unicellular amoeboids 4. Excavates- unicellular flagellates 5. Plantae- rhodophyta, chlorophyta, seagrasses 6. Amoebozoans- slimemolds 7. Fungi- heterotrophs with extracellular digestion 8. Choanoflagellates - unicellular 9. Animals- multicellular heterotrophs

“Algae”

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Photosynthetic organisms on earth 3.45 bya = Cyanobacteria appear and introduce photosynthesis 1.5 bya = first Eukaryotes appeared (nuclear envelope and ER thought to come from invagination of plasma membrane) 0.9 bya = first multicellular algae (Rhodophyta - Red algae) 800 mya = earliest Chlorophyta (Green algae) 400-500 mya = plants on land – derived from Charophyceae 250 mya = earliest Heterokontophyta (Brown algae) 100 mya = earliest seagrasses (angiosperms)

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Division Rhodophyta

- most speciose of the macroalgae

Location S. Australia N. Atlantic CA Red 800 (70%) 589 (50%) 459 (69%) Brown 231 324 137 Green 123 258 72 1154 1171 668

> 6,500 species total 98% marine

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Biogeography/distribution • Found at all latitudes

• Temperate / Tropical highest # of spp (outnumber browns and greens)

• Polar

relatively few species – browns and greens dominate lots of crustose coralline reds, to 200 m

• Size distribution

tropical = mostly small filamentous plants (except calcareous forms) temperate = larger fleshy species

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1) Pigments: chl a carotenoids: phycobilins:

2) Chloroplast structure:

• envelope: layers • thylakoids: single, no stacks

3) Storage product: s

4) Flagella: n

5) Mitosis:

Rhodophyta Characteristics

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Hierarchical system of classification: Level: suffix: example: Domain Eukaryote Group Plantae Division -phyta Rhodophyta Class -phyceae Florideophyceae Subclass -phycidae Rhodymeniophycidae Order -ales Rhodymeniales Family -aceae Rhodymeniaceae Genus Rhodymenia species pacifica

Algal taxonomy

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Phycobilisome structure:

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Pigments

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Structure of phycoerythrin + protein

Phycobilisome on thylakoid membrane

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…vs. other divisions: pigments imbedded within the thylakoid membrane

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Reds respond to changing light conditions by: 1. Changing the number/density of phycobilisomes

2. Changing the # of molecules of pigment in each antennae …what is this called?

Rhodophyta Pigments

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Buoy

Pigments Experiment: - same species of red algae - place on rope at 3 depths

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Buoy

PC

PE

Pigments Experiment: - same species of red algae - place on rope at 3 depths

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Two Main Components: 1. Cellulose microfibrils

Function: structural support

2. Phycocolliods- Mucilaginous polysaccarides

surrounds the microfibrills a. agar (agarose) b. carageenan

Function: elasticity; flexibility; prevent

desiccation; and osmoregulation (ion exchange) (“carageenan” after Irish county where Chondrus crispus is found)

Rhodophyta Morphology of Cell Walls

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Human Uses of Rhodophyta

• Food • nori (Porphyra) • 1949 life cycle completed – advanced cultivation techniques

• Phycocolliods = dervived from mucilagenous polysaccharides of cell walls

•Thickeners •Stabilizers •Gels

•Two important phycocolliods: • Carageenan (toothpaste, cosmetics, chocolate milk, ice cream, dessert gels, pet foods), found in Chondrus, Gigartina, Eucheuma and Kappaphycus •Agar (food gel, pharmaceutical capsules, medium for culturing microorganisms, gel electrophoresis) , found in Gelidium, Gracelaria, Pterocladia, and Ahnfeltia

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Rhodophyta Cell Characteristics: large cells due to:

1. Multinucleate = one cell has multiple nuclei # of nuclei correlated to the number of plastids (replication, mitosis, no cytokinesis) 2. Polyploidy- repeated genome duplication buffer against mutation of essential genes (Endoreduplication = replication, no mitotic nuclear division)

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Apical cell:

Derived

cells:

Cell characteristics

Multinucleate non- polyploid

Uninucleate non- polyploid

Uninucleate polyploid

Uninucleate non- polyploid

Multinucleate non-polyploid

Uninucleate polyploid

Multinucleate non- polyploid

Multinucleate non- polyploid

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Uninucleate, polyploid

Cell characteristics

Apical cell:

Derived cells:

Examples:

Multinucleate non- polyploid

Polysiphonia

Multinucleate, non- polyploid

Microcladia Mazzaella, Callithamnion, Chondracanthus

Uninucleate polyploid

Uninucleate non- polyploid

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• Spores – no flagella

• Gametes – no flagella

• “spermatia” = unflagellated male gamete; no free movement

• Passive dispersal by water

Flagella? NO- lack of flagella has led to TRIPHASIC LIFE HISTORY

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Pit plugs - structural support between cells

Old name: “pit connections” • Protinaceous plugs between cells

• Primary pit plugs formed during cytokinesis between 2 daughter cells within a filament

• Not a real connection – unlike browns, not for transport

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• Secondary pit plugs formed between non-related cells within and individual among filaments or between individuals (parasites)

Pit plugs - structural support between cells

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-Unicellular- solitary non motile cells

- Filamentous- chain of cells -Parenchymatous- undifferentiated, isodiometric cells generated by a meristem

- Pseudoparenchymatous- form of thallus composed of interwoven continuous filaments

Rhodophyta Morphology

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Polysiphonous – composed of tiers of vertically elongated cells, transversely arranged, the lateral cells around a central axis (siphon)

central filament surrounded by 4 or more pericentral cells MAC Key: Cells in a regular transverse series

Polysiphonia

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Cortication – elaboration of polysiphonous condition where pericentral cells continue to proliferate

Morphology

Partial Cortication 28

Reds often display growth through cell elongation

Growth

New growth = not florescent

Cell repair by cell fusion

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– filamentous growth in 2 directions, results in thallus composed of both prostrate + erect components

Heterotrichous Growth

= cell division

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Uniaxial Growth- one longitudinal central filament forming the axis

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Multiaxial Growth- several longitudinal medullary filaments, each derived from an apical cell

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Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species

Eight classes Focus on 3 classes: 1. Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species 2.Class: Bangiophyceae-158 species 3.Class: Florideophyceae- 6,199 species

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Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species 1. Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species Order: Porphyridales

• Unicellular

• “a little round thing”

• Soil, Arial habitats, Fresh water, Brackish, Marine

•Surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath • Large stellate chloroplast

• Reproduction by cell division, release of vegetative cells or by endospores Genus: Porphyridium, Rufusia 34

Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species Order: Porphyridales Genus: Porphyridium

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Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species 1.Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species Order: Porphyridales Genus: Rufusia

Found only in sloth hair

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- “simple” reds

- unicells, filaments, parenchymatous blades

- marine, terrestrial, freshwater

- uninucleate

-one stellate chloroplast per cell

- pit plugs rare; if present, only primary, and in 2N stage

- biphasic life history

Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species 2.Class: Bangiophyceae-158 species Order: Bangiales

Genus: Bangia & Pyropia

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Genus: Bangia

• Unbranched uniseriate filament in early development; later becomes multiseriate; rhiziodial extensions of lower cells •2N conchocelis stage like Porphyra

•Asexual reproduction by monospores

• Pit plugs present in conchocelis stage but not in gametophyte

•Inhabits upper intertidal splash zone on rocks – rarely epiphytic

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Genus: Pyropia (Porphyra) 1N gametophyte: parenchymatous blade monostromatic or distromatic

2N sporophyte: “conchocelis” stage discovered in 1949 by Kathleen Drew Baker REVOLUTION microscopic filament lives on/in mollusk shells perennial

• Haplodiplontic life history • Saxicolous or epiphytic • Harvested for nori

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Algal Life Histories :Terminology

Spermatium, spermatia (pl) = a non motile cell that functions as a male gamete

Carpogonium = female gamete

Conchocelis stage= 2N filamentous stage; lives in/on CaCo3 shells of mollusks

Conchospore = 1 N spore produced by 2N conchocelis stage

Monospore= asexual spore that develops into the same phase as the parent

Asexual vs. Sexual: gametophyte switches from monospores to gametes; triggered by daylength (fall = shorter days = sex)

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fertilization

Division: Rhodophyta- 2.Class: Bangiophyceae- Order: Bangiales

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41 monospore

Life Cycle of the BangialesHaplo-diplontice.g. Porphyra gardneri

2N carpospores

syngamy

carpogonium

spermatium

meiosis occurs inconchosporangium

microfilamentous2N conchocelis stage

1N conchospore

monospore

plantlet

1Ngametophyticmacrothalli

Life History of Bangaliales ex Pyropia

Haplodiplontic Alternation of Generations: organism having a

separate multicellular diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stage

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- advanced reds

- always multicellular: filaments or psuedoparenchymatous

-marine, freshwater

-almost always multinucleate

-many discoid chloroplasts

-primary and secondary pit plugs

- triphasic life history

Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species 3.Class: Florideophycidae-6199 species

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Triphasic Life History 1) Gametophyte: haploid, 1N multicellular releases gametes 2) Carposporophyte: all 2N material on the female gametophyte where the 2N zygote is cloned to form the carpospores releases carpospores 3) Tetrasporophyte: diploid, 2N multicellular releases tetraspores

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1N gametophytes

mitosis

2N carposporophyte on 1N female gametophyte

2N

1N

growth

2N

1N

1N

Carpogonium on a carpogonial branch

Multiple 2N carpospores produced through mitosis in gominoblast filaments

2N carpospores

meiosis

1N tetraspores

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Triphasic Life Histories :Terminology

Female Gametophyte-hapliod, 1n, multicellular produces gametes

Carpogonial branch (cb)= filamentous branch on which the carpogonium are formed

Carpogonium (cp) =female gamete

Trichogyne = extension of egg to which spermatium attaches

Male Gametophyte-hapliod, 1n, multicellular release gametes

Spermatangial branch = filamentous branch which holds the spermatangia

Spermatangium, Spermatangia-male reproductive structure that produce spermatia

Spermatia= male gamete

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Female gametophyte - Polysiphonia

Male gametophyte - Polysiphonia

Triphasic Life Histories :Terminology

Trichoblast = usually a uniseriate filament of cells (with little pigmentation) that either remains sterile or can undergo division to form either spermatangia or carpogonium.

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1N gametophytes

mitosis

2N carposporophyte on 1N female gametophyte

growth

2N

1N

1N

2N

1N Carpogonium on a carpogonial branch

Multiple 2N carpospores produced through mitosis in gominoblast filaments

2N carpospores

meiosis

1N tetraspores

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Carposporophyte = diploid, multicellular, one of the 2N generations; develops from the fusion of the carpogonium & spermatium (all 2N material on the female gametophyte); this is where the 2N zygote is cloned to form the carpospores

Pericarp = 1N vegetative tissue that surrounds the carposporophyte

Cystocarp = pericarp (1N) + carposporophyte (2N).

Carposprorangia = reproductive structures that produce carpospores

Gonimoblast = 2N filaments bearing carposporangia in the carposporophyte

Carpospore = dipliod (2n) spore formed by mitosis by the carposprophyte

Triphasic Life Histories :Terminology

2N

1N

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49 2N tetrasporophyte

1N gametophytes

mitosis

2N carposporophyte on 1N female gametophyte

2N

1N

growth

2N

1N

1N

Carpogonium on a carpogonial branch

Multiple 2N carpospores produced through mitosis in gominoblast filaments

2N carpospores

meiosis

1N tetraspores

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types of tetraspore arrangement within the tetrasporangia (four 1N spores)

Zonate Cruciate (two views) Tetrahedral

Tetrasporophyte = diploid, multicellular, one of the 2n generations; develops from

germinating carpospore & release tetraspores

Tetrasporangium = 2N cell which undergoes meiosis to form 4 tetraspores

Tetraspore = haploid (N) spore formed by meiosis by the tetrasporophyte

Triphasic Life Histories :Terminology