CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 Objective of projectThis RFID Based Toll Collection System project aimed to develop a wireless system to detect and allow only the authorized persons inside office, factories, etc. Nowadays it is very commonly used in Office, BPO companies, Banks, Insurance companies, etc. An RFID system consists of a reader device and a transponder. This project is based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and consists of a passive RFID tag. After inserting Tag ID to RFID kit it receives decodes and checks the information available in its Database or not. Each persons Tag ID contains with unique numbers.Most educational institution administrators are concerned about student security. The conventional method allowing access to students inside a college/educational campus is by showing photo I-cards to security guard is very time consuming and insecure, hence inefficient.Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) based security system is one of the solutions to address this problem. This system can be used to allow access for student in school, college, and university. It also can be used to take attendance for workers in working places. Its ability to uniquely identify each person based on their RFID tag type of ID card make the process of allowing security access easier, faster and secure as compared to conventional method.1.2 Embedded systemAn embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs pre-defined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to a specific task, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, so the cost savings may be multiplied by millions of items.Handheld computers or PDAs are generally considered embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even though they are more expandable in software terms. This line of definition continues to blur as devices expand.Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such asdigital watchesandMP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights,factory controllers. Complexity varies from low, with a singlemicrocontrollerchip, to very high with multiple units,peripheralsand networks mounted inside a largechassisor enclosure.Embedded systems contain processing cores that are eithermicrocontrollersordigital signal processors(DSP).The key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting fromeconomies of scale1.2.1Characteristics of Embedded System Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also havereal-time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to asfirmware, and are stored in read-only memory orFlash memorychips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard or screen. Many embedded systems consist of small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example- a line follower autonomous robot which follows a specific path and moves accordingly to the path. The embedded systems are special purpose computer systems designed to perform only the specific purposes. For Example- a system designed to display numbers cannot be used to operate motors. Embedded systems range from no user interface at all dedicated only to one task to complexgraphical user interfacesthat resemble modern computer desktop operating systems. Simple embedded devices usebuttons,LEDs, graphic or characterLCDs(for example popularHD44780 LCD) with a simplemenu system.

1.2.2 Applications

Embedded systems are finding their way into robotic toys and electronic pets, intelligent cars and remote controllable home appliances. All the major toy makers across the world have been coming out with advanced interactive toys that can become our friends for life. . In AIBO first two letters stands for Artificial Intelligence. Next two letters represents robot. The AIBO is robotic dog. Embedded systems in cars also known as Telemagic Systems are used to provide navigational security communication & entertainment services using GPS, satellite. Home appliances are going the embedded way. LG electronics digital DIOS refrigerator can be used for surfing the net, checking e-mail, making video phone calls and watching TV.IBM is developing an air conditioner that we can control over the net. Embedded systems cover such a broad range of products that generalization is difficult. Here are some broad categories.

Aerospace and defence electronics: fire control, radar, robotics/sensors, sonar.Automotive: Aero body electronics, auto power train, auto safety, car information systems. Broadcast & entertainment:Analog and digital sound products, cameras, DVDs Set top boxes, virtual reality systems, graphic products. Consumer/internet appliances: Business handheld computers, business network computers/terminals, electronic books, internet smart handheld devices, PDAs. Data communications:Analog modems, ATM switches, cable modems, XDSL modems, Ethernet switches, concentrators. Digital imaging: Copiers, digital still cameras, Fax machines, printers, scanners. Industrial measurement and control: Hydro electric utility research & management traffic management systems, train marine vessel management systems. Medical electronics: Diagnostic devices, real time medical imaging systems, surgical devices, critical care systems. Server I/O: Embedded servers, enterprise PC servers, PCI LAN/NICControllers

1.3 MicrocontrollerA microcontroller, or MCU, is a computer implemented on a single very large scale -integrated (VLSI) circuit. In addition to those components contained in a microprocessor, an MCU also contains some of the following peripheral components.Microcontrollers are designed to perform specific tasks. Specific means applications where the relationship of input and output is defined. Depending on the input, some processing needs to be done and output is delivered. For example, keyboards, mouse, washing machine, digital cam, pen drive, remote, microwave, cars, bikes, telephone, mobiles, watches, etc.Since the applications are very specific, they need small resources like RAM, ROM, I/O ports etc. and hence can be embedded on a single chip. The microcontrollers operate from a few MHz to 30 to 50 MHz. The microcontroller is designed for embedded applications. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and otherembedded systems.

CHAPTER 2BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM2.1 Block diagram

Fig 2.1 Block diagram of RFID based security system

2.2 Circuit diagram

Fig 2.2 Proteus design

CHAPTER 3COMPONENTS USED3.1 List of components Microcontroller(PIC16f887) Regulated power supply LCD Relay Motor Buzzer IC-ULN2004A3.2 Description of components3.2.1 Microcontroller(PIC16F887)The PIC16F887 is one of the latest products fromMicrochip. It features all the components which modern microcontrollers normally have. For its low price, wide range of application, high quality and easy availability, it is an ideal solution in applications such as: the control of different processes in industry, machine control devices, measurement of different values etc.Features of PIC16F887:- RISC architecture Only 35 instructions to learn All single-cycle instructions except branches Operating frequency 0-20 MHz Precision internal oscillator Factory calibrated Software selectable frequency range of 8MHz to 31KHz Power supply voltage 2.0-5.5V Consumption: 220Ua (2.0V, 4MHz), 11Ua (2.0 V, 32 KHz) 50Na (stand-by mode) Power-Saving Sleep Mode Brown-out Reset (BOR) with software control option 35 input/output pins High current source/sink for direct LED drive software and individually programmablepull-upresistor Interrupt-on-Change pin 8K ROM memory in FLASH technology Chip can be reprogrammed up to 100.000 times In-Circuit Serial ProgrammingOption Chip can be programmed even embedded in the target device 256 bytes EEPROM memory Data can be written more than 1.000.000 times 368 bytes RAM memory A/D converter: 14-channels 10-bit resolution 3 independent timers/counters Watch-dog timer Analogue comparator module with Two analogue comparators Fixed voltage reference (0.6V) Programmable on-chip voltage reference PWM output steering control Enhanced USART module Supports RS-485, RS-232 and LIN2.0 Auto-Baud Detect Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) supports SPI and I2C mode

Pin diagram of PIC16F887:-

Fig3.1 Pin diagram of PIC16F887Description of pins:-As seen in Fig 3.1 above, the most pins are multi-functional. For example, designator RA3/AN3/Vref+/C1IN+ for the fifth pin specifies the following functions: RA3 Port A third digital input/output AN3 Third analog input Vref+ Positive voltage reference C1IN+ Comparator C1positive inputThis small trick is often used because it makes the microcontroller package more compact without affecting its functionality. These various pin functions cannot be used simultaneously, but can be changed at any point during operation.The following tables, refer to the PDIP 40 microcontroller.

Table3-1 Pin description of PIC16F887

Memory organization in PIC16F887:-Program Memory OrganizationThe PIC16F887 has a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing a 8K x 14 (0000h-1FFFh) program memory space. Accessing a location above these boundaries will causea wraparound within the first 8K x 14 space. The Reset vector is at 0000h and the interrupt vector is at 0004.

Fig 3.2Program memory map and stack for the PIC16f887Data Memory OrganizationThe data memory (see Figure) is partitioned into four banks which contain the General Purpose Registers (GPR) and the Special Function Registers (SFR). The Special Function Registers are Located in the first 32 locations of each bank. The General Purpose Registers, implemented as static RAM, are located in the last 96 locations of each Bank. Register locations f0h-ffh in Bank 1, 170h-17Fh in Bank 2 and 1f0h-1ffh in Bank 3, point to addresses 70h-7Fh in Bank 0. The actual number of General Purpose Resisters (GPR) implemented in each Bank Depends on the device. Details are shown in Figures 2-5 and 2-6. All other RAM is unimplemented And returns 0 when read. RP of the STATUS Register are the bank select bits:

RP1 RP00 0 Bank 0 is selected0 1 Bank 1 is selected1 0 Bank 2 is selected1 1 Bank 3 is selected3.2.2 Regulated power supplyA variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power supply, is one where you can continuously adjust the output voltage to your requirements. Varying the output of the power supply is the recommended way to test a project after having double checked parts placement against circuit drawings and the parts placement guide. This type of regulation is ideal for having a simple variable bench power supply. Actually this is quite important because one of the first projects a hobbyist should undertake is the construction of a variable regulated power supply. While a dedicated supply is quite handy e.g. 5V or 12V, it's much handier to have a variable supply on hand, especially for testing. Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these parts we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated power supply ranging from 9 volts to 24 volts DC (A 12 volt power supply is included with the Beginner Kit and the Microcontroller Beginner Kit.). To make a 5 volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC .

Fig 3.3 Voltage regulator IC- LM7805

The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the Output pin.

3.2.3 LCDA liquid crystal display(LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of colour or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It is often utilized in battery powered electronic devices because it uses very small amounts of electric power.

Fig 3.4 LCD displayLCD pins:-8 data pins D7:D0Bi-directional data/command pins.Alphanumeric characters are sent in ASCII format.RS:Register SelectRS = 0 -> Command Register is selectedRS = 1 -> Data Register is selected R/W: Read or Write0 -> Write,1 -> ReadE: Enable (Latch data)Used to latch the data present on the data pins.A high-to-low edge is needed to latch the data.VEE : contrast controlControl contrast

Fig 3.5 LCD pin description3.2.4 RelayIt is often desirable or essential to isolate one circuit electrically from another, while still allowing the first circuit to control the second. One simple method of providing electrical isolation between two circuits is to place a relay between them.

Relays are either normally open or normally closed. 3.6(a) Relay on 3.6(b) Relay offFig 3.6 Mechanical operation of relay3.2.5 MotorMotion Control, in electronic terms, means to accurately control the movement of an object based on either speed, distance, load, inertia or a combination of all these factors. There are numerous types of motion control systems, including; Stepper Motor, Linear Step Motor, DC Brush, Brushless, Servo, Brushless Servo, DC motor and more.DC motoris a mechanically commutatedelectric motorpowered from direct current(DC).DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries.

A 60 rpm DC motor is used in this project. It is used to open the gate for a valid card detection. It is rotated with the help of relay.

Fig 3.7 DC Motor3.2.6 BuzzerBuzzer or Burglar alarms have become standard equipment in stores and other businesses, and they're becoming increasingly common in private homes as well. There are a wide variety of options available. Most alarm systems are actually built around the same basic design concepts.

Fig 3.8 BuzzerA buzzer is used in this project to produce a beep sound for invalid detection.3.2.7 IC-ULN2004AULN2004 IC is used to increase the driver current. It includes seven Darlington pairs Weneed darlington pairs to interface relays with the microcontroller because the max current that PIC16F887 can provide is 22-25mA which is not at all sufficient to drive a Relay.

Fig 3.9 Pin description of ULN2004A

CHAPTER 4RFID SYSTEM AND WORKING4.1 RFID system4.1.1 What is RFID technology?Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. Some RFID tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. The application of bulk reading enables an almost-parallel reading of tags.RFID is a superior and more efficient way of identifying objects than manual system or use of bar code systems that have been in use since the 1970s. Furthermore, passive RFID tags (those without a battery) can be read if passed within close enough proximity to an RFID reader. It is not necessary to "show" the tag to the reader device, as with a bar code. In other words it does not require line of sight to "see" an RFID tag, the tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only be read one at a time. In 2011, the cost of passive tags started at US$0.05 each and special tags, meant to be mounted on metal or withstand gamma sterilization, can go up to US$5. Active tags for tracking containers, medical assets, or monitoring environmental conditions in data centers all start at US$50 and can go up over US$100 each. Battery Assisted Passive (BAP) tags are in the US$310 range and also have sensor capability like temperature and humidityRadio frequency identification (RFID) is a generic term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or person wirelessly, using radio waves. It's grouped under the broad category of automatic identification technologies.Unlike ubiquitous UPC bar-code technology, RFID technology does not require contact or line of sight for communication. RFID data can be read through the human body, clothing and non-metallic materials.4.1.2 RFID reader moduleAn RFID reader is a device that is used to interrogate an RFID tag. The reader has an antenna that emits radio waves; the tag responds by sending back its data. The tag's information is stored electronically. The RFID tag includes a small RF transmitter and receiver. An RFID reader transmits an encoded radio signal to interrogate the tag. The tag receives the message and responds with its identification information. Many RFID tags do not use a battery. Instead, the tag uses the radio energy transmitted by the reader as its energy source. The RFID system design includes a method of discriminating several tags that might be within the range of the RFID reader.

Fig 4.1 RFID reader module

MAX232- Reader module IC:-

Fig4.2 Pin diagram of MAX232The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept 30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels. Its 10th pin is connected to RX pin of pic16f887.4.1.3 RFID tagA typical RFID tag consists of a microchip attached to a radio antenna mounted on a substrate. The chip can store as much as 2 kilobytes of data.

Fig 4.3 Examples of RFID cardsA RFID tag contain two parts:-1. One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions. 2. Second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal. 4.1.4 Components of RFID systemA basic RFID system consists of three components: An antenna or coil A transceiver (with decoder) A transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with unique information.

The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and to read and write data to it. The reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or more, depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing.The purpose of an RFID system is to enable data to be transmitted by a portable device, called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader and processed according to the needs of a particular application. The data transmitted by the tag may provide identification or location information, or specifics about the product tagged, such as price, color, date of purchase, etc. RFID technology has been used by thousands of companies for a decade or more. . RFID quickly gained attention because of its ability to track moving objects. As the technology is refined, more pervasive - and invasive - uses for RFID tags are in the works.4.2 WorkingSteps:-1. RFID tag is punched to the reader module, it receives, decodes and checks the information available in its Database or not.2. Each Tag ID contains unique numbers. 3. RFID Card reader reads the unique number from the RFID cards and sends it to the microcontroller which is the CPU of the project.4. Microcontroller reads the digital input from RFID reader. 5. Then it will turn on the buzzer for invalid card and turn on the motor and open the gate if the card is validCommunication:-When the RFID Card Reader is active and a valid RFID transponder tag is placed within range of the activated reader, the unique ID will be transmitted as a 12-byte printable ASCII string serially to the host in the following format:

The start byte and stop byte are used to easily identify that a correct string has been received from the reader (they correspond to a line feed and carriage return characters, respectively). The middle ten bytes are the actual tag's unique ID.For example, for a tag with a valid ID of 0F0184F07A, the following ASCII data would be sent 0F0184F07A

Same data in HEX bytes can be interpreted as:0x0A, 0x30, 0x46, 0x30, 0x31, 0x38, 0x34, 0x46, 0x30, 0x37, 0x41, 0x0D

All communication is 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and least significant bit first (8N1). The baud rate is configured for 9600 bps, a standard communications speed supported by most any microprocessor or PC, and cannot be changed. The RFID Card Reader initiates all communication. This allows easy access to the serial data stream from any programming language that can open a COM port.

CHAPTER 5ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS5.1 Advantages This system doesnt require contact or line of sight communication. A RFID tag can be read through - human body - clothing - non - metallic materials A tag can be affixed to any object and used to track and manage inventory, assets, people, etc. RFID is a superior and more efficient way of identifying objects than manual system or use of bar code systems that have been in use since the 1970s. 5.2Applications In Educational institutes-It is used for the security in colleges, schools and universities. In industry/companies - for security purpose Can be used in home or office. The Healthcare industry has used RFID to reduce counting, looking for things and auditing items. Access management Tracking of goods Tracking of persons and animals Machine readable travel documents Smartdust(for massively distributedsensornetworks) Tracking sports memorabilia to verify authenticity Airport baggage tracking logistics

Fig 5.1 Examples of RFID system

FUTURE ENHANCEMENT We can send this data to a remote location using mobile or internet. We can add the module of voice alarm system to indicate valid or invalid card entry.

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