repaso 1ºbach

REPASO 2º BACHILLERATO

VERBS STRUCTURE

TENSES WITH AUXULIARY ‘DO’Present Simple Affirmative I work (3rd) +s/es: he works

Negative They don’t work she doesn’t workInterrogative Do you work? Does it work?

Past Simple -ed/ irregular I worked =Didn’t hedidn’t workDid Did we work?

Some Modals have to I have to work He has to workDon’t You don’t have to she doesn’t have toDid Did you have to? =

(In the past) Had to/ didn’t/

needn’t I don’t need to work does/ n’tDo I need to work?

(In the past) I didn’t need to work yesterday.

TENSES WITH AUXILIARY ‘BE’Present Continuous I am working

You aren’t workingIs she working?

Past Continuous She was working They weren’t workingWere you working?

Be going to You are going to work(In the past: was/ were) We aren’t working

Is it going to work?

Passive Be + Past Participle

TENSES WITH AUXILIARY ‘HAVE’Present Perfect Simple You have worked

I haven’t workedHas you worked?

Present Perfect Continuous You have been working (3rd) has…Past Perfect Simple He had worked…Past Perfect Continuos I had been working

TENSES WITH AUXILIARY ‘WILL’Simple Future I will work

He won’t workWill you work?

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PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

El Present Simple se usa:- para decir que algo ocurre de forma general o que pasa repetidamente:

It doesn’t rain very much in summer in Spain.

- situaciones permanentes:I live in Madrid, I’ve lived there all my life.

- con ‘always’: I always go to school on foot.

Present Simple para el futuro:- para horarios, programación, etc.

What time does the film begin?

- para planes que ya están fijados (como por un horario)What time do you finish work tomorrow?

El Present Continuous se usa:- para algo que ocurre en el momento del habla (la acción no ha terminado):

We can’t go out. It’s raining now.

- situaciones temporales:I’m living in Madrid with some friends until I find a flat. (por una temporada)

- con ‘always’ no significa que algo pasa siempre, si no que ocurre con más frecuencia de la normal:I’ve lost my key again. I’m always losing things.You’re always watching TV. Move on and study.

Present Continuous para el futuro:- para decir lo que ya hayas preparado hacer de antemano

What are you doing on Saturday evening? I’m going to the theatre.

WILL, GOING TO & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Will se usa cuando se decide algo en el momento de habla (el hablante no se había decidido antes).‘Ann is in hospital.’ ‘Oh, really? I didn’t know. I’ll go and visit her.’

Be going to se usa cuando ya se ha decidido de antemano.‘Ann is in hospital.’ ‘Yes, I know. I‘m going to visit her tomorrow.’

A veces no hay much diferencia entre will y be going to. Por ejemplo, puedes decir:I think the weather will/is going to be nice later.

Si usamos be going to + inf es porque pensamos que ocurrirá porque la situación que hay en el presente así lo hace prever (deducción)

Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. (aquí no se puede usar will)

En otro tipo de situaciones es más seguro usar will:I think Ann will like the present we bought for her. (no hay indicios que indiquen que le gustará)

Sin embargo el uso del Present Continuous si indica certeza porque se trata de planes ya fijados:Tom will probably arrive at night. (no sabes a que hora)Tom is arriving at night. I’m meeting him at the bus-stop. (sabes que llega porque has

quedado en recogerle).

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PAST SIMPLE & PAST CONTINUOUS

El Past Simple se usa para acciones ya completas, finalizadas:I walked home after the party last night.

El Past Continuous se utiliza cuando algo aún estaba ocurriendo:I was walking home when I met Dave.

A menudo se usan los dos tiempos juntos para decir que algo ocurrió en mitad de otra acción:I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat.

Compara: When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. (ya estabamos cenando cuando llegó)When Karen arrived, we had dinner. (1º llegó, despues cenamos todos).

GERUND

El gerundio es la forma –ing del verbo.Se utiliza despues del verbo be para los tiempos continuos, I have been working in the garden, that’s why I’m so dirty.

detrás de algunos verbos catenativos*, I enjoy dancing very much.

siguiendo a preposiciones How about playing tennis tomorrow?

Y tambien en varias expresiones He won’t change, it’s no use worrying about it.

*(los más comunes son: admit, can’t stand, consider, don’t mind, enjoy, finish, give up, like, stop, imagine, suggest.)

STATE VERBS

Los state verbs son aquellos ‘estáticos’, no son verbos de acción por lo que no admiten la forma de continuo –ing. Los verbos que normalmente no se usan en tiempo continuo son:

like love hate want prefer knowrealise suppose mean understand believe rememberbelong contain consist depend seem need

Pero existen excepciones con el uso de algunos verbos en este grupo si se usan con un significado ‘secundario’:

Think (significado ‘creer’ NO) What do you think it will happen?(‘considerar, tener en mente’ SI) What are you thinking about?

Have (‘poseer’ NO) We’re enjoying our holiday. We have a nice room in the hotel.(‘pasar’ SI) We’re enjoying our holiday. We’re having a good time.

See (‘ver’ NO) I see her everyday.(‘encontrarse con’ SI) I’m seeing the manager tomorrow.

Be (‘ser’ NO) He is childish. He is so innocent.(‘comportarse’ SI) What’s up with him? He is being so childish.

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FUTURE PERFECT & PERFECT CONTINUOUS

‘I will be doing something’ (future continuous) = estaré en la mitad de alguna acción. Por ejemplo, un partido de futbol empieza a las 21:30 y termina a las 23:15. Así que durante este tiempo, a las 22:20,

‘Kevin will be watching the football match’.

‘Will have done’ (future perfect) = habré hecho algo, la acción ya estará finalizada. Se usa para decir que algo ya está completado. Si tenemos en cuenta el ejemplo de antes, el partido termina a las 23:15; por lo que despues de esa hora, por ejemplo a las 23:45,

‘The match will be finished’.

Es normal que con estos tiempos verbales encuentres referencias al futuro del tipo: a esta hora la semana que viene … (suelen ir introducidas por ‘by’)

I’m going on holiday on Saturday. This time next week I’ll be lying on a beach.We’re late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE & PAST SIMPLE

El Present Perfect es un tiempo de presente. Siempre nos dice algo sobre ‘ahora’.Tom has lost his key. (Tom no tiene su llave ahora)

El Past Simple nos habla solo del pasado. Si alguien dice ‘Tom lost his key’, no sabemos si la tiene o no; sólo sabemos que la perdió en algún momento del pasado.

No uses el Present Perfect si no hay conexión con el presente (e.g. cosas que pasaron hace mucho tiempo)

The Chinese invented printing. (not have invented)

Usa un tiempo de pasado para preguntar: When …? What time …?When did they arrive?What time did you finish work?

Cuando hables de un tiempo ya terminado (e.g. yesterday/ ten minutes ago / in 1985 / when I was a child), usa un tiempo de pasado.

I ate a lot of sweets when I was a child. (not have eaten)

Pero para un período de tiempo que continúa desde el pasado hasta el presente usa el Present Perfect (e.g. today/ this week/ since 1985)

Ian lives in London. He has lived there for seven years.Ian lived in Scotland for ten years. Now he lives in London.

FOR, SINCE, AGO, WHILE & DURINGEstas preposiciones y adverbios son importantes principalmente para los tiempos ‘Perfect’.

For y Since ambas se usan para decir cuanto tiempo dura algo:For se usa par un período de tiempo (two hours, six weeks, etc.)

I’ve waiting for two hours.

Since para indicar el inicio de un período de tiempo (8 o’clock, Monday, 1985)I’ve waiting since 8 o’clock.

En interrogativas con When …? (+Past Simple) pregunta por el inicio así que la respuesta requiere Past Simple + ago.

When did it start raining? It started raining an hour ago/ at 1 o’clock. (puede que haya escampado)

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En interrogativas con How long …? (+Pres. P) pregunta por el período de tiempo y la respuesta necesita P.P + for, since

How long has it been raining? It’s been raining for an hour/ since 1 o’clock. (sigue lloviendo).

No debes confundir for con during, aunque las dos se traduzcan al español por ‘durante’.For + período de tiempo - se usa para decir cuanto dura algoDuring + nombre - se usa para decir cuando pasa algo

I’ve slept for 10 hours today.I fell asleep during the film.

Tampoco debes confundir during con while, while (mientras) se usa seguido de una oración (S + V)I fell asleep while I was watching the film.

JUST, YET & ALREADY

Los tres se usan con tiempos ‘Perfect’.

Just (hace poco tiempo) ‘Would you like something to eat?’ ‘No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.’(normalmente se traduce por ‘acabar de’. ‘No gracias, acabo de comer.’)

Already (ya) se usa para decir que algo ha ocurrido antes de lo que se esperaba.‘What time is Mark leaving?’ ‘He has already gone’.

Yet (hasta ahora, todavía) muestra que el hablante espera que pase algo. Solo se usa en interrogativas y negativas.

Has it stopped raining yet?I’ve written the letter but I haven’t posted it yet.

TIME CLAUSES

En las oraciones subordinadas adverbiales de tiempo, normalmente encuentras un tiempo verbal diferente de la prinicipal.

Despues de las conjunciones when, as soon as, before y while si el tiempo en la principal es futuro (will) en la subordinada usamos el presente simple.

I’ll give him a punch when I see him. (not when I’ll see him)I’ll phone you as soon as I arrive.

En el pasado con while, la principal va en pasado simple y la subordianda en pasado continuo:

Somebody shouted in the cinema while we were watching the film.

En el pasado con when, la subordinada va en pasado simple y la principal puede ir en pasado continuo o pasado perfecto.

When I called upon him, he was watching TV.When I called upon him, he has gone out.

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VERBOS MODALES

Los verbos modales tienen la misma forma para todas las personas, excepto ‘have to’ que se conjuga en la tercera persona (has to), en la interrogativa y negativa necesita el uso del auxiliar ‘do’ y pasa a ser: (Does he have to) y (doesn’t have to).

Para el pasado se utiliza el infinitivo de perfecto (have + past participle).‘I wonder why Kay didn’t answer the phone’. ‘She may have been asleep’.

ABILITY

Can (negativa can’t/ cannot): Se usa para decir que alguien tiene la habilidad de hacer algo.

Can you speak any foreign language?I’m afraid I can’t come to the party on Friday.

Can solo tiene dos formas ‘can’ (presente) y ‘could’ (pasado), asi que recurre a be able to … cuando es necesario:

Present Perfect: I haven’t been able to sleep recently.Infinitivo: Tom might be able to come tomorrow. (*2 modales seguidos)

Could se usa como el pasado de can si de lo que hablamos es de una habilidad general en el pasado:Jack was an excellent ping-pong player. He could beat anyone.

Para hablar de una habilidad que tuvo lugar en una situación particular se usa was/ were able to … o managed to … (+ infinitivo).

Jack and Alf had a game of tennis yesterday. Alf played very well but in the end Jack was able to beat him.

Couldn’t se puede utilizar en todas las situaciones:Alf played well but he couldn’t beat Jack.

OBLIGATION & NECESSITY

Must y Have To: los dos se usan para decir que es necesario hacer algo, normalmente no hay diferencia entre los dos, pero hay un matiz que a veces sí es importante.

Must: es personal, se usa cuando el hablante da su opinión personal. Solo se usa en presente y futuro, no en pasado: (not ‘We must go yesterday’)

Have To: es impersonal, se usa para hechos, no para algo personal.

I must get up early tomorrow. There a lot of things I want to do.I have to get up early tomorrow. I’m going away and my train leaves at 7:30.

En preguntas y negaciones con Have To normalmente se usa el auxiliar ‘do’.Why did I have to go to the hospital?Karen doesn’t have to work on Saturdays.

Aunque también es posible la opción de ‘Have got to’ Had you got to …? / Karen hasn’t got to ….

Mustn’t y don’t have to son completamente diferentes:

You mustn’t do smth (es necesario que NO hagas asi que ‘No lo hagas’)You don’t have to do smth (no tienes que hacer algo pero ‘Hazlo si quieres’).

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Needn’t es parecido a don’t have to (el significado es el mismo)

We’ve got plenty of time. We needn’t hurry. (no hace falta que nos demos prisa)

En lugar de needn’t + inf se puede usar don’t need to + inf.En pasado el sentido de la oración puede cambiar dependiendo de que parte del verbo sea pasado, puede ser el verbo ‘need’ > ‘didn’t need’ o el infinitivo > infintivo de perfecto:

I didn’t need to get up early, so I didn’t. (No era necesario que hiciera algo, lo sabía en ese momento).

I got up early beacause I thought the bus came in the morning, but it came in the evening, so I needn’t have got up so early. I could have satyed in bed longer. (Hice algo de lo que ahora me doy cuenta que no era necesario que hubiese hecho).

Should no indica obligación pues no es tan fuerte como must, se usa más para dar consejos o expresar una opinión, nos habla de lo bueno o correcto que hacer.

You look tired. You should go to bed.

Ought to se puede intercambiar con should.Shouldn’t and ought not to inidican lo que no se debería hacer.

Had better se usa para decir que es aconsejable hacer algo porque si no se hace, habrá algun problema.

Shall I take an umbrella? Yes, You’d better. It might rain.

Had better es similar a should pero no exactamente iguales. Had better solo se usa para una situación en particular no para cosas en general.

You’d better slow down, you’re driving too fast.People should drive more slowly.

DEDUCTION, POSSIBILITY

Usamos may o might para decir que algo es posible (se pueden intercambiar)

It might be true. It may be true.(En el rewriting puedes encontrar: perhaps, maybe, it’s possible that… , I don’t know whether ….).

Las formas negativas son may not y mightn’t (might not)It mightn’t be true. (quizá no sea verdad)

Could puede tener un significado similar a may.

The phone is ringing. It could be Tim. (podría ser Tim)

Pero en negativa (couldn’t) es diferente de may not:She was too far away, so he couldn’t have seen you. (no fue posible que te viera; couldn’t = past of can’t)

Must se usa para decir que se tiene la seguridad de que es verdad.

You have been working all day. You must be tired.

En el rewriting puedes encontrar (I’m sure that …, Surely, I have no doubt, I perfectly know that …)

Can’t indica que con seguridad algo no es posible.

You’ve just woke up. You can’t be tired.

En el rewriting puedes encontrar (It’s impossible, I’m sure + not … )

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RELATIVE SENTENCES

Hay dos tipos de oraciones de relativo:

DEFINING: Sin coma, identifica al antecedente (hace referencia a un elemento de la oración que ya ha aparecido anteriormente), nos da información esencial sobre éste.

I spoke to the woman who owns the hotel.(Who: pronombre de relativo que hace referencia a persona; en este caso a woman que ya

aparece antes)

NON-DEFINING: Con coma, al antecedente ya es conocido así que la información que se añade es extra.

David´s sister offered to take my cat to the vet.David´s sister, who likes pets, offered to take my cat to the vet. (non-def.)

The guests who arrived late didn´t eat. (def.: solo los huespedes que llegaron tarde no comieron)

The guests, who arrived late, didn´t eat. (non-def.: todos los huespedes llegaron tarde, ninguno comió)

DEFININGWho, Which/ThatDe sujeto (el pronombre cumple la función sujeto dentro de la proposición subordinada)

(persona) The runner who finishes first will be the winner.(cosa, animal) Did you see the letter/dog which/that came this morning?

De objeto (el pronombre cumple la función Od o Oi en la subordinada)

(persona) Marianne is the girl who we invited to the party.*(cosa, animal) Have you seen the book which/that I put on the table?*

Whose (posesión)(I have got a friend. His brother is an actor.)R

I´ve got a friend whose brother is an actor.

When (tiempo)Is there a time when we can meet?*

Where (lugar)(I work in a factory. My factory is going to close down.)R

The factory where I work is going to close down.*The factory I work in is going to close down.*

* En todos los ejemplos con asterísco el pronombre se puede omitir sin alterar el significado de la oración. Presta atención al caso de where, que se puede omitir; pero necesita una preposición.

NON-DEFININGWho, whichSujeto (Ken´s mother is 67. She has just passed her driving test.)R

Ken’s mother, who is 67, has just passed her driving test.Sue’s house, which is in the centre of town, is over 100 years old.

Objeto (Sarah Smith will be at the party. You met her in Madrid)RSarah Smith, who you met in Madrid, will be at the party.She gave me the key, which I put in my pocket.

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Whose (Tina Harris is a good friend o f mine. Tina’s brother is Paul Harris.)R Tina Harris, whose brother is the actor Paul Harris, is a good friend of mine.

Where (We visited a town called Bristol. We had lunch in that place.)RWe visited a town called Bristol, where we had lunch.

When (We are going on holiday in September. In this month the weather isn’t so bad.)RWe are going on holiday in September, when the weather isn’t so bad.

Lo que necesitas para hacer el rewriting es fijarte en el antecedente, en lo que se repite en las dos oraciones que te den. Pero no siempre repiten la misma palabra como en el ejemplo de factory; si no que dos palabras distintas pueden hacer referencia al mismo elemento como en Sarah Smith > her, Bristol > place, September > month. Despues considera si la información es extra o esencial, y en función, pon coma o no.

INDIRECT SPEECH

Con el paso de estilo directo (She said ‘I want to stop’) al indirecto (She said that she wanted to stop) la oración sufre algunos cambios: cambia el tiempo de los verbos, los modales, y los adverbios que hagan referencia al tiempo, además de los pronombres. No olvides el nexo THAT que introduce la subordinada.

Tiempos verbales:Simple Present > Past simple want > wantedPresent Continuous > Past Continuous I’m cleaning > I was cleaningPresent perfect > Past perfect I have finished > had finishedPast simple > Past perfect I saw > had seenPast continuous> Past perf. Cont. I was watchin >had been watchingPast perfect > past perfect I had come > had come

(Jill told Mary ‘ I’ve just finished cleaning the room.’)RJill said to Mary that she had finished cleaning the room right then.

Modales:Can > could should > =Will > would would > =May > might might > =Must > had toHave to > had to

(The policeman asked the thief ‘Where were you yesterday at 10?’)RThe policeman asked the thief where he had been the previous day at 10.

Adverbios:Here > there this > that, the now > thenAt this moment> at that moment/time today > that dayTonight > that night tomorrow > the next day, the following dayNext Monday > the following MondayYesterday> the day before, the previous dayLast Monday > the previous Monday

No solo se utiliza say para introducir el estilo indirecto, otros verbos que puedes encontrar son:Affirm, argue, claim, state, afirmarexplain, explicardeclare, declararanswer, reply, respond, responderadd, añadirtell (somebody something) este es el sustituto más usado.

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Interrogativas

Al pasar una interrogativa de estilo directo a indirecto debes tener en cuenta si es una YES/NO question o una WH-. Las YES/NO questions requieren una respuesta ‘si’ o ‘no’, y normalmente están introducidas por un verbo auxiliar:

(He asked me ‘Do you know the answer?’.)RHe asked me if/ whether I knew the answer.

En estos casos se utiliza la conjunción IF o WHETHER

Las WH- requieren una respuesta que dé más información, están introducidas por las wh- particles (why, what, who, when, where, how)

(He asked me ‘Where is your sister?’)RHe wanted to know where my sister was.*

*(ojo: en estilo indirecto ya no hay pregunta y por lo tanto el orden inverso V S no se mantiene; es como el de una afirmativa cualquiera S V)

Reported Speech con TO + INFINITIVO:

1. Ordenes (tell)(Mary said angrily to John ‘Give me that book’.)R

She told him to give her that book.

2. Favores (ask smb to do smth)(Tom said‘ Could you bring me some water?’)R

He asked her to bring him some water.

3. Consejos (advise, urge) (En la frase del rewriting puedes encontrar: should, ought to, 2nd conditional, had better)

(‘You should/ought to go by taxi.’‘If I were you I’d go by taxi.’‘You had better go by taxi.’)R

He advised me to go by taxi.

4. Promesas (promise)(He told me ‘I’ll write you soon.’)R

He promised to write me soon.

5. Ayuda (offer)(‘Shall I drive you home?’)R

He offered to drive me home.

6. Invitaciones (invite)(‘Would you like to come to dinner tonight?’)R

He invited me to come to dinner that night.

7. Recordar (remind)(‘Don’t forget to post the letter.’)R

He reminded me to post the letter.

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Reported speech con FOR + -ING:

1. Sugerencias (suggest)(‘Why don’t we go to a pub tonight?Shall we goWhy not goWhat/ How about going?’)R

He suggested going to a pub that night.

2. Pedir perdon (apologise for)(‘I’m sorry, I’ve been very rude.’)R

He apologised for having been very rude.

3. Agradecer (thank for)(‘Thank you for looking after the children.’)R

He thanked for looking after his children.

Reported speech con THAT

1. Quejas (complain)(My father said. ‘I think the dinner was too expensive.’)R

My father complained that the dinner had been very expensive.

CONDITIONALS

ZERO CONDITIONAL (Verdades generales)

IF + PRESENT , PRESENTIf you heat water to 100º C, it boils.If you don’t eat, you die.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

IF + PRESENT , WILL (+probabilidad) INFINITIVEMAY (-prob.)

IMPERATIVO (= infinitivo)

(amenazas) If you steal the car, I will report to the police.(consejos) If you stop smoking, you will feel better.(posibles hechos futuros) If I pass my exams, my father will buy me a bike.(con imperativo = pedir) If you go out, buy the newspaper.

SECOND CONDITIONAL

IF + SIMPLE PAST , WOULDMIGHT INFINITIVOCOULD

(Hechos hipoteticos, pero posibles) If I earned more money, I would buy a better car.(Situaciones imposibles) If I were taller, I would be a better basket player.(Consejos) If I were you, I would work harder.

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THIRD CONDITIONAL

IF + PAST PERFECT , WOULD PRESENT PERFECTMIGHT

(Lamento, arrepentimiento) If I had been at home, I would have put out the fire.

Sustitutos de IFUnless (= if not) (If it doesn’t rain we will go camping.)R

Unless it rains, we’ll go camping.

In case (por si) (I’ll take some money because I may want to buy something.)RI’ll take some money in case I want to buy something.

Para el rewriting, normalmente la oración afirmativa pasa a negativa y viceversa.

She didn’t know you were arriving. She didn’t go to the airport.RIf she had known you were arriving, she would have gone to the airport.

Si la oración está en pasado necesitarás una condicional del tercer tipo, si está en presente de la 1º o la 2º; pero los ejmplo con la primera son muy raros.

PASSIVE

ACTIVA CATS EAT MOUSESSujeto verbo complemento directo

PASIVA Sujeto paciente be+ participio verbo by + complemento agenteMOUSES ARE EATEN BY CATS

-El agente se puede omitir en inglés cuando:(no se conoce): My flat was burgled yesterday night.(no es importante) The bridge was built in 1876.(se sobreentiende) He was fined $200 for speeding.

- BE puede ser sustituido por GET en un estilo más informal:Nobody got hurt.

La pasiva se forma siempre con el auxiliar BE + PAST PARTICIPLE:

Tiempos verbales:Present Simple: We keep the butter here.

The butter is kept here.

Present Continuous They are repairing the bridge.The bridge is being repaired.

Past Simple Someone broke the window.The window was broken.

Past Continuous They were carrying the injured player to hospital.The injured player was being carried to hospital.

Present Perfect They have sold the house.The house has been sold.

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Prs.Perf. Cont. They have been painting the walls.The walls have been being painted. (raro)

Past Perfect I thought they had told you the news.I thought the news had been told to you.

you had been told the news.

- Los verbos modales (can, could, must …) no cambian y siguen manteniendo su posición: en activa antes del verbo principal, y en la pasiva antes del auxiliar BE:

(You can buy tickets on the bus.)RTickets can be bought on the bus.

PASIVA CON DOS OBJETOS

- Verbos con dos objetos (Oi y Od > somebody something)

Hay dos maneras de transformar a pasiva, de la misma forma que en la activa hay dos variantes: una con TO y otra sin él.

The postman gave me a letter. (Oi, Od) The post man gave a letter to me. (Od, Oi)

En la primera estructura el complemento directo pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva, y éste necesita To despues del verbo ya en forma past participle:

A letter was given to me (by the postman) (Od > S pct)

Con la segunda el elemento que pasa a ser sujeto en la pasiva es el complemento inderecto, por lo que será un nombre (que hace referencia a persona/s o un pronombre personal que ya no estará en caso object ‘me’ sino que pasa a subject ‘I’)

I was given a letter (by …) (Oi > S pct) (+ usada)

HEARSAY (PEOPLE ….)

- Con los verbos de habla (say, comment, claim, report …) o pensamiento (believe, think, know, consider …) también hay dos maneras de transformar a pasiva, se conoce como impersonal passive o hearsay:

People know that the Smiths are living in America.

IT IS + PAST PARTICIPLE (verbo de habla o pensamiento) + THAT + ORACIÓN (S V)

It is known that the Smiths are living in America.

SUJETO (en la activa lo que va detrás de that) + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE + TO + INFINITIVO

The Smiths are known to be living in America.

*Hearsay in the past People claim that Tom killed his girlfriend.It is claimed that Tom killed his girlfriend.

(infinitivo de perfecto) Tom is claimed to have killed his girlfriend.

PASIVA CON PREPOSICIONES- Pasiva con preposiciones o Phrasal verbs: (preposición al final de la oración)

(They have to look after the children.)RThe children have to be looked after.

(They must write to him.)RHe must be written to.

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CASOS ESPECIALESAgree They agreed to fill the tank when they had left Madrid.R

They agreed that the tank should be filled when they had left Madrid.AGREE + THAT + TANK + Od (vb sigue a agree) + SHOULD BE + PAST PTPL (vb sigue a agree)

Used to They used to open the bottle an hour before eating.RThe bottle used to be opened one hour before.

Od (del vb q sigue a used to) + USED TO BE + PAST PTPL (del vb q sigue a used to)

Interrogativas Did they invite you to the grand opening?RWere you invited to the grand opening?

En las interrogativas debes tener en cuenta que si necesitas empezar por un auxiliar, aunque en la activa éste cambie dependiendo del tiempo verbal usado, en la pasiva siempre necesitas BE.

(Present Perfect)Have you closed the door? Has the door been closed by you?

Los tiempos de perfecto mantienen el auxiliar HAVE.

(Present simple, Past simple)Does he make his bed? Is his bed made by him?Did they painted the wall? Was the wall painted by him?

El auxiliar DO pasa a BE.

(Continuos) Is John cleaning the kitchen? Is the kitchen being cleaned by John?Se mantiene el auxiliar BE.

(Futuro) Will you roast that chicken? Will that chicken be roasted by you?Se mantiene el auxliar WILL.

CAUSATIVE HAVEHAVE + Od (SMTH) + DONE

Have something done se usa para decir que es otro (normalmente un profesional) el que hace un trabajo por nosotros.

The roof of Jill’s house was damaged in a storm.Jill repaired the roof. (ella misma lo reparó)Jill had the roof repaired. (un obrero hizo el trabajo)

Presta atención al orden de las palabras: el participio de pasado va después del objeto.

También se puede usar ‘get’ en lugar de ‘have’, principalmente en inglés informal hablado:I think you should get your hair cut.

USED TO

USED TO + INFINITIVO (solía) (en su lugar también se puede usar ‘accustomed to’)

Interrogativa: Did (you) use to …? Negativa: didn’t use to … / used not to …

Se usa para hablar de un hábito que sucedía regularmente en el pasado, pero ya no (no se puede usar en el presente: not ‘I use to’).

I used to play tennis a lot but I don’t play very often now.

Tambien se usa para algo que era cierto en el pasado pero que ya ha cambiado:

This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema.

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En este mismo contexto tambien se puede usar WOULD; para hablar de habitos pasados o de comportamientos caracteristicos:

Sometimes she would bring me little presents, without saying why.

BE USED TO + ING (estoy acostumbrado)

Se puede usar con otros tiempos verbales: pasado, presente o futuro.

I used to live alone (vivía solo antes pero ya no)I am used to living alone (ahora vivo solo desde hace tiempo y ya me he acostumbrado)

GET USED TO + ING (acostumbrarse)Se usa con varios tiempos verbales.

At first he didn’t want to get up early, but he got used to waking up at 6:00.Don’t worry you’ll soon get used to living in the country.

ADVERBS AND EXPRESSIONS OF FREQUENCYAlways, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never

Estos adverbios van en mid-position (posición intermedia), en general van antes del verbo y despues del sujeto, pero van despues de am, are, is, was, were.

I’m nearly always at home in the evenings. I hardly ever go out. (hardly ever = almost never)I often go to the theatre.She is often late.

Cuando un verbo tiene varias partes (tiempos de perfecto o continuo, o verbos con auxiliar o modal) la posición más común es detrás del primer verbo auxiliar.

We have always lived in this house.This job will never be finished.Ann doesn’t usually smoke.

Algunos adverbios pueden ir en posición inicial.

Ocasionally I try to write poems.Sometimes we have parties in the garden.

Often es un caso especial que puede ir tanto en posición intermedia como final.

Do you often come here?Do you come here often?

SO & SUCH

SO + ADJECTIVE/ ADVERBI didn’t enjoy the book. The story was so stupid.

SUCH + NOUNThe film is horrible. It is such a story.

SUCH + ADJECTIVE + NOUNI didn’t enjoy the book. It was such a stupid story.*

*(a/ an se utiliza con contables en sigular, no lo uses con incontables o contables en plural).

SO se puede usar con THAT + OraciónThe weather was so lovely that we all went out.

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SUCH tambien se puede usar con THAT + OraciónIt was such a lovely weather that we all went out.

COMPARATIVE

El adjetivo tiene tres grados:Neutral (normal) Comparativo (-er, more) Superlativo (the –est, most)smart smarter the smartestinteresting more interesting the most interesting

El sufijo –er, -est se añade a adjetivos cortos, normalmente monosílabos.La última consonante antes del sufijo se dobla si el adjetivo sigue el patrón consonante-vocal-consonante.

Las comparaciones entre dos elementos pueden ser de superioridad (more), o de inferioridad (less).

He is more handsome than Peter. Peter is less handsome than him.

Tambien se puede establecer una igualdad ((not) as… as)

A Ferrari is (not) as fast as a Porsche.

WH- EVER

Whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever y however tienen el mismo significado que ‘It doesn’t matter wh…’ ( no importa …). Pero a diferencia de ‘it doesn’t matter wh...’, estas palabras son conjunciones, por lo que hay una diferencia gramatical: solo pueden usarse para unir dos oraciones.

It doesn’t matter where you go.Wherever you go.* (incorrecto: necesitas dos oraciones, principal y subordinada)Wherever you go, I’ll go with you.

Whoever: Whoever told you that was lying.

Whatever:Puede ser el sujeto Whatever you want is fine with me.

Tambien el objeto Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given.

Puede usarse como determinante antes del sustantivo al que acompañaWhatever problems you have, you can always come to me for help.

WhicheverSe usa de forma similar a whatever, pero casi siempre antes de un sustantivo.

Whichever day you come, we’ll be pleased to see you.

Whenever‘No importa cuando’ Whenever you come, you’ll be welcome.‘A cualquier hora que’ You can phone me whenever you like.

Wherever Wherever you go you’ll find Coca-Cola.

However However you travel, it’ll take you at least two days.

Con un adjetivo o un adverbio, significa ‘por muy … que …’ Esta estructura tiene un orden de palabras especial (however + adj/adv + subject + verb)

However fast you drive, I always feel safe with you.

No debes confundir este uso de however como conjuncion con el de adverbio (pero, por otro lado)

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REPASO 2º BACHILLERATO 17

repaso 1ºbach

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