Radiation Protection learned from Fukushima Daiich NPP Accident

Toshiso KOSAKO

AOARP president (The University of Tokyo)

AOCRP-4 Kuala Lumpur 11 May 2014

Mourn for Victims We would like to express our mourn for victims of earthquake, tsunami and NPP accident. : around 20,000 death. We would like to express our appreciation for the world-wide support of Japan from all over the world.

Great East Japan Earthquake 14:16, March 11, 2011 Magnitude 9.0 More than twenty thousands Death and missing people More than forty hundreds of thousands Evacuees

Fukushima-Daiichi No.1

BWR type reactor

Reactor container

Reactor ceiling

Damaged part by

hydrogen explosion

Fukushima No.1 Nuclear Power Plant (BWR)

Fukushima No.1 Nuclear Power Plant

2

Fukushima-Dai-ichi NPP accident

Release of Radioactivity from Fukushima No.1 NPP

• 放射能漏れ事故後には、放射性核種が環境中へ放出される。

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Are

al D

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(μ

Sv/

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日時

Areal dose around Fukushima 1 nuclear power plant (NISA, TEPCO)

保安院 MP2

保安院 MP4

東電 正門

東電 MP1

東電 MP2

東電 MP4

東電 MP8

保安院 MP1北側

東電 MP3

東電 MP5

東電 MP6

保安院 正門

東電 事務本館北

東電 西門

保安院 事務本館北

保安院 西門

保安院 体育館

11Mar 16Mar

No1.

hydrogen

explosion

炉停止

No3.hydroge

n explosion No2 Cont-

Vessel Damage

No3 White

Smoke

No4 R-

Building

Damage

No.1

vent No3

ventト

No.2

vent

12日未明

1号機

炉水位低下

14日未明

2号機

炉水位低下

13日未明

3号機

炉水位低下

14Mar20:00-

No.2 All fuel dry

✔Extraordinary large external event

Earthquake (Magnitude 9.0), Tsunami (20m)

Station blackout > Core melt down

✔EPZ (Emergency Preparation Zone)

2km radius > 5km > 10km > 20km : 1-2 days

✔Off-Site Center (Substantial Center)

Government + Local G. + NPP + Media

The distance, around 5km

Earthquake, Tsunami > damage

Radiation plume, High radiation dose > can’t use

Move to Fukushima prefectural capital (100km)

What happened in Fukushima?

✔Reactor

Coolant supply, Emergency workers (Dose limit)

Firemen, soldier etc.

✔Environment

Emergency monitoring, Huge number of data,

Information sharing, Straggle between organization

✔Inhabitants

Delivery of information, Iodine pill application,

Collection of corpses, Domestic animals and

house pets

✔Mass media and general public

Bashing and sensational, > impact to the Cabinet,

NISA, MEXT, NSC, Local Gov.

What happened in Fukushima?

✔Early stage countermeasure

Too much insist of 100mSv

Food control

✔Middle period countermeasure

Too much insist of 20mSv

Decontamination (>Cleanup) of environment

Food control

✔Long term countermeasure

Risk communication, Children‘s problem,

Compensation of the disasters

Environment, forest, farmland reform

✔Rebuilding of the safety department

Joining of NISA, NSC and others

Positioning of the Nuclear Power Plants in electric supply

NISA, MEXT, NSC, Local Gov.

What happened in Fukushima?

A state of confusion after the accident

19 October 2011 ©

ENELA

10

• Future step is unclear, even a week later

• Engagement of the Government, awkward

• Role of the local Government, awkward

Sheltering and Evacuation

• Permitted level of food?, Reasonability? Flexibility?

• pollution level for planting soil

• pollution of seawater for marine products

Food and Drink

Control

• Accurate dose estimation of residents

• Uncertainty of low dose health effect to man

Influence on public health

• Termination procedure is unclear Termination of the

Declaration of Emergency

Event Reasons

Dose Limitation

for Emergency Workers

Details

– Japanese regulation; 100 mSv

– Submitted a question of limitation

change from 100 to 250 mSv to

Radiation Protection Board for deliberation. (March 14).

Approved in a shot time (2hours) by NRC.

– On March 26, Industrial Minister declared a new vale of

250 mSv for emergency worker’s dose limit.

Setting of Evacuation

Area

• Details

– Application of 20 mSv/year

– Planned evacuation area:

Lower value among 20-100 mSv/y reference level

at emergency exposure situation by ICRP Pub. 103

(2007 recommendation).

– On the other hand, same 20 mS/y was applied as a guide

for use of school ground, which was an upper value of

reference level of 1-20 mSv/y in an existing exposure

situation

Prediction of Radionuclide Diffusion

at a Nuclear Emergency

• Details

– Worse Use of System for Prediction of

Environmental Emergency Dose

Information（SPEEDI）

– The hard case to determine the source

term of radionuclide release

– No use of SPEEDI result to use an

emergency countermeasure for the dose

reduction of refugee exposure

– Information opening to the public by foreign

organizations

– Weather authorities or nuclear authorities, in

Germany, UK, France, Austria etc.

Deposition of I-131 （00:00, March 25, 2011）

Processing and Disposal of

Wastes after the Disaster

Details --Tentative guidance By Nuclear Safety

Commission (NSC) June 3. 2011 – 10 µSv/y, for recycle and reuse goods

– 1 mSv/y, workers for collecting, transportation and storage.

– 1 mSv/y, workers for waste processing

– Disposal facility, dose for surrounding residents after the facility closure

10 µSv/y on basic scenario

0.3 mSv/y on variation scenario

– Basic concept “Policy on the disaster waste treatment in Fukushima Prefecture”, by Environment Ministry , June 23, 2011

– Presupposition: “Guarantee of the Safety “

of workers and surrounding residents for the operation

of incineration plants and final disposal facilities

– If in case of no satisfaction of the guidance by NSC:

After taking an appropriate temporal storage, the regulatory

authority should immediately investigate a safety disposal measure

Control of Contaminated

Foods and Drinks

• Details

– Intervention Level on the

Intake Limitation of Foods

and Drinks

+ Thyroid Equivalent Dose by Radio-Iodine： 50 mSv

– Specific iodine deposition to thyroid

+ Effective Dose by Radio-Cesium： 5 mSv

Committed Dose （mSv/y）

Effective Dose Equivalent Dose (Each Organ)

Upper Dose Level 50 500

Lower Dose Level 5 50

ICRP Pub. 40（1984）

Pile of returned Spinach to Scrap

（Tokyo Central Wholesale Market,

March 23）

Food contamination

Other material contamination

Radiation level judgment

on the use of school buildings and

grounds in Fukushima Prefecture

• Details

－Application of 1-20 mSv/year

(Ministry of Education notification on April 19)

Based on ICRP Publ.109

(exposure situation in the emergency)

• CRP Publ.109 (Emergency Exposure Situation)

Application of Reference level 20-100

(lower value of 20 mSv/year)

Changed to Publ.103 (Reference level on a Restoration,

upper value of 20 in 1-20 mSv/y)

• Regular ground use is possible below 3.8μSv/h.

(Derived from 20mSv/y including occupancy factor)

Early stage clean- up (or decontamination)

19 October 2011 ©

ENELA

19

Disaster prevention

① Sheltering h

② Sheltering to concrete building

③ Evacuation

④ Application of stable iodine

⑤ Control of drinking water, milk and food

⑥ Restriction of entry

Countermeasure

Monitoring support in case of Emergency

Monitoring car Survey meters

Evacuation ＞50mSv

Sheltering ＞10mSv

Image of countermeasure area

Range of priority area for nuclear disaster

Old : Guideline for Nuclear Disaster New : Guideline for Nuclear Disaster CM

PAZ

About 5 km

About 30 km

About 50 km

UPZ

PPA

Sea

EPZ : Emergency Planning Zone

NPP: 8 – 10 km

Reprocessing P. : 500 m

PAZ : Precautionary Action Zone NPP : about 5 km

UPZ : Urgent Protective action

Planning Zone NPP : about 30 km

Reprocessing P. : about 5 km

PPA : Plume Protection Planning

Area

NPP : about 50 km

(reference value)

Construction of SPEEDI System

放射線の透過力

Copyright © Nuclear Safety Technology Center All Rights Reserved.

Radioactivity release

Conceptual figure of exposure by radiation plume

放射線の透過力

External exposure Internal exposure

Radioactive materials

Concentration,

dose rate ,

Monitoring

Nuclear facilities

Radiation cloud (radiation plume)

Wind direction Wind direction

Deposition

Inhalation

Radiation

Released radioactivity

Fukushima Dai-ichi reactor accident

• Atmospheric release

Iodine-131 5.0 x 1017Bq (500 PBq)

Cesium-137 1.0 x 1016Bq (10 PBq)

• Ocean release

Iodine-131 1.1 x 1016Bq (11 PBq)

Cesium-137 3.6 x 1015Bq (3.6 PBq) 2012.05.24. TEPCO

Chernobyl reactor accident

Iodine-131 1.3 x 1018Bq (1300 PBq)

Cesium-137 8.9 x 1016Bq (89 PBq)

Radioactive waste

Radioactive waste after Fukushima

Dai-ich Nuclear Power Plant

• Nuclear power plant and its site

Debris, damaged fuel, structural materials,,,

• Environment

Fallout (dry & wet deposition)

Decontamination (Clean up)

Soil, Organic substance,,,,

Radioactive waste

Temporal storage

> Intermediate storage

> Final disposal

Land contamination (Cs-137)

From March12, 05:00 to May 1, 00:00

Decontamination special area

F1-

NPP

F2-

NPP

School cleanup

By S.Tanaka

By S.Tanaka

School swimming

pool cleanup

By S.Tanaka

Farmer’s house

cleanup

Decontamination technology

1. Soil

Heat treatment, Classification, Chemical treatment

2. Sewage sludge

Elution

3. Park, road and buildings

Cutting ablation, Washing(nano-bubble, ozone),

High pressure washing (280Mpa), Grinding ablation,

4. Rubble

Triturating washing, Separation by dry ice

5. Plants and cowpat

Compost (50℃, ＞100℃)

6. Water

Collection (Zeolite), Absorption & flocculation (ferrocyanide)

7. Forest and wood

Solidified ablation (cement), Washing, Thinning

Soil demonstration plant for Cesium cleanup,

in Hirono-cho, Fukushima

Shimizu Corp. 120810 (Zaikei News Paper)

Radioactive waste from environmental cleanup

I. Temporal storage II. Intermediate storage

Ministry of Environment

① Site proposed:

12 candidates in Fukushima Prefecture

② Volume: 28 M m3

③ Schedule: start in 2015 III. Final disposal

Ministry of Environment

① Site proposed:

1 candidate in Kagoshima Prefecture

② Schedule: within 2042

Decontamination

Decontamination

Intermediate

Storage

Final Disposal

Temporal storage

Radioactive waste from environmental cleanup Final disposal (on 3 Sep. 2012)

Disignated waste > 8,000 Bq/kg

9 Local prefecture

Fukushima ; 31,993 tons

Tochigi ; 4,445 >>> ＊

Ibaraki ; 1,709

Chiba ; 1,018

Tokyo ; 982

Niigata ; 798

Gunma ; 724

Miyagi ; 591

Iwate : 315

-------------------------------

Total 42,575 tons

＊ Final disposal site propose

By Ministry of Environment

on 3 Sept. 2012

Tochigi Pref. Yaita-city, Shiota

By TBS news

(Decontamination)

+ Decontamination (Cleanup) program

+ Decontamination technology development (Radioactive waste disposal site)

+ Intermediate storage

+ Final disposal site

+ Stakeholder involvement (Rad-Waste dose guideline)

+ Balance with Normal Rad-Waste

+ Balance with NORM waste

+ Cost, volume, NIMBY, etc.

The Issues of Rad-Waste

Radiological guideline

• Decontamination (Cleanup)

+ 1mSv/y > 0.23μSv/h

+ 20mSv/y, 50mSv/y

• Radioactive waste

+ 1mSv/y > 8,000 Bq/kg Cs-137

+ 100,000 Bq/kg Cs-137

,

Rehabilitation stage after accident

Three years past

On-site Issue #1(hardware)

• Stability of damaged reactor core cooling

• Melted core fuel handling

(Technology development,

Remote handling, including robot tech.)

• Stabilization of radioactivity

Gaseous waste, solid waste, liquid waste

• Radioactive wastes

Melted core, intermediate storage,

processing, final disposal

On-site Issue #2(software)

• Radiation workers (100mSv, 50, 20mSv/y)

• Safeguard and Security

• Regulatory arrangement

(Tunami, Earth-q,,,)

• Progress schedule (2, 5, 10, 20years)

• Funds (around 50-100Billion USD)

• Government and political positioning

Dose limit 20mSv/y(50mSv/y), >100mSv(Emergency)30 wks

Abut 3,000 workers/day

Surrounding Area

(1) Emission of radioactivity to the environment

> Contaminated water flow to the sea

> Technical, fund, discharge, fisherman, rumor

(2) Environmental contamination

> Cleanup program > int. >final repository

(3) Food contamination

> Crop, rice, meet, vegetables, fish

(4) Rehabilitation of inhabitant living conditions

> Revision of the lockout area

> Cleanup program, program for return

Impermeable Wall by Frozen Ground Soil

Reactor building Turbine building Mountain

Frozen ground soil

Contaminated

water Go outside 400m3/day

Under G-water

Chernobyl & Fukushima

Expansion of the evacuation area

Returning program

started

Risk perception and political

direction

(1) Risk communication

(2) Anti-nuclear movement

(3) Election

(4) Energy policy, (Wind, solar, e-savings, life style,,,)

(5) Mass media and public opinion

(Hate of nuclear, anti-nuclear,,,,)

(6) Technology and human resource

Mr. Taro YAMAMOTO

Former Prime ministers

M.Hosokawa and J.Koizumi

Aug. 30, 2009 Dec 16, 2012

LDP

Democratic

LDP

Democratic

Lower House Election

Japanese nuclear power plants

NPP re-operation

＊Re-Start of stopped nuclear power plants

52 nuclear reactor stop

＊Application for re-start (PWR type reactors)

Shikoku E.Co. Ikata-3

Kyushyu E.Co. Sendai-1,2, Genkai-3,4

Hikkaido E.Co. Tomari-1,2,3

Kansai E.Co. Ohi-3,4, Takahama-3,4

Sendai 1. 2 nuclear reactors (Kyushu Electric Co.)

JAEA Revision # Trigger:

MONJU(LMFBR) reactor

(Geological active fault, fund, management)

J-PARK accelerator trouble (release of rad-gas)

Funding (1 B-USD)

# Direction

Concentrate to

MONJYU reactor & Nuclear safety

Transition:

Fusion research, Accelerator etc.

Fukushima MONJU (LMFBR reactor)

Fusion reactor

ITER

J-PARK

Geological disposal

Nuclear regulatory authority Old organization

Human resources: nuclear engineers from undergraduate and graduate school of universities

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Undergraduate &

Graduate Schools

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Technology

Inhabitants health

✔ Accident triggered death

(suicide, acceleration of disease, immune deficiency etc.)

Fukushima 1,664, Miyagi 879, Iwate 434, Ibaraki 41

Ref. Direct death by earthquake and tsunami 1,607

Refugees, about 130,000 (2014.05.10)

✔ PTSD of 60 % for refugees (by Wseda Univ.)

✔ Collapse of the community

✔ Damage of living hood: Agriculture, Fishery etc.

✔Early stage impact by I-131 to child thyroid

✔Q＆A Web site for general peoples operated by

young scientist in JHPS

✔Special symposium on Fukushima-1 NPP

accident for the deep analysis

✔Documents on “Responses of and

recommendations from JHPS” Vol. 1 (2012)

✔ Documents on “Responses of and

recommendations from JHPS” Vol. 2 (2014)

✔Discussions in JHPS annual meetings

Japan health Physics Society, JHPS

Thank you very much for your

attention.