gender, sex, and the domestication of the empire in art of the augustan age

7/28/2019 Gender, Sex, And the Domestication of the Empire in Art of the Augustan Age

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-sex-and-the-domestication-of-the-empire-in-art-of-the-augustan-age 1/36

Gender, Sex, and the Domestication of the Empire in Art of the

Augustan Age

Ramsby, Teresa R.

Severy, Beth.

Arethusa, Volume 40, Number 1, Winter 2007, pp. 43-71 (Article)

Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press

DOI: 10.1353/are.2007.0005

For additional information about this article

Access provided by North Carolina State University (21 Apr 2013 15:28 GMT)

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/are/summary/v040/40.1ramsby.html





43

Arethusa 40 (2007) 43–71 © 2007 Th Jh Hpki Uiit P

Gender, Sex, and the domeStication of

the empire in art of the auGuStan aGe1

Teresa r. ramsby and beTH severy-Hoven

Lik pt lctig th th cul hi carmen, augu-

tu hp th r cultul lcp with pticul phi

“tu” t il lu. I lgilti th htic, augutu p-

t th pc tilit r tig up th itgit th

r il, h pi pticul ttti t lctig w i thi

tic ctxt wi th. Thi pg w t t

tu t pt, wh, ntli bl Kp put it,“ w w w u thi ctl” (1992.161). augu-

t tit hlp t ct w i uch pt, which

u thi w cul l pticipti i th cit’ ucc. Th

hiticl wk th pi, whth litic (Li) pic (vigil),

tu l wh ith pticipt i th augut ii th

ci ccptc k withi cit wh tt th i-

tu cquc iuptig g l.2 oth tit utiliz thi

1 Th uth wih t thk mth mlu h i i th cplti pulicti

thi lu, wll th u wh l ct ught uit

t thi pjct. T r wih t thk bth s-H h titi

t t aIa pl it pulih wk, h til icti t

thi lu, h willig t h pli i t thi pp. I tu, bth

s-H wih t thk T r h willig t cllt thi

ggig pjct, wll Ji r igitig th aIa pl which thi

pulicti i.

all tlti th uth.

2 e.g., i vigil: di ( Aen. 4.296–392) at (7.341–459), i Li: Tpi

(1.11.6–7) Tulli (1.48.6–7).



44 Teresa R. Ramsby and Beth Severy-Hoven

tic cu il ltihip w’ l i th w th

ii r’ ipil ul. I pulic ut pit ig,

th cqu w qutl gu uit il , t

w. Thi pp xpl th igiig tict pi.a icu t lgth i Kiti mil’ ctiuti t thi

lu, pt augutu’ p t th i ih

th tiuil w w t pt lw i t tig l-hi

r lit. ag th w th itl lw 19–18 b.c.e.

9 c.e. tht pliz th ui ultu w

lgitit chil. Wh augutu th t r ppit

pc i th r il, h w ttti t w igict

pticipt i th t: thi g hi w ptl pil th hlth th tt. Thu i thi pi, w’ l w cig

t c cti ut l iil pliticiz. o

ti, th cultul citi hichicl ltihip th r

huhl lp it pticull augut tilg ctl

(s 2003). Th ucc igicc thi ilil lgug c

cl i 2 b.c.e. wh augutu hlp ticult hi uuul piti i th

tt ccptig th titl Pater Patriae, “Fth th Fthl.”

Withi uch ci-pliticl ttig, it hul cci upi

tht augut-pi tit w th icgph th huhl i

igiig th pi. I pticul, th l w w wit lg

i augutu’ r: th alt Pc, i augutu’ Fu, th

jwl th t pwul, th th pi. W’

i th ptti r’ t ptich

tphi r’ cqut. Ig w ccil xp th

ucc th r ipil pjct, ctl tic it-

til pc iil i l-hi, clicizig tl tht

th pt lk lik th iliz pt. but w w t th l u-

it th r il. Ig chil l l

w l u t ii wl ul r; ll wh cquic

ll t r ii cul ipl icpt it th -

il. Th t pt thi pp lk t iul ptti th r

pi th augut pi hw th k u w’ -

i, ilil ig, th lgug ctl th huhl.

I th ltt pt thi pp, w will hw hw oi, lit

r l, fct thi ipil ii i hi p t th cultul

iliu. oi pt l i i ptu uiti

pc with cpllig iiliti t th ig tht p



Gender, Sex, and Domestication in Art o the Augustan Age 45

th pi. I th c, oi icll pt hil

pater/poeta/imperator gu wh h t th t ucig w.

I lt pg, hw, oi igi cqu w i w

tht k hi w pict i-à-i th p l xitut hi piti ( php tht ) withi th w wl .

at ll, i w th ccptulizti r il lu

th iticti tw citiz ujct— igict pt th t-

iti t ipil ul u augutu, aw rigg phiz i

hi cclui t thi lu. I th r ptich, hw patres

cul th ?

Ig ptig th pi t iiz / ilil

uit uuig ctl, culi gu r uthit t pp i th augut pi withut pct. such ig w up

pulic , pticull ut Pp C,

t Hllitic titic pti, will icu lw. n i

thi th l igiig th pi r iti t c

t th t i thi pi. oth iclu th u cic llgi

uch th gl, th , ight (niclt 1991.29–47),

th tti ctl th c, uch th utl

Hlgiu ctuct i th augut Cpu mtiu. Ctpi

hw gt itt i uig ppig th wl, puttig

wl p ipl i th Pticu vipi (niclt 1991.99–109).

Fill, titi tht fw ictl tiuphl ig ctiu t

fuih, uch li pil wp chctitic pcic

t (Fi 2000.46) xti pigphic lit cqu

ppl plc (Kutt 1995.79–80).

Th iul cul, hw, tht pl th ctl pliti-

ciz l , th il, thi l i th r wl ticu-

lt cti i ut th pi icult t i th th

ut citicl iptc t th Pax Augusta. I lzig thi cul,

w will lkig t g i th w tht t i J sctt

(1986.1067, 1069):

G i ctituti lt cil ltihip

pci ic tw th x,

g i pi w igiig ltihip

pw . . . It ight tt t , g i pi-

l withi which which pw i

ticult. G i t th l l, ut it t




h pitt cut w lig th

igicti pw i th Wt, i Ju-Chiti

wll Ilic titi . . . F ccpt pw,

thugh th uil g, t lw litllut g itl.

Thu w will lkig th w i which tit xp pw

ltihip th th th tw w—pcicll th

tw r it ipil ujct— lgizig th ltihip

t th ttu ic tw w.

I t , w ut h hw th r

ut th ltihip tw w. a quick u iicult, ic th ctgi l l w cttl chgig

u th l pc cultu, i th augut pi i p-

ticul, w h tig, g lti w highl ctt.

epitph, lgilti, ctp littu iict tht il r

w w t t, ithul wi, ul , cu thi

ili, pctul thi hu’ uthit (Willi 1996.128–

31). o th th h, lit l uc t t g w gll

w with uctlll pptit x, wi, ipppit

pw (ski 1983, Willi 1996.131–34).

I ctt, th it ilg cit culiit with

ipc, , l-titi, l-ctl, tgth,

cti pulic li (vié 1993.60–61, 137–38). sic thi cipti i

i lit littu, it i cicic tht th tit t

jut ci l, ut lit, l- lwig th

plitici; itctic l uth ctuct g i uch w

t k cl thi ic ct r li. Thi

ilg il pciig ppl pctu th wh h

chi r h, th viri, t th wh il t , icluig

l, chil, l, lw-cl citiz, ig. Th pp-

ig ctgi lgl pp i th xul pl t th cti

pi, ptt ptt; th cul l pt i th

ctitut th r il: th th/ pater hi wi, chil,

, l. Th ig w will lz w up thi

itctig hichicl ltihip i uitig th pi t r

augutu.

Php th t t xpl thi ph augut

ut ipl tht utiliz l picti ppl




plc t pt th ujct th pi. W kw pct

i th tht Pp, with it ttu ut nationes (Pli NH

36.41, sutiu Nero 46), pul ti cqu Pp. but

xpl kw th augut pi. Witt uci u “lik ll th ppl” t up augutu i th Pti-

cu nti i r,3 “plqu spi th th ppl” i th

Fu augutu,4 “ig ll th ppl cqui augutu”

ipl i hi ul pci (di 56.34.2; c. Tcitu Annals 1.8.4).

Fgt li ll l gu ui th cti

th i lt th a Pci (Kähl 1954), uch l gu

iil tig hi augutu c th bcl

cup (Kutt 1995.69–93). Thu th t h c t pi-c t thi ti (sith 1988.71–72).

such ig i i th Hllitic icg-

ph cit pi l gu, ut r. r. r. sith xpli,

uch icgph i t u pliticl ggphicl picti t

ut icti (1988.50, 70). I th r xpl, th l g-

th gu th wk xpig r iti

th pt. but th hiticl ctxt Gk t i r

hlp, t. Gk ttu t t t r tiuphl pil,

th i-pulic , ipl cqu cit’ t i tpl

pulic uilig wht Cthi ew cll “iul ipil-

i” xpig th icti r gl th p r

pw (2003.50). Wh r ilit itt th Hl-

liz wl, th r i t lp itt i th t ligiu

tict th th ppl, th g it ctig ptti

th ppl uig Gk tl (ew 2003.64–65). Thu i th

ttu li, th ipil ctti Gk Hlliz t

ic th ipct th r’ t pt th it p-

pl thi pi l.

Cl xiti xpl thi tp ttu gup hlp

c u itptti th ig l uc

t th iizig th pi i uch wk. sith (1988) cicigl

gu icgphic ilgicl gu tht th -cll ethne

li th th ptic th sti t aphii puc

3 siu ad Aen. 8.721: simulacra omnium gentium; c. Pli Natural History 36.39.

4 vlliu 2.39.2: “pt Hipi liqu gti, quu tituli u iu pitt.”




augut-pi ut r, php th li th

Pticu nti ti li. Th sti i, php, u

t glip it wht uch l ipil gup th cpitl ut

h lk lik.Th ethne li t tw gg clu, ch cit-

ig igl gu i high li ici with th

th pt ethnos (gu 9). Th tit cll ig th t lk

lik w ttu i cl, ili ight i r chitc-

tu (sith 1988.53). Th uiig icipti t thit ppl

th il, gig c th pi th Cllci i thwt

spi, t th bp th blck s, t th Ju (sith 1988.57).

J. m. rl uggt tht th cplt t ut h ig tillutt th icti augutu (1981.326–27, 1986.115), which w

t pt i uch w t phiz th t itt ti

(sith 1988.59; Res Gestae 26–33).

Th gu iiiuliz, ut t iplig thicll

pppit ttiut.5 It, p, p, gtu, hitl, h

tp, ttiut th Gk clicl Hllitic pti

u t xp wht sith chctiz “ g utl ic

chct g ciilizti” (1988.60). F xpl, ethnos .

3 h cull u hitl tpicl iliz Gk w

g, w thick clicl peplos, cl cil xp-

i tc. sith thu iti h ptti ppl

il “uiguul Gk ‘,’ pp t i cp-

ti” (1988.65). Th uiig h t ethnos . 6, i ctt,

h thick, uti, wil hi, wil pt lip, th qu c

with h chi thick ck tht k h “i” (69–70). Th

“hl-i” . 2 h hi t ull uti ut ll lp i ck,

p lippig t t, c i t, ll which

uggt th “gul icgph cqu ‘i’ l gu”

(63; gu 9). Th ct tht h h t ctull u iict t

sith tht “h uit willigl” (63). Fill, ethnos . 1, pt-

ig th Piut, gup Illi, h iliz ut lightl cu-

li c lt clicl ctll hi; h hlt, hil,

5 elwh i r, tit t l picti i th clthig pppi-

t th th pict ppl; Kutt 1995.79.




clk h lt . sith iti h ipl “u-Gc-

r,” ki il l wi (62). Thu i sith’ li,

th , hitl, ptu iliz, clicl l gu

u t iict Hlliz ciiliz ppl, whil ig u, withh c, uti hitl, tic, Hllitic cil xpi

u t chctiz g it. such it llw th tit

t th pt willig pticipt, pcull icpt

it th r wl, uu pi, with g i tw

(71). siil l gu u i pl p iz th

a Pci, icluig wh th “i” icgphic tit

(sith 1988.73). atit th augut pi lp thi

ig th “pcul icpti w cqut” it th pi(sith 1988.73).

sith’ li th iti it i th sti

a Pci li i lgl cpllig. yt th th w ch-

ctizig th ic. Itiguigl, sith hil u th t

“tl” t ci th , p, hitl th t Hll-

iz th ethne gu (1988.68); i th w, th ppl wh

cquic t ull t r ul pt pct wi. I

ctt, th gu tig uu i pict ptill

ull u, with pt thi i xp i th icgph

cpti— l. Th ltihip th iu ethne t th pi

i thu l thugh c t w’ i l withi th

r il, t t l. Th pi whl i pt

tict. Fill, th pctilit ch l i ic tli-

tic c t ti: th t clicizig gu, iu with th

ppl th iliz pt (Kp 1992.165), whil th xpi,

hitl, p th l chctitic th ct

wil Hllitic g. atit th th th pc ti

th pi—it ti, wt cqut, it ll ut till uit

pt, it pt w lit—thugh ig th pt

w th il r.

Th Fu augutu cti iil w l ttu,

ut withut thi lit ititi th iiiul gu. e ,

th l i pticipt i th cti ut g, il-

il ctl, ipili. Th Fu, ict i 2 b.c.e., clt

r’ ilit pliticl pt augutu’ cqut, ipl

ig iti, uch which p iplicit ti tht

xul pw ig ipult ctll (Kllu 1997).




Th l thi pc pl i r li pi citicl c-

txt. Fit ll, th Fu augutu w ig t th cl pit

r ilit . Gl lt cpig h, th

tiuph cclu h, ttu w ct i th ptic glwh h tiuphl h (Zk 1988.214, Kllu 1997.166). T

phiz augutu’ ctiuti t r ipili, tituli, plqu

t itiig hi icti, w t up h (vlliu 2.39.2),

quti ttu hi w ct i th il th pc ici

with hi titl Pater Patriae (Res Gestae 35).

The g w w likewie ehine t pl ciic le. T-

itinll kept utie the pomerium, the g w llwe within the ce

un when octin we hine t m the aenge while puu-ing the in hi ptie the Juliu Ce. In ct, diu Juliu

w enhine ne the iinitie within the teple, thee linking the

ptenl eltinhip m n rulu t the ptenl le Ce t

octin. Fthe wtch e thei wn, n, in cncet, the tw g ppe

t juti n nctin ee wlike e the rn ttept. T eince

thi iine nctin rn ilit ene, augutu l ephize

m’ le in enging wng t re’ ipeil inin eicting

hee the tn nce lt Cu n antn t the Pthin. The get

pliticl n ilit lee re’ pt, aene n rulu t

miu n sull, ppee ttue et etween the clun the get

ptic (Znke 1988.211). Finll, thi ilit pce in the het re

l ece the plce whee utue rn en wee litell “e”;

ce t the new u pt thei cing ge ceen (Kellu

1997.166; mciu Sat. 1.6.7, di 55.10.2). In thi nne, the en the

rn pt n utue et hee une the ptenit augutu.

Thi xtl culi, t l ilil, pc t th c-

t th cit pi w th pc w

cull lct l i. alg th upp cu th ptic

ith i th Fu w w l gu. Th th e-

chthi i icu alx Lk i thi cllcti (gu 8).

oiul, cpi th clu th athi acpli

ut, th l gu t itit ptti

ppl plc lik th sti li. nthl, th c

u, w i tiquit, ig uiti, php

cu th iliit ig lik tht i th Pticu nti.

a Lk xpli, vituiu w t ig t th gu i th Fu

augutu wh h hi u ct ut cti i th




pig hi de Architectura (1.5), ut, tw, ppl g t

cit hi i with th Fu ig:

Wh plc l ttu clk w cllcti i plc clu, with utul cic

thi h, thi xplti t wh k.

Th cit C th Plp tk i with th

Pi git Gc, t th Gk w

thugh gliu ict, th cl w th C-

ti. oc th tw w cptu, th kill, th

cit ct, th l th w it l, ut

i t llw th t thi tl gt thi jwl, tht th w l w t jut i

tiuph ut ltig xpl itu; wigh

w h huiliti, th pp t th

tc thi cit. a th w th chitct

wh ch pulic uilig ig th w

ig t c h l tht th tl puih-

t th ci th Cti wul h w

t ptit.6

Th l gu i augutu’ Fu t ll i-

ig ttiut t k th ptti cqu plc, ,

i ct, th wk uitig th pi u ll. Th

cti th itclui pc hlp k th ipil ctxt;

uiig li hw h iti / i th g

th pi—Jupit a l with chctiticll Gllic

tqu—ut i th ct i hil (gu 8). such ig

i l h cug th iw t cp th l

chitctu-ig ttu t th pictig Pthi ctl

t th iti th bilic aili i th Fu ru.7 I qutig

clicl athi ut, th i u th gliu pt

iliz th augutu’ ti w uthit it

6 F th Lti txt, Lk i thi lu.7 schi 1986.115–24. Th h th l th dci chitctul -

i i th Fu Tj. F ull ig g i th augut tti

th bilic aili, Kp 1991 1992.




(Kp 1992.165). Hw, th Fu w ctuct wh Gc h

cqu r; Gk t w r w pil, h it

pcicll t octi’ ict th ath-lig

at (Lk, thi lu). Th t i pt k thcqu ujct th pi i thi ipil pc i iu w.

Th pc th w hlp u k th ilt i-

ticult. at th h th Fu it th Tpl m

Ult, , th i th pitl culptu ii th tpl, vu

t i m. m, thi Fu ut th Fu Juliu C,

with it cl Tpl vu Gtix, i chlgicll ucti

ut php uggti hi (Kllu 1997.173). Gi tiuil pp-

g th htic augutu’ itl lgilti, vu im pt th hlig r’ ct wu l ilig.

vu, ct th Juli cl, m, th rulu th

g C’ u, i th pt g r’ tilit.

Th ul ug th ct , x w, h u c-

tl. augutu’ itl lgilti ulit th xul tu vu

w it h tilit, thig uul t th tt. m th

ag h ught uccul t th th ciil w xtl

tht, uch th Pthi. augutu, lik ul hi, c cl-

t th tw tptuu c i i i th tpl: vu

c i m, ut m i uccul wh vu i i h plc. Th

ui m vu, uc lught i H’ Odyssey bk

8, igi i th Fu augutu tht w uctll lut—

uctll w— lg tht.8

a thi i hw th th echthi i i th

Fu, i ctt t th ititi th l ttu i th u-

t qut th sti li th a Pci, uc

th pw augutu. I th it thi xtl culi t

8 s l Kllu 1996.179 th juxtpiti th txt, tpl, tic gt

u th tlt th tpl. Th icpl tici th ltihip

m vu u oi’ ct citiqu ( Ars Am. 2.561–98, Tr. 2.287–88

295–97). augutu w ctil w th pttil ui ig hi

l-l ig, ig uch t ig oi w t txt.

Th pi twit tw th poeta th princeps thughut oi’ ptic cfct th cptiti pct igig ig t th uiquitu i l

cqut chit thughut th cit.




ilil pc, h i th Pater Patriae. Thugh hi lizig lgilti,

pti il lu, ilit , th pulic h

t. I hi pc, ll w th : iliz ti-

ct, ppl l-hi i tl , th ll iltl willigl th u pi.

ath gup ut pl th lgug il

ctl th huhl i igiig th pi, ut i it w

th sti’ l picti echthi i

th Fu augutu. Th ut tht xplicitl pt il

gup, t k th pc w chil. Th pictu

th pi th il r, t with augutu Pater Patriae

i hi hi , wi, ught, w t th lwlit l.The nuentl ceen tht uun the a Pci in the Cpu

mtiu, eicte in 9 b.c.e., i pinent n uch nte exple. The

elie ecting it peent the pece re th peicte upn n

enuing the helth the rn il. Pnel n the wet en epict the

e he-wl n twin with the m lking n, well aene

n hi n Iulu. on the et en, n llegicl epeenttin the ecun

eth n he n ping it ppite the ictiu r ete upn

pile . Finll, n the lng nth n uth ie, ieze epict

pcein incluing augutu, tte piet, n ee the ipeil

il. Thee ltte cene e nlu in rn t, in tht hiticl

elie el etue wen n chilen; hee, hwee, tit epl the

in cnjunctin with the the elie t illutte the etilit n unt p-

ie augutn ict, pece, n leehip, well the le the

ipeil il in enuing tht thi pece will cntinue (Kleine 1978).

but th c t jut pt th ipil il it

plc i r hit thlg. H il i l tph

pi, augutu i it pater . sl chil plc pitl i

th pci c, uull i cl pxiit t thi pt. s

ught augutu’ ught, ic tp iclu,

i th toga praetexta chilh wig th ptcti bulla u-

lt. Hw, chil th th i th uth hw

i itictil it . o th uth, th lig chil, pullig

agipp’ tg, i i ig gt, icluig cp, tu,

tqu, h lg, cul lck hi. sl chl uggt tht

h pt t, pil Pt-bp chil; hi th, l

with uuul hitl, th w tig hi hi,




h h hi h.9 o th th iz, w hl-k, tuic-cl

tl ptig th cul lck tqu chctitic Gul. Th

chil pt ug htg kpt i th ipil huhl plg

tw r clit kig gut i th ipil huhlwh wit pi tilit wh th ight tu t thi ppl.10

Thu th c llu t th pi i pt augutu’ -

il, t t wt.

Th itit th Gllic tl i c c th

bcl Cup augutu i which Gllic chil gi thi

th t t augutu u th upii cui-cl duu

(gu 10). o pticul , gig up t th clth th i

hi, t qut qut th Gllic tl th a Pci.Th cup th w lt utl li which it w i p-

i il t ctul t duu’ Gllic cpig i

which chil th l w h t augutu hl

ig i hi cut (Kutt 1995.94–123). Th c i cp til

l gu, ut th pc chil l tht ti ut

ili lig i ig pt. augutu’ il i pit,

hi pw th th ig thi chil t hi: th l

uccul il i tht r. Thi c i t c hiticl

ilil ig th u th th cup, wh th

tit pt augutu’ wl ul i llg: t augutu ci

vict vu, whil m l i gup l gu p-

iig cqu pic (gu 11).

T tu t th a Pci, th i w chil

th c li pt augutu’ ltihip t r tht

pateramilias t hi amilia, th i itlp i th iw

tht th amilia h xt. Th i htg ( gut)

th a Pci tt with uch th igit th augut -

il—pi tht th cpt with augutu. Th i i th

cw pt, ccig t Jh Pllii (1987.27), “t uquli

pc tw r i, ut r pcicti i

9 r 1990.455–59, si 1967, Pllii 1987. r uggt tht th chil’ th

i di, wi th Ptic kig Pl, tht h i i r

w util h hu w . s Tlli 1982.60 .72 ct

iw.

10 s r 1990.455 . 38 lit chl wh iti th

Juli i “Tj g” tti.




ppl th rizti utu i ppl . . . chi-

ti kig: th i chil pp uit, t qul.”

Th w th ipil il utiull puc hi, , t,

th pi itl puc ihit r ppit, pticipt i thr pi. Th iclui th ig chil th ttlizig

g tht augutu pptuiti t th ii uti lik.

yt th cu th chil th augut huhl th t

duu with ilit g11 ic th i tht ilit igilc

hit ight th i augutu’ il, whil th i

th ut th jct r ptcti, t gt thi

w iititi. a Ii Fi xpli (2000.52):

such ititutiliz pphic ct i thi pi

t pt ti th gig ct t thi

ti tht lik, th ctt, il cuit

h t r with th iupti ilcti

il li i th i wl cquc

ppiti t r pw.

Th w r puc chil i tph pc uc; i tht tph, i w chil

ptcti. a tht pi th pt: th tht i

it i th c pti i w thi hu-

, wh kl t h; th ccitt pi i tht, i

tht cic, th t tilit thi ili. Th l uc-

tiig il i th pi i tht r.

Th tit th G augut pt i itict til th

ti th a Pci bcl Cup, ut i xplicitt (gu 12). Th c, pl lt augut l Tii

cti (Kli 1992.69–71), i ii it tw git tht pt th

i g ipili. Th upp cu ipl th ctl

il augutu ulig ppu wl-wi pi. Th princeps

r it i i, cupl ciig Tiiu pl G-

icu i th cp llgicl iiiti: ptti th

kw wl, oiku, cw augutu, whil ocu nptu

11 s s 1984 Pllii 1986 th iticti duu.




picti th uitul th, with cucpi tw i,

lk (Kli 1992.70–71).

I ctt, th lw cu th g, th tit l th

ilit t i th pic ti up which thi ul t:i ili hw uig th cquc t whil

r li i tph th. Tw pl Illi cupl

pt. o th iw’ ight, uxili tp pull lg th hi

hl-u klig with tqu tig w wh

l t kp h clthig lippig h hul. a cig chil

h piti i th w th g w cut i

tiquit (Kli 1992.71). o th th i, pp l i-

u, lg-hi l t it t th t thtropaeum

. Thii with hi h u hi hi ck lk tl t hi

cpt, hpll xpig hi i t ptct hi il. Th l

it jct, tig h h tw h h i th icgphic gtu

uig. Th g th g uitkl. o th ti,

th ili iitgt i th pc th whlig ucc

th huhl augutu, which itl pi t lt gti.

ritc t th il r i util.

o uth til th g, hw, lik th a Pci pc-

i c, iict tht willig uti pctl icpt

it th il. Fu pticipt i iig th ttll tph. Th

tit cll tw r li with iticti hlt

tplt. but th th tw hw i-u, i th icg-

ph l cpti, uull iti l wh

h ji th r c (Kli 1992.71). Th lw git thu

illutt it l i th pi picil ig

lluig t ilil l; uti ji th il c ux-

ili li, tht i, th il, , i th it, th

l. augutu pi th wl wht h t r—

hl ttu i th il—i l it ccpt hi ptit.

C li th ch t sit-ré pt i thi

g xplicitl picil uic. Thi ch w pt i

ct i ciili ct i Glli ni u augutu tht ll

tu c cpti u t tphi (silg-Pic 1986.312).

mt th ut hw jut l gu, th ipt which will

icu lw, ut th ch t sit-ré ipl l l

cupl. ech tw pl th t i th ch, cig th cit,

tu ctl t i w fkig tph.




o th th , pl pictig th Gllic Gic ti t th

tht, th w, i lg , lk w w

th i-u i tu u t th tph cll hi ck.

o th uth , th lg-hi w with iphu , whc h h i t, t with l i tu ig

gt wh u hi hi ck. Th gu pl

pt th alpi ti ctl cqu augutu. Th pl

ctiu th th il iplct l culti t th

th pi tht w w th a Pci c i th cpitl

th G augut.

siil ig pp th Tpu alpiu, utl

tph ict i 6b.c.e.

th t ppl r i h augutu’ icti th alpi ti (Pli NH 3.4.20, st 6.1.3).

ect t L Tui lg th i Juli augut th tw Itl

Gul (Figé 1949, silg-Pic 1986.312–13), th ut

icipti litig th t- alpi ti uu augu-

tu. o ith i thi, tit xp iil tit thugh

li pl pictig l l cpti klig u t

t tuk tph. Th tuggl git th ti hi thi

ck; th w’ p lip t l t th h hckl

c th t thi i. Th t i lt az

icgph pl pt i ig th l gu -

i (silg-Pic 1986.313), i tht az w th quittil

ptti l i cil ch (rg 2003.84). I

iti, Gk tit th t th az ig t,

uull ilt t t th h l Gk wi (Ch 1997.74,

77–78). Fill, thi uit l xp thi ulilit thi

pt’ iilit t ptct th; w w g th pil w,

th ig uggt tht th will t th plu thi t

l i th il r.

T tu t th ch t sit-ré, it wt i l w up

th citi ig lz . atit pict l pi-

cti itctig with t i. o th th , l g-

u ptig ith r Glli ni l i-u

u l cpti. a su silg-Pic xpli (1986.318): “sh

liz th llic tw r thi pic. sh i hw

lig i Gul it r tit; it th ciiliz wl

th Px augut.” I th li th ppit , r it tp

pil Gk pil xt t u Gk l, c tht t th




cqut sit-ré itl, Hllitic Gk uti (silg-

Pic 1986.317). H th ujct ppl pt l gu,

ut th tit thl cult th puttig th cpti u

th guic ctl l gu.Th tph ut t th Glli ni i th

ll tw sit-bt l pl cplx ig thi g t

xp ig g hip i th il r. Th i

culptul l w pl ct i 20 19 b.c.e. t clt th

ict t actiu, t th P Gllic ti, pg git

th G, th ctiuig llic Glli ni with r

(silg-Pic 1986.313–14). althugh w gt, th cplx

ut c h th gup li-iz ttu g u ttuk tphi. suiig gu iclu pi klig, u, i-

u l tig l l cupl. o th ltt, h w

Gllic tqu lg , whil h i p i lg, fwig .

silg-Pic (1986.313) xpli tht th “-tig, utt

gu i Gllic t pi--w; th, th pt th

lli Gul ni wh hlp augutu uu th ati

Cti ti (Ii cpt) 28 t 19 b.c.e., pt h

klig, chi cpti.” o th tp th ut, tit plc

tiupht ttu augutu wig ct cui tht pt

th t ilitt ict ig: tw u u l cpti fk

ctl tph.

Th ttu th tig Gul cll cl cuti. Th

l itpt piig th pic Glli n-

i (gu 13). althugh h i, i, t u c t kl, th

tit pt h ihl ull, with h hlig up

h lippig clth. H pthtic pct i phiz h hi, which

hg w il withut t.12 sh pp i p-

tcti. stig hi h, with utttch, wul h

12 Th i itiguig iilit tw th i ptig Glli i th ni

culptu ep, th g th h i th Gul, pict li culp-

tu mtz (mué ’achélgi Gll-ri, mtz). Wight 1985 ti

th whip iigu g th u iu Gllic iti t pt augut

numina g picil tit. althugh th tig l i th ni u-t i t hck, th h pupul citi tw Glli i

gl th ppul h g. Thi ccti cuictig

th cpti Glli with, h ii cti , augut lhip.




th ttu augutu hil. Hi pc pi tht ptcti

t thi ull i, whil l iplig tht h i pil h

ulilit; “Th p cti tht hi g t th ight

ttitu tw th w uthit r” (silg-Pic 1986.309).Th ut pt th tht pi th il

r it th, th wh t ji l.

Thi ulti-ct ig utilizig g il t ui-

t th pi w wil ip. W h xpl tt-

p t i th cpitl th ti, wll i pit

i-pit jwl ilw. Lt w hll icu xpl

th chitctul cti Itli h. such ti c l u

i ati w, gl tl ptt xtl ppul c thr wl uig th l pi. T ci jut xpl:

l- cup pict t jct l, ll Gi,

i pi chi l cpti iti aci Pthi,

tht i, ai Pthi (Kutt 1995.85). atit thu puc

thi ki ig pt it cl i r wi

it uic c th pi.

mee, thee ige in ilie n the bcele

Cup augutu, the Ge augute, the che n tph nuent

Gul, n Itlin tlewe wk gint cetin titic n ielgicl

titin in w tht help unece the le augutu n the gen-

ee lnguge cntl e the huehl eing eple. F the Hel-

lenitic wl, the rn inheite iul titin with “thee le

in uicie” (Fei 2000.14) n genel ephi n e ing

eneie, epecill Gul. The u gup ttue ciine

King attl I Pegn hi cit, athen, delphi, n del ee t

he etue thi ti. Thee piece pl inclue the -clle suicie

Gul, cpitin in which nue le weing tque hl e

ing wn in ne n lie w int hi wn tht with the

the, well the well-knwn nue le ding Gul (Fei 2000.6–10).

We knw Plin ( NH 34.88) tht nthe culptue the e gup

the ltte etue n innt tuching hi e the.

Th wk w kw i augutu’ r; th u cpi

th suici Gul i th ntil muu i r th dig Gul

i th Cpitli muu thught t h cii Juliu

C hi tt th Quiil (Fi 2000.8–10, 21–22, spit-

z achlgic i r 1998.44–45), li Itli t tu

ti Gllic wi ig t ci i (Fi 2000.15).




Thi i t th ig pl augut ut. Th augut-

pi ig cu th Gllic il, ut it t i.

Th wh pp r l, ut th ui put t u i th

il r. Pic ppl wh ch ig will tt pct t; th wh l will c r’ l.

Finll, we nee t e cetin augutn-pei ige epie

tht nt utilize the ie wen chilen, ut cn till e e

wing upn gene, exulit, n the il t ticulte rn cntl.

Fele gue wee ueul in epeenting peple plce, ince the pe-

ple wee in genel uinte the gene the gue; the ttu the

pince cul then e expee the tit i the ttu the wn

peente (le tn). atit cul nt el lel n gene in cenewith le gue, when le wee eple t epeent the uject

the epie, tit uinte the in pe, clthing, getue, tht i,

the wee hwn chine, hl t ull nue, kneeling hning ething

e t rn cil. The Pthin epicte n the cui the u

Pi Pt ttue augutu i hwn hning ne the lt tn

e t Tieiu geneic rn cil ppite hi.

m phticll hichicl utl picti

Pthi i r. Ci uggt tht tit u iil p -

ig up t th Pthi hw th -cll Pthi ach

augutu i th Fu ru ( RIC 134/ BMC 428); th ct-

il gu w plc th ut th ch’ th t g-

tu up tw th ctl ttu augutu i hi tiuphl chit. a

t li, clu i th iti th bilic aili w c

it ig l Pthi uig augut-pi tti thi

Fu uilig. rl schi h l ctuct gt

lt iul llui ict ut i which th klig Pthi

uppt ctl ttu augutu (1986.18–57), Pthi

tuig t hw klig denarii 19/18 b.c.e.

( RIC 315/ BMC 58).

Gllic G cpti t t chi lw tphi,

lthugh w hul kp i i th ati cup with u Pthi

ai t . I iti t th ig l icu,

wil ttt xpl c ctp Itli h. Cp

plqu -puc tctt lig tl u t ct th

chitctu pit h i etui Ltiu. dt t th l

th t ctu c.e., uch plqu kw ultipl wkhp

with ti l Gllic pi fkig ttll tph (Kutt




1995.84, Pic 1957.284–85). W h t lt xpl i which th

u pi i-u (Ttll 1981.67–69). Fill, denarii

13 b.c.e. pict i , u hi ig clk, klig

hlig up vexillum i ig u ( RIC 416/ BMC 128).a t li, r lit , ut wh u ic

i t u wh ifuc uch t w ct, culiit w

qut with t, ipc, l-ctl, l-titi, cti

xul ptti, ptit. Thu ig i , u,

t, chi t tph, ul t ptct thi ili, kl-

ig , t uppt, th iiz i thi uiti.

Thi gti i uc th t uit i augut-pi

xpl. eli picti h cu up th thic th cp-ti iticti, pl ifuc tiuphl

ig (Kutt 1995.79). I augut c, uch t hw

i-u u, i th icgph l. Thi i xul ui-

ti t i tic , ut i r ig ul-

l t th it r vir— t hi gz, t hi xul ptti, t

hi pliticl, ilit, ptl ctl. a ew t i

ctxt (2003.67): “Th pwul li i w z i pptul

uii pt i r upiit.”

I igict t th augut g, tit pci th

pi ptig it iiz tict. Th u l

gu t t whl ppl pic; th pl k

u l l pi w cpti chil t ctt

th iptc th ti with th hlth ppit th il

r it th. Thi ig i u i th utl t

th cpitl, i tw th pic, i th pit h Itl.

dwig up th cultul citi th r il, icluig th

icgphicl u chil, th it w’ l, th il

hichi l l, t l, tit x th r

iti th pc ppl th pi i til t.

n i it cicic tht uch ii th pi uig

th augut pi. a it pliticl cu w x l i

th l w augutu hi ctpi ti t l

th pl th lt w l th ciil w. I iti, jut

r t uth pl th cil ctg “l” i

t ctuct r culiit (Willi 1999.142–53), iiz

piph th pi hlp ctuct culi ct. sti

thi iclu th l citiz r whl. Hw, i t, thi




culi ct w uull pt augutu, thi ig

th pi hlp gi hp t th upct l th p.

a uul with th citiz w r, ciig thi pit

iw gt quti th w, ut th quti thl uggti. Wh w lk t th l picti i th

Pticu nti th echthi i th Fu augutu,

i th th ut xpi pi pi i

thi cit’ tt tgth? o i th pci ticulti th

pp, uit plc w i r cit? di th w

th cit wl with ig th ipulti tht sctt ticu-

lt, i th ic it? di th pci th ig lik ,

th itc thl thi w gti?ml citiz h h iill cplx p. I

pig ig, uch th l pic, th ight h

igi thl pt th xull cti, it ct th

r pi. Th pwul pc augutu i th c,

hw, ight h h th ppit ct. I r il, th w

l pateramilias. Th ig w h xpl ipil i tw

: th xp r ii ujct ppl augut

ii r. m, lit citiz, uti th ipil -

il h lt thi l l-ti iiiul r

patres ui thi utig pi.

Th pt oi pi uul pptuit t xi l

p, ic hi c p th c hl augutu’ ig. Hi

willig t pt ipil i hi th i iicti th

w p thughut th r ppulc tht th w g qui

w w xpig th cultul t. I oi’ pt,

th cul cqut, lik tht i th ig , i t i

cpl ctl, pticull i th i w: th gt

ticult i th iti fh.13

yet thee ppence inte wen within oi’ pet

hul nt e tken t litell, thee e petic cnietin tht pl

int thee epeenttin, uch infuence the Hellenitic pei. a

di Feick explin, the inte wn’ peence in augutn eleg

i eult elegit ecing the “gente ethetic Cllichu”

13 s ngl 1984, Jh 1985, Ch 1988 oii ilc—ilc pig

l— richli 1992 pgph i th gui t.




(1997.179). Thi ethetic i ene nt eel the utitutin the

penl ntie the epic; it l inclue eplcing the epic agon n

the ttleel with the gnitic ce tht inte the le/pet: eie

n jelu ne et uch cpelling ce (Feick 1997.179).since ilit ipeili pee the pliticl n cultul mise en scène t

re, the rn elegic pe i whee the ce ilence, cquiitin,

n uuptin pl ut within the cntext pite n etic i.

augutu’ epie w nt tine entiel peceul en, n et it

eulting infuence i clle pax. siill, the elegit’ eie utce i the

quiet n ceee pein n eluie wn, et uch ucce equie

nipultin, neue, n ggein. Thu the thee etictin tht

pee augutn ige pie pet en ticulting the qulitie n intenlize, penl domus in which le n ilence th eie.

I iti, th xit withi r lg xpi

th cfict tw titic ptitic ipul.14 W c

xpl wh th pt cillt tw ppciti r’

pw ippitt i th w th pi cicuci liit

th pw th iiiul. sti th tit lp with th

th tic cqut. Th r lgit, oi i pticul, -

tt th cplicti ticti th liit ’ ctl

th -cll willig iiz pticipt. ou u h i

i, ut th th it cp with g t oi’ c tt

hw lit r cul xpic wi g xiti.

I pg l p, oi’ l th uit

r ipili cil t hi u i: h clt th ct

tht c liciu it ll i thughut th

cit ( Ars 1.55–56 59–60):

tt tii tqu it r pull

“hc ht” ut ic “quicqui i uit.”

. . .

qut clu tll, tt ht tu r pull:

t i a ctitit u ui.

14 s r 1977.51–52 111–12 icui ujctiit i lg th g

t which it i u i iu pt; l 127–28 th pl pt c witig

lg i augut r.




r will pi u with gil, u will :

“sh h wht th wl ” . . . u r h

gil th t i th k: th vu

i tlih i th cit h a.

I th c iti th Amores, pulih t ppxitl th

ti th Ars Amatoria, th l g tht h c pit ut

ll tp w, l t utt, pl ki t k

( Am. 2.4.39–40):

ci cpit, cpit f pull

t ti i uc gt cl u.

Th pl gil will cptu , will th gl hi;

x i wlc i uk hu.

Th t r cqut i, t put it i ulg t, booty:

th i w tphi t i j. I w u

tht oi w k t tic th titic ig tht pt augut

ul, th hi cipti th ililit utiul w pi

witt tic cutpit t th ttu w tht augutu ught

it th cit t pt cqu ti t th lt echthi

i ct i augutu’ Fu. Hi ti tht r c p-

i uch g l fh uggt ttpt t p

Pgli-qu tti uch tht th iliz ttu ig

w ut th cit ( th pi) c willig xul pt-

i th r . Thi tp cqut wk th w,

hw; oi wit tht th gil cptu hi (39: capiet, capiet )

ipli tht th p will tull c ujct t hi pi

util i tiult w pptuiti cqut.

oi l xpl th pl lig with ilt c

(whth th tit i, jlu, til itt)

tt tht ictiizti i fui ppt. Wh oi gi hi

Amores, h wit tht Cupi, lik cquig gl, tk cpti th

pt’ kill th t hi tic pup.15 I th c p

15 Am. 1.1.5: “qui tii, pu, it hc i ci iui?” (“Wh, g , g

u uch juiicti g?”).




th cllcti, h xplicitl ji thi ig t tht th tiuphl p-

ci: Cupi i i th chit th pt ht ug

w ch th chit cpti pi—ptti, p-

hp, ll ixpic l u Cupi’ ctl, ut l, php, uwillig pticipt i th xpitti ujcti pt.16 I

thi w, oi ct hil uti lkig i; h i t th ch-

pi withi th chit ut th i cpti wh ut l w l-

gug, w cultu, ug ll th w xpic cit u

th pw cul l.

Thi ue the tiuph inicll nipulte the pp the

chic itul t celete the pwe venu n Cupi the thn the

m, venu’ ilent cuntept. Kl Glink (1969), Je mcKewn(1989), n Jhn mille (1995) he ightl hwn tht thi n the elegic

ue the tiuph e petic ttept t efte the tiuphl topos thugh

cic exggetin. Lelie Chn (1988.294, 306) neee cplex-

it t the intepettin, ttiuting e thn ce t the epictin: “The

thee etic we i nt eel witt execie, ut l n expé

the cpetitie, ilent, n etuctie ntue amor , n expé tht cll

int quetin unentl rn ttitue in th the pulic n the pite

phee” n “T eg le kin we i nt jut unn cnceit

ut the ntue the exul ct ecue htilit n el ilence eult

uch n ttitue.” Pehp oi en t efect upn the ntin tht

ilence eget ilence, whethe it niet itel n Illin ttleel

in the e, pehp oi’ pe ipl efect the ilence tht

w ue t exit in il rn lie. In n ce, the pet l cli

t teit tht i thewie ue t etlih augutu n hi ucce

the i the epie (Hickn 1991). The pupe the cnqueing

genel n the le inteect—le i tpe intin.17

Thi i ll t cl i th th p th k

wh th l chti hil tig hi it i t jlu

16 Am. 1.2.19–20: “ g ct: tu u p, Cupi; / pigiu ict tu

iu u” (“ah! I it it, I u ltt t, Cupi; I ttch ut cqu

h t u ctl”) 25–28: “iqu t cuu, ppul clt tiuphu / t-

i t iuct t i . uctu cpti iu cptqu pull: / hc tii

gicu pp tiuphu it” (“a th i u lltt chit, u will i t th

ppul ch ‘Tiuph,’ , with kill, u will i th h u

th. Cptu i will l u: thi pci will u

gict tiuph”).

17 s K 1993 th cti c l, pticull i lit icu.




g.18 a ell G hw, th w i which th l i-

tc hil th ilc h h citt (1998.85), h

plu i th ui ihl ppc hi it (86–87).

Th tu hi u ig hi t igi hi l i chi hi tiuphl chit—with uic ckigl cltig hi

ict gil.19 a G iict, tiuph littl t ict

pth pth tw th cqu, it plc uch gt cu

th cquig h; hi cipti h wu lu

it itic, tic ticti (1998.88). oi h ct ctp

iil tht t i ctt t th t, thlgicl cpi

i piu li th p (wh h cp h t atlt, ai-

, C i li 13–18, vu i 31–34), i ctt t thtu iil h pi i li 51–56 (G 1998.88–89). Th

Amores 1.7 cll th tipl tiuph octi i 29, th tiuph

aic pcul i 21 19, (ciig tht th c

iti th Amores w pl pulih t 7 b.c.e.) th ti

Tiiu duu i 11 (Hick 1991.128). Thu th l’ upp

chgi i til upct w hi cp t p tht

licit iticti with hi th th hi icti.

Th l c hi gili t cit iil ct i-

lc hil, iig h tht wth tu wk h it wp.20

G ightl iti th ticilit tht cugt, hwig

tht th ipti h u i th c l iict tht h

ctiu t ctl h (1998.91). but i iti, thi tht hi

it p hi i ki t th w i which h hul

18 s Ch 1988.294: “Th l th Amores i ihtl ilt lik with thr libido dominandi.” s l Kllu 1996.178: “W t t th [p]

pl citici tict l gi th th cgizig th pt th

t ig wh th til th t w ihtl pt

th.”

19 Am. 1.7.35–40: “i uc, gic, ict, li tiuph, / cig c lu tqu

Ii, / ququ tu cuu cittu tu qutu, / clt, ‘i! ti pull i

t.’ / t t u titi cpti cpill, / i it l, ci tt g” (“s

g w, gt ict, gl i u tu tiuph, cicl u cw with lul

th pi g t J, lt th cw i tht llw u c

hut, ‘i! th gil i u !’ u h will g, cpti, h hi

, ll pl, php th ui h chk”).

20 Am. 1.7.63–64: “t tu uit (iut iict l) / ptiu i ultu uguiu i

” (“but u ut’t hitt t t t c with u il—gc iiih

uig”).




chg hi w hi. Hi wth, h it i li 43–44, i li

uctlll, th i tht it will pp. W i

gi thi p tht ilc l (m vu) coupled ,

jut th i augutu’ Fu withi th tpl m Ult, thtth ct til pt, tht, php, hul t wih

it thwi: th i tic p i th citi. Th l i th

p h ut t hi l th culi ct th r

ipil pjct, h j th ilc iht i tht piti.

m, it i pil t ci thi p fcti

cig iiiul pw u th icig utcc augutu.

Th l’ ilc git hi it t hi utti tht h h

lt ctl hi plc i th wl. H lh ut t th wk wt l th pt wht pw h h lt: t pl, til, th

it ipilit, cti h l ptl gt. Hi xc, ut t

hi ti, pl hi.21 oi’ iplicti tht r l th pit

ph t gt ilc cti i th cci t

t xp th ui r’ tict titi.

I Tristia 4.2, witt ti tw 11 14 c.e., th xil

pt th wt h th blck s igi with gt iu

th tiuphl pci C i clti ict G,

pt i th p w. at th clix th pci, oi

w th ’ ttti t thi gu (Tr. 4.2.43–46):

ciiu ti tu Gi pi

t uci iicti u p t t,

cllqu r p i cui

icul t ill qu tulit , u.

ah! th i G ci lg with h hi ut-

p, u th t h ucqu t h

it, h tu ck utttch t th r x,

ig chi i h t wh c h .22

21 Fick 1997.173: “F it l uth, lg’ wu iguu tph

th tti lit culiit it txt.” s l bt 1993.27–28, 46

mlu 1993.156.

22 I Tristia 3.12.47–48, oi ct iil c, wh G lw h h u

th t h cpt: “tqu, lltix, t, Gi, gi / tit cput piu

uppui uci” (“a u, lliu G, lw u pthtic h u th

t u gt c”).




Th ph h hi ck ch th ptti th

it i Amores 1.7 (39: “u titi cpti cpill” 42: “t cllu

li ti h t”; , t 19). I ch c, th w-

’ hi i ihl, h cutc (maesta, tristis), h ck ull—ith t wu l ifict t tht ip. yt

wh th Amores u thi gu i wht iic hi t highlight

th uc cul th l’ hi, oi fct i

h. Gi pt ll th c it th Gic

chiti pit wh g itt xpi ipi w

cuiit g th pctt (Tr. 4.2.27–36). H tu willig

t i (h h tht t th x) pt h icptiilit with

th r i –chig tilit. Ul h cqut i ttl, hwill it t th itt . Wh th l’ gili ci t th pi

ifict up h i Amores 1.7, Gi’ t i t

ittt, ut h iilit t ctiu h ttl.

Gi’ i u th ttu th suici

Gul, pic t itiguig t Juliu C tht h uppl kpt

cp i hi pl g, w t . Th igicc

w pt tgth uggt th pti

git upi : th Gllic pi cit uici t p thi

ilil cil itgit. Gi i oi’ p ipl th

iil t thi, h “iit,” h p hl thig

th th gti tht th tiuphl pci w it t

ct. Th i xitig wk t tht pcil cptu thi c

tu picil ii h cpt’ chit. oi h illitl c-

t iiz jct ipil cquiiti wh licit th th j

hig th gl cqut pth t th xtt tht w w

wht will c h. Th ct tht h t i “-tg” uggt

tht th piilit clc till i tht wht w wit i

thi p i th iitil tg th pc rizti wh h

will t it thig ki t th ttu Glli n-

i: u th ptcti th p ll th pi.23

It i php ll tp u th t th p t u th

hw hi h, ut it lic chct i igict. Gi’

23 o cu, w kw oi cul h gu, G wul i

which r wul til gi ctl, th ig h i

ptit t pphtic eup hit.




piti withi th p i php t ci in fux tw h

w will th will th p.

It i l t cct thi hit tiuphl p t ti-

uphl ptiti t th cicutc i which oi hil thi il t Ti i 9 c.e. rlgt t t utpt th t

pi, oi h xpic th r ifuc th ig

iptc th p. althugh ul th g i wh

gull i th gi wh h li g th Gt (Tr. 3.10, 4.4),

hi itl cu th g-lik pw augutu wh

whi h pptl ict hi th cit wh h c u l

ccli.24

yt iTristia

4.2, u cicutc uch th, oi’piit i t k: th pct thi p tht l tht oi till

th cplxiti ipil i. Thugh oi i t g

th quti thg tht pc th ch pi (li 16), th

l pti th p (li 57–74) phiz hi pti

r hi ppcti th uti lkig i (57: “g utu

qu pu t i,” “thugh xil, I will igi [th t]”;

67–68: “ti / uiu hic uctu pcipiu it,” “thi jt

will h t h xil ”; 69: “pcul Lti,” “w

Ltiu”). W t th th p tht h iti hi ituti

iil t tht th w i th chit th pi i

th p th t tht th jul pctt. Hi cclui t th p

fct hi i cfict (4.2.73–74): “tht [tiuphl] will c,

I will l i , k th pulic cu gt th

pit gic.”25

Php it i tu tht oi wul ch li u C

th t Ti, whil Gi h ck t th w, ut th

iti pit gic git th p pit hi gt uthit

th. Th iticti tw th gu Gi, th ppl

h pt, oi hil uggt hi w iu fcti

th tu pi t wht ct it chi it pw. Pticll

24 Th pg i which oi cll augutu g cp hi t ,

G 1994.xxxii. s G’ ix (augutu), hlpul lit iticti

tw augutu Jupit.

25 “Ill i it, qu lugui p, / cuqu pit pulic i it.” Hik

1998.166: “oi i Ti i gu th h gl, wh liz th

pw which h pcli hil icti.”




pkig, hw, oi h gi i: th w i th chit plc

th domina i th l’ th p h plc th amator. Th

cllp tw th lgic wl th l wl ipili i

l cplt, i thi p, i pt, w wit t th i th g tic lg.26

Tht th l lit i cpl wig pit

cpi tw hil th cqu ppl th pi

uggt tht, i, th titic ig cqut i l

igi th ppg t th r ppulc tht thi

“ig” augut t w cplx w. Lik th ttu t

sit-bt, th ethne th sti t aphii, th nationes

th Pticu i r, th i i th Fu augutu, oi’Gi uul tph t pt th augut i

r th caput orbis ( Am. 1.15.26).

I clig, w th qutti th wk J sctt

tht, thugh ptit piil t th wl, t with th

cit pict, hwig, php t upiigl, tht thig h

chg littl i 2,000 hu hit (1986.1072):

Whth t cucil t Jci hg i

th Fch rluti, t th pit stli’ i

ctllig uthit, th ipltti nzi plic

i G, with th tiuph i I th atllh

Khii, gt ul h lgitiiz iti,

tgth, ctl uthit ulig pw culi

(i, uti, ui, wk ii)

tht c litl i lw (iig w’

pliticl pticipti, utlwig ti, phiitig

wg-ig th, ipig l c)

tht put w i thi plc. Th cti thi ti-

ig k littl i thl; i t itc, th

tt h thig iit til t gi th

ctl w. Th cti c l

pt li th ctucti cli-

26 Luck 1969.46: “oc th i tw th lit w k, c th u

ight l li h itu th titil i th lgic t-, it

chct w lt.”




ti pw. a ti ctl tgth w

gi plic ut w.

such plici w ctil ct th augut gi, thi iizig icu w utiliz pt tit

t xt thi ti ctl t th pic. I th ig w h

u, th pi i igi th i l pt th

il r, l ipt ili w pt it tht

Pater augutu huhl l, xul ut ill t th

pptit th culi cpitl. Th w oi hlp u pci t

l th pi thi ig, ut l it uc iplicti

th iiiul liig u th w, ilil wl .

University o Massachusetts, Amherst

Macalester College



F i g u r e 8 .

R e c o n s t r u c t i o n o

a t t i c s t o r y , F o r u m o

A u g u s t u s . C o p i e s o

E r e c h t h e i o n m a i d e n s

a n d s h i e l d w i t h h e a d .

C a s a d e i C a v a l i e r i

d i R o d i . P h o t o g r a p h

b y K o p p e r m a n n

u s e d c o u r t e s y o

t h e D e u t s c h e s

A r c h ä o l o g i s c h e s

I n s t i t u t , R o m e ,

n e g a t i v e 6 1 . 1 0 5 9 .



Figure 9. Ethnos #2, “Ethnos with Bull,” Sebasteion, Aphrodisias. Photograph courtesy o the

Aphrodisias Excavations, New York University.



F i g u r e 1 0 . S e a

t e d A u g u s t u s r e c e i v i n g G a l l i c c h i l d r e n u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o D r u s u s . B o s c o r e a l e C u

p o A u g u s t u s . S i l v e r . T h e L o u v r e .

P h o t o g r a p h a t e r A . H é r o n d e V i l l e o s s e , L e t r é s o r d e B o s c o r e a l e , F o n d a

t i o n E u g è n e P i o t , M o n u m e n t

s e t M é m o i r e s 5 ( S u p p l e m e n t ) ,

( P a r i s 1 9 0 2 ) , P

l a t e X X X I I I . 1 .



F i g u r e 1 1 . S e a t e d A u g u

s t u s r u l i n g t h e w o r l d , a n k e d b y V e n u s h o l d i n g V i c t o r y , a

n d M a r s a n d p e r s o n i f e d p r o v i n c e s . B o s c o r e a l e C u p o A u

g u s t u s . S i l v e r .

T h e L o u v r e . P h o t o g r a p h a t e r A . H é r o n d e V i l l e o s s e , L e t r é s o r d e B o s c o r e a l e , F o n d a t i o n E u g è n e P i o t , M o n u m e n t s e t M é m o i r e s 5 ( S u p p l e m e n t ) , ( P a r i s

1 9 0 2 ) , P l a t e X X X I . 1 .



F i g u r e 1 2 . G e m m a

A u g u s t e a . S a r d o n y x

c a m e o i n m o d e r n m o u n t .

K u n s t h i s t o r i s c h e s

M u s e u m , W i e n . I X . a . 7 9 .

P h o t o g r a p h c o u r t e s y o

t h e m u s e u m , n e g a t i v e

I I . 2 4 7 6 2 .



Figure 13. Female

inhabitant or

personifcation o

Gallia Narbonensis,

trophy monument,

orum o Saint-

Bertrand. Photograph

© Canyonlights/Susan

gender, sex, and the domestication of the empire in art of the augustan age

Documents