Restoration and the Restoration and the Eighteenth CenturyEighteenth Century

1660-18001660-1800

The Augustan AgeThe Augustan AgeThe Neoclassical PeriodThe Neoclassical Period

The Age of ReasonThe Age of ReasonThe Age of EnlightenmentThe Age of Enlightenment

In the Shadow of ElizabethIn the Shadow of Elizabeth

After James I, his weak son Charles I came After James I, his weak son Charles I came to throne, but the Puritans and their to throne, but the Puritans and their parliamentary party had gained power.parliamentary party had gained power.

By 1642 England was embroiled in civil By 1642 England was embroiled in civil war between the parliamentary party and war between the parliamentary party and the Royalists.the Royalists.

Charles I was Beheaded by Parliament as Charles I was Beheaded by Parliament as they took over England under the rule of they took over England under the rule of Oliver Cromwell—not royalty but a military Oliver Cromwell—not royalty but a military and political strategist who eventually tore and political strategist who eventually tore up the constitution and became a dictator. up the constitution and became a dictator.

The PlayersThe PlayersElizabeth I James I

Charles I

Oliver Cromwell

Charles II

The Growth of the United The Growth of the United StatesStates

People poured from England and People poured from England and Europe to North AmericaEurope to North America

Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion Ambition—money to be made in Ambition—money to be made in

furs, tobacco, logging for the furs, tobacco, logging for the building of shipsbuilding of ships

Transporting Africans for use as Transporting Africans for use as slave labor. slave labor.

Defeated and ExhaustedDefeated and Exhausted

By 1660 England was By 1660 England was utterly (completely) utterly (completely) exhausted by 20 years exhausted by 20 years of civil war.of civil war.

By 1700 it had lived By 1700 it had lived through a devastating through a devastating plague and a fire that plague and a fire that had left more than 2/3 had left more than 2/3 of Londoners of Londoners homeless.homeless.

Lesser countries would Lesser countries would have foldedhave folded

Not EnglandNot England

By the end of the 18By the end of the 18thth century, England century, England had transformed itself. had transformed itself.

Some say they had nowhere to go but up.Some say they had nowhere to go but up. Why Augustan and Neoclassical? The Why Augustan and Neoclassical? The

comparison to Rome under the reign of comparison to Rome under the reign of emporer Octavian who called himself emporer Octavian who called himself “Augustus” meaning “the exalted one.” He “Augustus” meaning “the exalted one.” He restored peace and order to Rome after restored peace and order to Rome after Julius Caesar’s assassination. Julius Caesar’s assassination.

Again there was a return to classical Again there was a return to classical learning and a restoration of order. learning and a restoration of order.

Octavian and Charles IIOctavian and Charles II

What is meant by What is meant by Restoration?Restoration?

In 1660 the Anglican Church was In 1660 the Anglican Church was restored as the official Church of restored as the official Church of England and King Charles II was England and King Charles II was restored to power (after having been restored to power (after having been exiled to France, restoring the exiled to France, restoring the monarchy.)monarchy.)

They dug up Cromwell, beheaded They dug up Cromwell, beheaded him, then reburied him. him, then reburied him.

The monarchy was restored without The monarchy was restored without shedding a drop of blood. shedding a drop of blood.

The Age of Reason and The Age of Reason and EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Asking the How? People were Asking the How? People were changing their ways of viewing changing their ways of viewing themselves and the world. themselves and the world.

Natural phenomena were increasingly Natural phenomena were increasingly explained by scientific observation as explained by scientific observation as people began to ask how things people began to ask how things happened in the natural world. happened in the natural world.

Birth of Modern ProseBirth of Modern Prose

Under the influence of the Royal Under the influence of the Royal Society and John Dryden, English Society and John Dryden, English prose became more precise, exact, prose became more precise, exact, and plain. and plain.

Fewer metaphors, flowery language, Fewer metaphors, flowery language, etc. etc.

Changes in ReligionChanges in Religion

The new science influenced religion: A The new science influenced religion: A movement called Deism viewed the movement called Deism viewed the universe as a perfect mechanism, universe as a perfect mechanism, which God had build and left to run on which God had build and left to run on its own. its own.

Pope’s Pope’s Essay on ManEssay on Man Sir Issac NewtonSir Issac Newton John LockeJohn Locke Christianity but asking more and more Christianity but asking more and more

scientific questionsscientific questions

Religion and PoliticsReligion and Politics

Religion determined Religion determined people’s politics. people’s politics.

King Charles II King Charles II outlawed and outlawed and persecuted all the persecuted all the various Puritan and various Puritan and Independent sects—Independent sects—dozens of them who dozens of them who all disagreed among all disagreed among themselves.themselves.

Bloodless RevolutionBloodless Revolution

Charles II had no legal heir.Charles II had no legal heir. When he died in 1685 he was succeeded When he died in 1685 he was succeeded

by his brother James II, a practicing Roman by his brother James II, a practicing Roman Catholic. Pressure was so great that he Catholic. Pressure was so great that he fled to France with his family in 1688. fled to France with his family in 1688.

James II was succeeded by his Protestant James II was succeeded by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William of Orange. Ever since, the rulers of William of Orange. Ever since, the rulers of England have been, at least in name, England have been, at least in name, Anglicans.Anglicans.

The New PlayersThe New Players

James IIWilliam and Mary

After the RestorationAfter the Restoration

Writers drew on “New Classical” style Writers drew on “New Classical” style of Roman, Greek, and Latin modelsof Roman, Greek, and Latin models

Thinkers of this Age of Reason Thinkers of this Age of Reason emphasized logic, scientific emphasized logic, scientific observation, factual explanation. observation, factual explanation. These rational explanations affected These rational explanations affected some people’s religious views. some people’s religious views.

Literary tastes turned to wit and satire Literary tastes turned to wit and satire to expose excesses and moral to expose excesses and moral corruption.corruption.

After the RestorationAfter the Restoration

In journalism, the periodical essay developed, In journalism, the periodical essay developed, commenting on public manners and values.commenting on public manners and values.

To satisfy the reading tastes of a developing To satisfy the reading tastes of a developing middle class, writers began to experiment with middle class, writers began to experiment with long fictional narratives called novels. long fictional narratives called novels.

Theaters closed by the Puritans reopened, and Theaters closed by the Puritans reopened, and female actors were now included on the stage; female actors were now included on the stage; drama during the Restoration period was witty,drama during the Restoration period was witty,(using words in clever and funny way) bawdy (using words in clever and funny way) bawdy (commenting humorous remarks about sex), (commenting humorous remarks about sex), and cynical.and cynical.

After the RestorationAfter the Restoration

By the end of the period, the By the end of the period, the excesses of the rich and the excesses of the rich and the onset(the moment at which onset(the moment at which something unpleasant begins) of something unpleasant begins) of industrialization turned people’s industrialization turned people’s tastes to an appreciation for nature tastes to an appreciation for nature and simplicity.and simplicity.

Major Ideas of the EraMajor Ideas of the Era RationalismRationalism>logical reasoning based on fact>logical reasoning based on fact CosmologyCosmology>new world view based on Newtonian physics>analysis of >new world view based on Newtonian physics>analysis of

natural phenomena as systemsnatural phenomena as systems SecularismSecularism>application of scientific theories to religion and society>application of scientific theories to religion and society Scientific methodScientific method>>experimentation, observation, hypothesis>>experimentation, observation, hypothesis OptimismOptimism>anything is possible>anything is possible ToleranceTolerance>a greater acceptance of different societies and cultures>a greater acceptance of different societies and cultures Mass educationMass education UtilitarianismUtilitarianism>the system of thought which states that the best action or >the system of thought which states that the best action or

decision in a particular situation is the one which most benefits the most decision in a particular situation is the one which most benefits the most peoplepeople

CosmopolitanismCosmopolitanism>> containing or having experience of people and things containing or having experience of people and things from many different parts of the world:from many different parts of the world:

FreedomFreedom>> the condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, the condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, etc. whatever you want to, without being controlled or limited:etc. whatever you want to, without being controlled or limited:

Reform Reform >> to make an improvement, especially by changing a person's to make an improvement, especially by changing a person's behavior or the structure of somethingbehavior or the structure of something

The Age of The Age of EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Origins in the scientific and Origins in the scientific and intellectual revolutions of the intellectual revolutions of the seventeenth century.seventeenth century.

Change and reason were both Change and reason were both possible and desirable for the sake of possible and desirable for the sake of human liberty.human liberty.

Provided a major source of ideas that Provided a major source of ideas that could be used to undermine existing could be used to undermine existing political and social patterns.political and social patterns.

What adjectives would you use to What adjectives would you use to describe these images?describe these images?

elegant

fancy

sophisticated

Glamorous

feminine

The Seven Groups of English The Seven Groups of English Society during this timeSociety during this time

1.1. The Great, who live profusely (extremely big The Great, who live profusely (extremely big amounts of everything)amounts of everything)

2.2. The Rich, who live very plentifully (to have a The Rich, who live very plentifully (to have a lot of everything)lot of everything)

3.3. The Middle Sort, who live wellThe Middle Sort, who live well4.4. The Working Trades, who labor hard, but feel The Working Trades, who labor hard, but feel

no wantno want5.5. The Country People, farmers, etc., who fare The Country People, farmers, etc., who fare

indifferentlyindifferently6.6. The Poor, that fare hardThe Poor, that fare hard7.7. The Miserable, that really pinch (press) and The Miserable, that really pinch (press) and

suffer want. suffer want. ---Daniel Defoe---Daniel Defoe

Debtor’s PrisonDebtor’s Prison

The Age of SatireThe Age of Satire

Alexander Pope and Jonathon Swift (of Alexander Pope and Jonathon Swift (of aristocratic values) both used satire to aristocratic values) both used satire to expose the moral corruption and crass expose the moral corruption and crass commercialism of the eighteenth-century commercialism of the eighteenth-century England. England.

Artist William Hogarth shared many of Artist William Hogarth shared many of their attitudes and ideas and expressed their attitudes and ideas and expressed his satire through art. his satire through art.

Daniel Defoe stood for values that we Daniel Defoe stood for values that we think of as middle class—no interest in think of as middle class—no interest in polished manners and social poise.polished manners and social poise.

The SatiristsThe Satirists

HogarthHogarth

The Age of JournalismThe Age of Journalism

As the middle class grew, journalists such As the middle class grew, journalists such as Defoe, Joseph Addison, and Richard as Defoe, Joseph Addison, and Richard Steele followed this new profession. Steele followed this new profession.

Saw themselves as “reformers of public Saw themselves as “reformers of public manners and morals.” manners and morals.”

Popular TastePopular Taste

Like journalists of the day, writers Like journalists of the day, writers like Pope and Swift aimed at like Pope and Swift aimed at reforming and educating their reforming and educating their readers. readers.

Pope in particular, however, was Pope in particular, however, was much too formal and classical in his much too formal and classical in his style to draw a wide readership. style to draw a wide readership. These readers instead flocked to the These readers instead flocked to the novel. novel.

First English NovelsFirst English Novels

Something newSomething new Development of the middle classDevelopment of the middle class Often broad and comicalOften broad and comical Robinson Crusoe, by DefoeRobinson Crusoe, by Defoe Women were among the eager Women were among the eager

readersreaders Tom Jones, Henry FieldingTom Jones, Henry Fielding

Public PoetryPublic Poetry

Poetry of the period was not private, Poetry of the period was not private, intimate, or spontaneous; rather it intimate, or spontaneous; rather it was highly artificial and carefully was highly artificial and carefully crafted for public occasions. crafted for public occasions.

Forms included: elegies for grand Forms included: elegies for grand people, satire, odes. people, satire, odes.

The Age of JohnsonThe Age of Johnson

Samuel Johnson a Samuel Johnson a commanding figure at commanding figure at the end of the 18the end of the 18thth century, a man of century, a man of conservative and conservative and traditional beliefs. He traditional beliefs. He questioned optimistic questioned optimistic assumption that the assumption that the future would be better future would be better than the past and that than the past and that people will people will automatically do what automatically do what is right. is right.

The End of the AgeThe End of the Age

At the end of the century, as At the end of the century, as industrialization mushroomed, industrialization mushroomed, writers returned to nature and folk writers returned to nature and folk themes for inspiration. themes for inspiration.