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The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS and UNSCEAR in its Remediation Yoshiharu Yonekura, MD, PhD Chair, UNSCEAR Past President, NIRS

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Page 1: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and

the role of NIRS and UNSCEAR

in its Remediation

Yoshiharu Yonekura, MD, PhD

Chair, UNSCEAR

Past President, NIRS

Page 2: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Background

Interest in Space and Physics

1967: Kyoto Univ. Medical School

1973: Radiology and Nucl. Med. in Kyoto Univ.

1980: PET in Brookhaven National Lab (US)

1983: PET in Kyoto Univ.

1991: Brain science program in Kyoto Univ.

1995: Biomedical Imaging Res. Ctr. in Fukui

2006: NIRS

2015: Chair, UNSCEAR

2

Page 3: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

First FDG PET in Human

“Tumor Metabolism” by O. Warburg (1930)

Anaerobic glucose metabolism in tumor cells

FDG PET Imaging (1882)

Colon carcinoma with liver metastases: Yonekura Y, et al, J Nucl Med 1982

3

Page 4: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

National Institute of Radiological Sciences

Started in 1957:

Unique institution in Japan dedicated to comprehensive

research and development for radiation and health

NEEDS OF SOCIETY IN THE 1950’S

Applying nuclear technology and radiation:

Electricity, Industry, Agriculture and Medicine

Increasing need for studies on:

preventing harmful effects

medical applications (diagnosis & treatment)

4

Page 5: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

History of NIRS

5

【Events in the World】 【Radiology / Safety & Protection】

IAEA started 1957 Established (by Science and Technology Agency)

1979 Developed first PET scanner in Japan

Chernobyl NPP accident 1986

Survey and decontamination of travelers

1994 Clinical research of carbon ion radiotherapy (HIMAC)

JCO criticality accident 1999 Treatment of 3 patients heavily exposed

2005 Molecular Imaging Center Designated as IAEA Collaborating Centre

2010 REMAT(Radiation Emergency Medical Assistant Team)

Fukushima NPP accident

2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site

2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

2016 Reformed as NIRS in QST (National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology)

Fukushima accident

JCO accident

Page 6: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Fukushima Project for recovery from nuclear accident

CLINICAL TARGET

Intractable cancer • Sarcoma • Pancreatic cancer

Short term treatment • Lung cancer (1 day) • Liver cancer (2 day)

•Dose estimation

•Biological effects

•Risk assessment

RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORT CENTER support NIRS activity by developing technology, safety maintenance,

and training / education of human resources

Dose assessment

Burn Wound

External/Internal exposure

Combined injury

• Dose Assessment • Radiological/medical triage

• Diagnosis • Radiation protection

• PET probes (GMP level)

• Imaging technology • C-ion RT clinical

trials since 1994.

• Advanced medicine by MHLW in 2003.

RESEARCH CENTER

FOR RADIATION

PROTECTION

Low dose radiation effects on humans and

environment

RESEARCH CENTER FOR CHARGED

PARTICLE THERAPY

MOLECULAR IMAGING

CENTER

Activities in NIRS

6

RESEARCH CENTER FOR RADIATION

EMERGENCY MEDICINE

RADIATION EMERGENCY

MEDICAL ASSISTANCE TEAM

CLINICAL RESEARCH

Tumor imaging • Cell proliferation • Hypoxia

Brain imaging • Cognitive function • Abnormal protein

(Amyloid / Tau)

Page 7: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

7

Epicent

er

Occurred 14:46 March 11, 2011

Magnitude: 9.0 Mw

Epicenter location: N38.1, E142.9, and

24km in depth

It is said that the height of tsunami

which attacked Fukushima NPP was

higher than 14 m (Max. 39 m at Taro

town)

Fukushima-2 (Dai-ni) NPP

Fukushima-1 (Dai-ichi) NPP

Source: www.tepco.co.jp

Source: www.tepco.co.jp

Page 8: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Damage by Earthquake and Tsunami

8 NOAA/US Dept of Commerce, http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/ KYODO NEWS

KYODO NEWS

Casualties : 22,010

- Death 19,418

(including disaster-related death)

- Missing 2,592

(As of March 2016, by Tokyo Fire Department)

Page 9: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Nuclear Reactors near the Epicenter of the Earthquake

9

automaticshut down

coldshut down

Unit 1 524 MW, 1984-Unit 2 825 MW, 1995-Unit 3 825 MW, 2002-

Unit 1 460 MW, 1971-Unit 2 784 MW, 1974-Unit 3 784 MW, 1976-Unit 4 784 MW, 1978-Unit 5 784 MW, 1978-Unit 6 1,100 MW, 1979-

Unit 1 1,100 MW, 1982-Unit 2 1,100 MW, 1984-Unit 3 1,100 MW, 1985-Unit 4 1,100 MW, 1987-

Unit 1 1,100 MW, 1978-

Tokai Dai-ni

Onagawa

Fukushima Dai-ichi

Fukushima Dai-ni

Periodical

inspection

Page 10: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Damage to Fukushima Daiichi NPP

10

1Seawater Pump

Elevation:

about 10m

Turbine

Building

①+② ⇒ Station Black Out

Tsunami (estimated more than 10m)

Grid Line

② D/G Inoperable due to Tsunami flood

D/G

Seawater level

① Loss of offsite power

due to the earthquake

All Motor Operated pumps (including ECCS

pumps) became inoperable

Reactor

Building

Note:

-All operating units when earthquake occurred were automatically

shut down safely.

-Emergency D/Gs have worked properly until the Tsunami attack.

Page 11: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Response of NIRS to NPP Accident

11

1. At NIRS 2. Send Experts 3. Onsite Assistance

4. Providing knowledge and information about radiation

5. Contribution to the Health Management Survey of Fukushima Residents

Over 250 experts sent to the site & government organizations

Telephone consultation Lectures Providing information Sharing information

Diagnosis/treatment and dose assessment of exposed patients (accepted 11 patients)

•Body surface contamination

monitoring

•WBC calibration

•Support for “Home-visits”

・The external dose of residents in was estimated using a system developed by NIRS based on record

Survey on residents’ behavior

Chronological dose distribution

Estimation of external exposure dose

•Estimation of the internal exposure dose for the

Fukushima public was performed with a whole body

counter at NIRS

Internal dose evaluation

Page 12: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

REMAT (Radiation Emergency Medical Assistant Team)

12

March 12 2011

Fukushima Daiichi NPP

*Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF)

8:10 a.m., March 12 2011

(17 hr after the earthquake)

REMAT was sent from NIRS to

Fukushima by a helicopter of JSDF*

Page 13: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Off-site Command Center in Okuma-machi

from 12 to 15 March

13

No electricity

No water supply

Internet ×

Mobile phone ×

Facsimile ×

Telephone ×

Satellite phone ◎ (2 lines)

Combined Disaster

Damage to

lifelines

From The Asahi Shimbun

March 14, 2011 From Sankei photo

Page 14: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Local Hospitals for Radiation Emergency Medicine

14

Fukushima Medical

University (FMU)

Imamura Hosp

Futaba Kousei Hosp

Oono Prefectural Hosp

Minamisouma City

General Hosp

Fukushima Labor

Accident Hosp

Secondary level

OFCC*

Fukushima Daiichi NPP

Fukushima

Daini J -

Village

Initial

OFCC

10km

20km

30km

Iwaki City Kyoritu

General Hosp

Primary level

*OFCC: Off-site command center

Page 15: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Radiation Protection for Responders

15

Radiation protection for firefighters during the operation of cooling reactors

(spraying water)

http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201105280389.html http://photo.tepco.co.jp/library/110620_3/110620_21.jpg

Administration of stable

iodine to first responders

from fire departments of Tokyo, Yokohama,

Kawasaki, and Osaka

Page 16: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Radiation Protection for Workers

16

Supporting contamination control for responders at “J-Village”

Supporting radiation protection for medical staff Exercise on management

of contaminated patient

Page 17: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Dose Assessment of Residents by NIRS

17

- Fukushima Health Management Survey -

Based on questionnaire for

residents about behavior in

Fukushima prefecture after

the earthquake

March 12 10:00 a.m.

Starting evacuation

March 12 11:00 a.m.

Completing evacuation

Time sequential maps of

radiation dose rate near NPP

with intervals of 1hour for

initial phase and 1day for the

remained period.

Calculation of dose for 4 months after March 11, 2012

Page 18: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Dose Distribution in Residents

18

287,225

146,458

25,537

1,495 505 389 230 116 78 41 36 30 13 12 6 15 0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

( Max 25 mSv ) https://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/site/portal/kenkocyosa-kentoiinkai-23.html

(As of March 31, 2016)

( Workers are excluded )

Page 19: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Sharing Information with International Community

19

The 69th session of CRPPH, OECD/NEA

17th May, 2011 (in Paris)

The 64th session of WHO,

17th May, 2011 (in Geneva)

The 58th session of UNSCEAR,

23rd May, 2011 (in Vienna)

Page 20: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Contribution to International Community

20

Contribution to Reports on Fukushima Accident by International Organizations

Sending experts, collecting data & advising

Word Health Organization

(WHO)

2013

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects

of Atomic Radiation

(UNSCEAR)

2014

International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA)

2015

Page 21: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 21

Introduction to UNSCEAR

• Scientific Committee of UN General Assembly

• Assess sources and effects of ionizing radiation

– evaluate exposure levels and risks

– identify emerging issues

– improve knowledge

for General Assembly, scientific community & public

as sound basis for decisions on radiation-related issues

UNEP provides the secretariat

Page 22: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 22

Science underpins protection

ILO convention 115:

occupational

radiation protection

FAO/WHO

Codex Alimentarius Commission

(food contamination guides)

UN transport regulations for

radioactive material

implemented by

Member States

IAEA, WHO, ILO, FAO etc. -Safety standards

-Protection programmes

UNSCEAR

Scientific basis

Page 23: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

UNSCEAR’s 63rd session & 60th anniversary

Reception hosted by Governor and Mayor of Vienna in Vienna

City Hall; attended by session participants and dignitaries

Video message from UN Secretary-General commending

impartial and independent approach

Messages from heads of CTBTO, IAEA, UNEP, UN Vienna and

WHO

Revised UNEP booklet “Radiation: Effects and Sources”

launched + USB stick with all publications and resolutions

Page 24: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Fukushima accident

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 24

Page 25: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Actions taken by Government

• Evacuation of about 78,000 people within

20km radius

• Sheltering of about 62,000 people living 20 -

30 km

• April 2011: Evacuation of about 10,000

more people because of high radiation

levels on ground

• Reduced exposure by up to 90%

• Other repercussions:

– Deaths associated with evacuation itself

– Socio-economic impact (e.g. loss of

livelihood, discrimination)

– Impact on mental and social well-being

Page 26: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

UNSCEAR evaluation launched May 2011

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 26

– Over 80 experts offered as contributions-in-kind

– Attendance at meetings and work – cost-free to UN

– Channels to Japanese experts

– Trust Fund contributions provided buffer

– Data from Member States, scientific literature, international

organizations, other sources

– International Organizations contributed data and expertise:

CTBTO, FAO, IAEA, WHO, WMO

Coordination Group

Data compilation, quality assurance Releases and

dispersion

Public and environmental

dose assessment Worker doses

Health implications

Page 27: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

UNSCEAR 2013 Report

• Main report & six appendices on:

– Data sources

– Releases, dispersion and deposition

– Doses to the public

– Doses to workers

– Health implications (public & workers)

– Doses and effects for non-human biota

• Data, methodologies etc. in 28 electronic

attachments

Page 28: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Two main radioisotopes

• Iodine-131, in thyroid, delivered moderate dose few weeks only

• Caesium-137 will continue to irradiate whole body at low dose rates over many years

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 28

Page 29: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Data for dose estimation, non-evacuees

MEXT 137Cs on

1km cells with

pop. >100/km2)

MEXT 137Cs

deposition

Time-integrated

modelling of 131I and 137Cs in air and

deposition from WMO

Page 30: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 30

Dose estimates for the public

Table. Estimated settlement- or district-average effective doss and absorbed doses to the thyroid for evacuees for the first year

a Precautionary evacuation refers to the evacuation of settlements that was instructed between 12 and 15 March 2011 as an urgent protective action to prevent high exposure.

b Deliberate evacuation refers to evacuation of settlements that was instructed between late March and June 2011. C Prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi, Tochigi, Gunma, Ibaraki and Chiba.

Age Group Precautionary

evacuated

settlementsa

Deliberately

evacuated

settlementsb

Non-evacuated

districts in

Fukushima Pref.

Adjacent

prefecture

districtsc

Remaining

prefectures in

Japan

Effective dose (mSv)

Adults

Infant (1 y. o.)

1.1-5.7

1.6-9.3

4.8-9.3

7.1-13

1.0-4.3

2.0-7.5

0.2-1.4

0.3-2.5

0.1-0.3

0.2-0.5

Absorbed dose to the thyroid (mGy)

Adults

Infant (1 y. o.)

7.2-34

15-82

16-35

47-83

7.8-17

33-52

0.6-5.1

2.7-15

0.5-0.9

2.6-3.3

Page 31: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Japanese general public

• Exposure was generally low, or very low, with correspondingly low risks

of radiation health effects later in life. Protective actions significantly

reduced exposures.

• No immediate radiation health effects

• Prudent to maintain cautious approach

• Can infer increased risks of cancer and other diseases from models

though increased incidence of radiation health effects in future among

general public are not likely to be discernible

Page 32: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Thyroid cancer among children

• Models imply increased risk of thyroid cancer, especially for children

• Most child thyroid doses in range where no increased risk has been confirmed from observations

• Some at levels which if in large populations could lead to a discernible increase in statistics. Dose distributions need further refinement. Can exclude large numbers such as after Chernobyl

• Major thyroid screening programme of 360,000 children in Fukushima Prefecture

• Increased detection of thyroid abnormalities and cancer reported; confounded by use of highly-sensitive ultrasonography

• Radiation-related cancers indistinguishable from other cancers

• Early results compatible with screenings in unaffected areas

• Screening effect significant, but further follow up is needed.

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 32

Page 33: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Worker dose estimates

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 33

Numbers of occupationally exposed between 11 March 2011 and 31 October 2012.

Page 34: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 34

Worker doses

>25,000 workers

Average effective dose:

about 10 mSv

High dose population:

170+ workers with more than 100 mSv

Maximum reported: 679 mSv

Absorbed dose to thyroid:

13 workers: 2-12 Gy (mostly from 131I)

Uncertainty among those working in the early

days

Page 35: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Environment

• Exposures generally too low for acute effects

– effects in marine environment would be confined to areas

where highly radioactive water was released

– biomarker changes for terrestrial species cannot be ruled out,

but significance for populations unclear. Effects would be

limited to highest deposition areas

• Protection actions and remediation have significant impact on

environmental goods and services, resources and amenities

Page 36: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Three years on

• Deterministic effects: not observed, unlikely in future

• Cancer rates: discernible increases not expected generally,

models imply risks may have increased

• Thyroid cancer: Uncertainties in dose distribution mean no firm

conclusions on potential discernible increase, warrants follow-up

• Heritable effects: Not discernible

• Birth defects: No impact

• Workers: No discernible increase expected, though risks

increased, warrants follow-up among most exposed

• Wildlife: Transient impact

• Large indirect impact on social and mental well-being

Conclusions apply to radiation effects only

Page 37: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

UNSCEAR 2013 Report

37

Launched 2 April 2014 (Vienna) and May 2014

(Fukushima City and Tokyo)

Dialogues in September & November 2014,

and February 2016.

Page 38: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Continuing work:

Follow-up to 2013 Fukushima Report

• Expert group continuously reviews

new literature published after 2013 Report

• So far, none of Report’s major assumptions challenged; main

findings unaffected

• No evidence of increase in thyroid cancer rates attributable to

radiation exposure

• Second White Paper (2016) published

• Outreach efforts continued in Japan

38

Page 39: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Future scientific research needs

• Atmospheric releases: accident progression, weather,

dispersion & deposition……

• Leaks and releases to the aquatic environment & Pacific

Ocean: scenarios and long-term transport….

• Continued monitoring of exposures: remediation…

• Improved understanding of dose distributions: probabilistic

modelling, behaviours, uncertainties…..

• In vivo measurements

• Public health: Fukushima Health Management Survey...

• Worker doses: health monitoring, tissue bank…

• Environmental exposures: biomarkers….

Page 40: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Acknowledgements

40

UNSCEAR Secretariat

M. J. Crick, F. Shannoun, H. Yasuda, A. Brunader, S. Habersack

UNSCEAR Coordination expert group

Chair: W. Weiss (Germany); Senior Adviser: Y. Yonekura (Japan)

UNSCEAR Expert Group A (Data and quality assurance)

Group Leader: E.V. Holahan Jr. (United States); Lead Writers: A. Rannou (France), D. de Souza Santos (Brazil); Contributing Writers: J. Johansson Barck-Holst (Sweden), M. Zähringer

(Germany); Technical Adviser: M. Nakano (Japan); Commentators: P. Bérard (France), S.H. Na (Republic of Korea), T. Takahashi (Japan)

UNSCEAR Expert Group B (Radionuclide releases and dispersion)

Group Leader: G. Kirchner 28 (Germany); Lead Writer: R. Draxler (United States); Contributing Writers: P. Chen (WMO), D. da Costa Lauria (Brazil), C. Estournel (France), O. Isnard

(France), R. Períáñez (Spain), K.S. Suh (Republic of Korea); Technical Adviser: J. Sugimoto (Japan); Commentators: M. Chino (Japan), F. Gering (Germany), M.C. Hort (United

Kingdom), G.-B. Lee (Republic of Korea), M. Monfort (France), M. Nikkinen (CTBTO), M. Zähringer (Germany)

UNSCEAR Expert Group C (Pathways and exposure assessment: the public and the environment)

Group Leader: S. Solomon (Australia); Lead Writers: M. Balonov (Russian Federation), J. Simmonds United Kingdom), P. Strand (Norway); Contributing Writers: P. Bedwell (United

Kingdom), J. Brown (Norway), G. Dercon (FAO), F. Gering (Germany), V. Golikov (Russian Federation), G. Hirth (Australia), P. Verger (WHO); Technical Adviser: N. Ban (Japan);

Commentators: M. Aerts (Belgium), T. Aono (Japan), M. Chartier (France), M. Dinovi (United States), S. Fesenko (IAEA), J. Garnier- Laplace (France), S. Haywood (United Kingdom), T.

Homma (Japan), A. Hosseini (Norway), D.-K. Keum (Republic of Korea), V. Kliaus (Belarus), C.-M. Larsson (Australia), I. Naletoski (FAO), J.M. de Oliveira Godoy (Brazil), G. Proehl

(IAEA), C. Rääf (Sweden), K. Sakai (Japan), T. Sazykina (Russian Federation), J. Sherwood (United Kingdom), S. hinkarev (Russian Federation), J. Vives i Batlle (Belgium)

UNSCEAR Expert Group D (Worker exposure and health effects)

Group Leader: J.-R. Jourdain (France); Lead Writers: G. Etherington (United Kingdom), R. Lane (Canada), A. Wiley (United States); Contributing Writers: E. Salminen (Finland);

Technical Adviser: M. Akashi (Japan); Commentators: D. Bazyka (Ukraine), E. Blanchardon (France), J. Harrison (United Kingdom), L. Lebaron-Jacobs (France), J.K. Lee (Republic of

Korea), Z. Luo (China), D. Rabelo de Melo (Brazil), M. Rickard (Canada), S. Romanov (Russian Federation), S. Saigusa (Japan), B. Thériault (Canada)

UNSCEAR Health implications task group (Health implications)

Group Leader: P. Jacob (Germany); Lead Writers: J. Harrison (United Kingdom), L. Hubbard (Sweden), J. Kenigsberg (Belarus), R. Lane (Canada), W.-U. Mueller (Germany); Technical

Adviser: K. Kodama (Japan); Contributing Writers: L. Holanda Sadler Veiga (Brazil), V. Ivanov (Russian Federation), V. Krasnyuk (Russian Federation), Y.-K. Lim (Republic of Korea),

F. Ménétrier (France)

UNSCEAR Critical reviewers

L. Anspaugh (United States), P. Jacob (Germany)

UNSCEAR Final quality assurance team

Team Leader: C.-M. Larsson (Australia); Contributing Writers: M. Balonov (Russian Federation), M. Chino (Japan), R. Draxler (United States), G. Etherington (United Kingdom), F.

Gering (Germany), O. Isnard (France), P. Jacob (Germany), J.-R. Jourdain (France), G.N. Kelly (United Kingdom), S. Solomon (Australia), W. Weiss (Germany), M. Zähringer (Germany)

Other contributing experts

C. Blackburn (FAO/IAEA), J.D. Boice Jr. (United States), L. Brookmire (United States), D.H. Byron (FAO/IAEA), J. Carpenter (Australia), T. Charnock (United Kingdom), S. Field (United

Kingdom), H. Ishida (Japan), V. Kryuchkov (Russian Federation), K. Leuraud (France), Q. Liang (FAO/IAEA), K. Mortimer (United Kingdom), M.-L. Nguyen (FAO/IAEA), S. Nielen

(FAO/IAEA), B. Orr (Australia), M. del Rosario Perez (WHO), K. Sakamoto (Japan), J. Smith (United Kingdom), A. Thomassin (France), R. Tinker (Australia), A. Ulses (IAEA), D. Urban

(Australia), S. Watson (United Kingdom), J. Wellings (United Kingdom), Y. Yamada (Japan), I. Zvonova (Russian Federation)

International Organisations

Preparatory Commission for CTBTO, FAO, IAEA, WHO, and WMO

Scientific staff and consultants cooperating with UNSCEAR

G. N. Kelly, V. Golikov,L. S. Constine,H.D. Nagel, D. Nosske,R. Shore

Page 41: The Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident and the role of NIRS ... · 2011 Sent many experts to Fukushima area Received 11 workers from NPP site 2013 Designated as WHO Collaborating Centre

Concluding Remarks

Continue our challenge to NPP accident

Review the activities to respond the accidents

Lack of knowledge to radiation introduced serious

confusion

Appreciate support provided by the international

community

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