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POEM

Is the art of expressing onesthought in verseUses few words to convey

messageMeant to be read aloudArouses our emotions

Uses imagery/figures ofspeech to explain feelings orto create a mental picture or

idea


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Meter

Meter is poetrys rhythm

or its pattern of stressedand unstressed syllables.Meter is measured in

units of feet


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The six basic kinds of

metric feet are:1. Iiamb one unstressed

syllable followed by astressed syllable

(e.g. describe, Include,retract)2. Trochee one stressed

syllable followed by anunstressed syllable (e.g.picture, flower)


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metric feet are:3. Dactyl one stressedsyllable followed by two

unstressed syllables(e.g.annotate an-no-tate)

4. Anapest two unstressedsyllables followed by onestressed syllable(e.g. comprehend com-pre-hend


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metric feet are:5. Pondee two stressedsyllables together

e.g. e-nough)

6. Pyrrhic two unstressed

syllables together(rare, usually used to enddactylic hexameter)


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Lines Nomenclature

# of metric feet type ofline One foot monometer

Two feet dimeterThree feet trimeterFour feet tetrameter

Five feet pentameterSix feet hexameterSeven heptameterEight feet octometer


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Scansion

is the analysis of thesemechanical elements withina poem to determine meter.

Feet are marked off withslashes and accentedappropriately (stressed,

unstressed)Bcase / cold / nt stp / fr

Dath


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Identification of Stanza

# of lines Type of Stanza

2 Couplet

3 tercet4 quatrain5 cinquain6 sestet7 septet8 octet9 or more X-lined Stanza


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RhymeRime: old spelling or

rhyme, which is therepetition of likesounds at regular

intervals inversification.


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End rhyme

1. rhyme occurring at theend of verse lines; most

common rhyme form

I was angry with my friend

I told my wrath, my wrath didend

(Poison Tree by William Blake)


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Rhyme scheme

pattern of rhymes with a unit ofverse: in analysis, each endrhyme-sound is representedby a letter.Take, O take those lips away, -aThat so sweetly were forsworn; bAnd those eyes, the break of day; -aLights that do mislead the mourn -b

But my kisses bring again, bring agaiSeals of love, but seald in vain c

(William Shakespeare, Take, O Take Those Lips Awa


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Masculine Rhyme

rhyme in which only the last,accented syllable of the rhymingwords correspond exactly insound.

She walks in beauty, like the nightOf cloudless climes and starry

skies;

And all that's best of dark andbrightMeet in her aspect and her eyes:Thus mellow'd to that tender light

Which heaven to gaudy day


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Feminine Rhyme

rhyme in which two consecutivesyllables of the rhymingwords correspond, the firstsyllable carrying the accent;double rhyme

Trembling, hoping, lingering,

flyingO the pain, the bliss of dying!

(Alexander Pope, Vital Spark of Heavenly Flame)


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Half Rhyme (Slant

Rhyme)imperfect, approximate rhyme.

In the mustard seed sun,By full tilt river and switchback

sea

Where the cormorants scud,In his house on stilts highamong beaks

(Dylan Thomas, Poem on his Birthday)


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Assonance

repetition of two or morevowel sounds within line.

Hear the mellow weddingbells,

Golden bells

(Bells, Edgar Allan Poe)


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Consonance

is repeating the finalconsonant sounds ofwords.

The color on the cruising cloud,The interdicted groundBehind the hill, the house

behind, --There Paradise is found!

(Heaven Is What I Cannot Reach!

by Emily Dickinson)


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Alliteration

It is the repetition of thefirst sounds of words thatare fairly close together.

A common example ofalliteration is the tonguetwisterI saw lingering, late and

lightlessAs ingle swan swingingSleek as a sequin

(The Swan, W.R. Rodgers)


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Onomatopoeia

the use of a word whosesound suggests itsmeaning.

Veering and wheeling free in theopen

(Carl Sandburg, The Harbor)

Water flowing, swiftlywhooshing,always whisking, always

pushing


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Poetic Devices and Figurative


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Poetic Devices and FigurativeLanguage

Metaphor: a directcomparison of two unlikeobjects by identification

or substitution

All the worlds a stage(William Shakespeare, As You

like It)



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Simile: A directcomparison of twounlike objects using like

or asThe holy time is quiet as a

nun(William Wordsworth, On the

Beach at Calais)



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Personification: objectsand animals havehuman qualities


When it comes, thelandscape listens

Shadows hold their breath(Emily Dickenson, A Certain Slant

of Light)



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Apostrophe: An addressto a person or

personified object notpresent.


Little lamb, who made

thee?(William Blake, the Lamb)



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Metonymy: one word issubstituted for anotherwith which it is closely

associated


The serpent that did stingthy fathers life

Now wears his crown.(Shakespeare, Hamlet)



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Synecdoche: A partrepresents the whole

object or idea.


Not a hair perished

(person)(Shakespeare)



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Hyperbole: grossexaggeration foreffect,

overstatement.


Our hands were

firmly cemented.(John Donne, The Ecstasy)



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Litotes: a form ofunderstatement inwhich the negative ofan antonym is used toachieve emphasis andintensity.


He accused himself atbottom and notunveraciously, of afantastic,

(Henry James, the Pupil)



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Irony: The contrast

between actualmeaning and thesuggestion of anothermeaning.




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1. Dramatic example:Oedipus Rex by Sophocles in

which Oedipus searches tofind the murderer of theformer king of Thebes, onlyto discover that it is himself,which is known to theaudience all along.




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2. Verbal example:Julius

Caesar by WilliamShakespeare

"Yet Brutus says he was

ambitious;And Brutus is an honourable

man




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3. Situational example:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner byColeridge:

Water, water, every where,Nor any drop to drink

In this example it is ironic thatwater is everywhere but noneof it can be drunk




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Symbolism: the used of oneobject to suggest anotherhidden object or idea.


In Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken,

the fork in the roadrepresents a major decisionin life

each road a separate way of

life. Poetic Devices and Figurative


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Imagery: the use ofwords to representthings, actions or ideas

by sensory description.


Night after nightHer purple traffic

Strews the land with OpalBales

(Emily Dickenson, This Is the LandWhere Sunset Washes)



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Paradox: a statementwhich appears self-contradictory but

underlines basis oftruth.

gLanguage

The more a man learns,

the more he realizeshow little he knows.

Anonymous



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Oxymoron:contradictory termsbrought together to

express a paradoxstrong effect.

gLanguage

Beautiful tyrant! Fiendangelical!

Dove-feathered raven!Wolfish-ravening lamb!

(Shakespeare, Romeo and Poetic Devices and Figurative


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Allusion: a reference to an

outside fact, event, orother source.

gLanguage

World-famous golden-

thighed PythagorasFingered upon a fiddle-stick

or strings

What a star sang andcareless Muses heard(William Butler Yeats, Among School

Children)


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Aspects of Poetry


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Diction - refers to a poem'sentire word choice

Aspects of Poetry

Tone the authors attitude

toward his/her audience andsubjectVoice - the speaker in thepoemTheme the authorsintention or subject matter


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Ballad

story told in verse

A ballad stanza is usuallyfour lines,

there is often a repetitiverefrain

Ballad


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Ballad

Lord Randal

O WHERE hae ye been, Lord Randal, my son

O where hae ye been, my handsome youngman?

I hae been to the wild wood; mother, makemy bed soon,For Im weary wi hunting, and fain wald lie

down.

Where gat ye your dinner, Lord Randal, myson?

Where gat ye your dinner, my handsomeyoung man?

I dined wi my true-love; mother, make mybed soon


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Haiku

a short poem withseventeen syllables usually written in three

lines with 5-7-5 meter The present tense is used the subject is one thing

happening now, and words

are not repeated It does not rhyme Originated from Japan

Haiku


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Haiku

(transliterated into romaji)

This separates into on as:

fu-ru-i-ke ya (5)ka-wa-zu to-bi-ko-mu (7)mi-zu no o-to (5)


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Cinquain

a five-line poem withtwo syllables in the firstline, four in the second,

six in the third, eight inthe fourth, and two inthe fifth (2-4-6-8-2)

It expresses one imageor thought, in one orpossibly two sentences.

Cinquain


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Cinquain

Baseball

Bat cracks against

The pitch, sending it outOver the back fence, I did it!Homerun(by Cindy Barden)


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Villanelle

a 19-line poem with fivetercets and one quatrainat the end

Two of the lines are

repeated alternately atthe ends of the tercets

and finish off the poem:

the first line and thethird line of the firsttercet.

Villanelle Edwin Arlington Robinson The House on the Hill


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Villanelle Edwin Arlington Robinson, The House on the HillRefrain 1 (A1)Line 2 (b)

Refrain 2 (A2)Line 4 (a)Line 5 (b)Refrain 1 (A1)Line 7 (a)Line 8 (b)

Refrain 2 (A2)Line 10 (a)Line 11 (b)Refrain 1 (A1)Line 13 (a)

Line 14 (b)Refrain 2 (A2)Line 16 (a)Line 17 (b)Refrain 1 (A1)Refrain 2 (A2)

They are all gone away,The House is shut and still,

There is nothing more to say.Through broken walls andgray

The winds blow bleak andshrill.

They are all gone away.

Nor is there one to-dayTo speak them good or ill:There is nothing more to say.Why is it then we strayAround the sunken sill?

They are all gone away,And our poor fancy-playFor them is wasted skill:There is nothing more to say.There is ruin and decayIn the House on the Hill:

They are all gone away,


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Limerick A five-line poem usually meant to be funny The rhythm is anapests Lines 1, 2, and 5 rhyme

with one another, andlines 3 and 4 rhyme withone another (AABBA)

Lines 1, 2, and 5 havethree feet, lines 3 and 4have two feet effect.

Limerick


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Limerick

The limerick packs laughsanatomical

In space that is quite economical,

But the good ones I've seen

So seldom are clean,

And the clean ones so seldom arecomical


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Sonnet commonly has 14 lines derives from the

word sonet and the Italianword sonetto, both

meaning "little song" or"little sound

Italian (Petrarchan) sonneta-b-b-a, a-b-b-a, c-d-e-c-d-e

English (Shakespearean)sonnet

Italian Sonnet On His Blindness By Milton


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Italian Sonnet On His Blindness By Milton

When I consider how my light is spent (a)

Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide,(b)And that one talent which is death to hide, (b)Lodged with me useless, though my soul more

bent (a)To serve therewith my Maker, and present (a)My true account, lest he returning chide; (b)"Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?" (b)I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent (a)

That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need(c)Either man's work or his own gifts; who best (d)Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His

state (e)Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed (c)

American Sonnet Shakespeare's Sonnet 116


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American Sonnet Shakespeare s Sonnet 116

Let me not to the marriage of true minds (a)

Admit impediments, love is not love (b)Which alters when it alteration finds, (a)Or bends with the remover to remove. (b)O no, it is an ever fixd mark (c)That looks on tempests and is never shaken; (d)It is the star to every wand'ring bark, (c)Whose worth's unknown although his height be

taken. (d)Love's not time's fool, though rosy lips and

cheeks (e)Within his bending sickle's compass come, (f)Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,

(e)But bears it out even to the edge of doom: (f)If this be error and upon me proved, (g)


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Free verse (or open form)

Much modern poetry doesnot obviously rhyme

doesn't have a set meter

Free verse (or open form)


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Free verse (or open form)After the Sea-Ship by Walt Whitman

After the Sea-Shipafter the whistling winds;After the white-gray sails, taut to their sparsand ropes,

Below, a myriad, myriad waves, hastening,lifting up their necks,

Tending in ceaseless flow toward the track ofthe ship:

Waves of the ocean, bubbling and gurgling,blithely prying,

Waves, undulating wavesliquid, uneven,emulous waves,Toward that whirling current, laughing and

buoyant, with curves,Where the great Vessel, sailing and tacking,

displaced the surface;


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Concrete poetry

is a picture poem

the visual shape of the poemcontributes to its meaning

sometimes referred toas visual poetry/pattern orshape poetry

Concrete poetry


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Concrete poetry(pattern or shape poetry)

Concrete poetry


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Concrete poetry(pattern or shape poetry)


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O i


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Overview

rooted in oral story-tellingand the prose anecdote

miniature version of a novel

but less complex focuses on one incident; has a single plot, a single setting, a small number of

characters; and covers a short period of time


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L th


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Length

classic definition of a shortstory is that one should beable to read it in one sitting(?)

maximum word count is atanywhere from 1,000 to9,000 words

In contemporary usage, theterm short story refers to awork of fiction no longerthan 20,000 words and no

Hi t


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History

oral story-telling

Fables

Parables

written stories (14thCentury)


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El t f h t t


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Elements of a short story

1. Setting

1. Plot

1. Conflict

1. Character

1. Point of view

6 Theme

SETTING


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SETTING

The term "setting"is often used to

refer to the socialmilieu in whichthe event/s of a

story occur

Aspects of a setting


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Aspects of a setting

a) place - geographicallocationb) time - historical period,

time of day, year, etcc) weather conditionsd) social conditions - What is

the daily life of the

characters likee) mood or atmosphere -

feeling created at the

beginning of the story

PLOT


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PLOT

The plot is how theauthor arrangesevents to develop his

basic idea

Five essential parts of


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Five essential parts ofplot

a) Introduction also referredto as expositionb) Rising Action - events

between the introduction

and climaxc) Climax - highest point of

interest

d) Falling action - events andcomplications begin toresolve themselves

e) Denouement - the final

CONFLICT


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CONFLICT

Conflict is theinherent

incompatibilitybetween

the objectives oftwo or morecharacters or

forces

Types of conflict:


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Types of conflict:

1) External - A strugglewith a force outsideone's self.

2) Internal - A strugglewithin one's self.

(3. Relational -incompatibilities in howtwo or more individuals

relate to one another

Six kinds of conflict:


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1) Man vs. Man (physical) -struggles with hisphysical strength againstother men

2) Man vs. Circumstances

(classical) strugglesagainst fate, or thecircumstances of life



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3) Man vs. Society(social) strugglesagainst ideas,

practices, or customsof other people.

4) Man vs. Himself(psychological) -struggles with himself

.



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5) Character v. Nature isthe theme in literaturethat places a character

against forces of nature.6) Character v.

Supernatural is a type ofconflict in which thecharacter is againstelements outside of the

natural realm

CHARACTER


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CHARACTER

Character is an

imaginary personrepresented in awork of fiction

Types of character


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Types of character

Flat characters are two-dimensionaluncomplicateddo not change throughout

the course of a work

Round characters are

complex and undergodevelopmentsometimes sufficiently tosurprise the reader

Character of a short story


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Protagonist Antagonist Deuteragonist

Foil Character Supporting

character

Archenemy Focal

character



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C a ac e o a s o s o y

1. Protagonist - the maincharacter

2. Antagonist - a person, or a

group of people whooppose the main character

3. Deuteragonist - thesecond most importantcharacter, after theprotagonist



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y

4. Foil a character whocontrasts with anotherin order to highlight

particular qualities ofthe other character

5. Supporting - usuallyused to give addeddimension to a main



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y

6. Archenemy, archfoe,archvillain orarchnemesis - the

principal enemy of acharacter

7. Focal - the characteron whom the audienceis meant to place themajority of their

interest and attention

POINT OF VIEW


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POINT OF VIEW

Point of view, orp.o.v.

is defined as theangle from which

thestory is told.

Point of view


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1. Innocent Eye - The story

is told through the eyesof a child (his/herjudgment being different

from that of an adult)

2. Stream of Consciousness- The story is told so thatthe reader feels as if theyare inside the head ofone character and knows

all their thoughts and

Point of view


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3. First Person - a storyis narrated byone character at a time,speaking for and about

themselves.4. Omniscient- a story is

presented by a narrator,seeing and knowingeverything that happenswithin the world of the

Point of view


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a) Omniscient Limited -restricts narration towhat can be known, seen,thought, or judged from a

single character'sperspective

b) Omniscient Objective tells a story withoutdescribing anycharacter's thoughts,

THEME


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THEME

Theme in a piece offiction is its

controlling idea orits central insight

examples of common


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examples of commonthemes

- things are not always asthey appear to be

- Love is blind- Believe in yourself- People are afraid ofchange- Don't judge a book by itscover

Click to edit Master text stylesSecond level Third levelPresented by:


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Third level Fourth level Fifth level

Presented by:


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