Poetry Poetry NotesNotes

Figurative Figurative LanguageLanguage

Figurative Figurative LanguageLanguage

A “Figure of Speech” is A “Figure of Speech” is alwaysalways based on based on a comparison.a comparison.

Figurative LanguageFigurative Language – Expressions – Expressions which put aside literal language in favor of which put aside literal language in favor of imaginative connections.imaginative connections.

SimileSimile

SimileSimile – A comparison between two unlike – A comparison between two unlike things using the words like or as, and things using the words like or as, and sometimes than and resembled.sometimes than and resembled.

““Life is like a box of chocolates” Life is like a box of chocolates”

– – Forest GumpForest Gump

Metaphor Metaphor MetaphorMetaphor – a comparison between two – a comparison between two

unlike things without using like, as, than, unlike things without using like, as, than, or resembles.or resembles.

Direct Metaphor Direct Metaphor – Compares using “is”.– Compares using “is”.

““Life is a journey”Life is a journey” Implied MetaphorImplied Metaphor – Compares without – Compares without

using “is”.using “is”.

““The city sleeps peacefully.”The city sleeps peacefully.”

PersonificationPersonification PersonificationPersonification – Giving human – Giving human

characteristics to something non-human: characteristics to something non-human: an animal, an object, or idea.an animal, an object, or idea.

““The car coughed and hiccupped.”The car coughed and hiccupped.”

HyperboleHyperbole Hyperbole - Hyperbole - A figure of speech in which A figure of speech in which

deliberate exaggeration is used for deliberate exaggeration is used for emphasis. Many everyday expressions are emphasis. Many everyday expressions are examples of hyperbole.examples of hyperbole.

tons of moneytons of money, , waiting for ageswaiting for ages, , a flood of a flood of tearstears, etc., etc.

UnderstatementUnderstatement UnderstatementUnderstatement - The opposite of - The opposite of

hyperbolehyperbole, understatement is used to , understatement is used to make something appear smaller or less make something appear smaller or less important than it really is.It can be used to important than it really is.It can be used to entertain or to reduce the importance of entertain or to reduce the importance of the truth. the truth.

““It only hurts a little bit” after getting an It only hurts a little bit” after getting an arm chopped offarm chopped off

OxymoronOxymoron OxymoronOxymoron - - a a figure of speechfigure of speech that that

combines two normally contradictory combines two normally contradictory terms. terms.

"deafening silence", “quick stop”,“jumbo "deafening silence", “quick stop”,“jumbo shrimp”shrimp”

The Sounds The Sounds of Poetryof Poetry

AlliterationAlliterationAlliteration –Alliteration – The repetition of consonant The repetition of consonant

sounds at the beginnings of words or sounds at the beginnings of words or accented syllables.accented syllables.

Tongue Twisters: Tongue Twisters: PPeter eter PPiper iper ppicked a icked a ppeck eck of of ppickled ickled ppeppers.eppers.

AssonanceAssonanceAssonanceAssonance – The repetition of vowel – The repetition of vowel

sounds in adjoining words.sounds in adjoining words.

““The mThe moolten glten goolden nlden nootes” E. A. Poetes” E. A. Poe

ConsonanceConsonanceConsonanceConsonance – repetition of consonant – repetition of consonant

sounds within words.sounds within words.

““And the silken sad uncertain rustling of And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain" E. A. Poeeach purple curtain" E. A. Poe

OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia – The use of words that – The use of words that

sound like what they are describing.sound like what they are describing.

Snap, Crackle, and Pop.Snap, Crackle, and Pop.

RhymeRhymeand and

Rhyme Rhyme SchemeScheme

RhymeRhymeRHYME - the associating of two words in a RHYME - the associating of two words in a

poem through the way they sound.poem through the way they sound. Rhyme usually occurs at the end of a line Rhyme usually occurs at the end of a line

in a poem, but it is not a rule or law. There in a poem, but it is not a rule or law. There are many kinds of rhyme: are many kinds of rhyme:

True RhymeTrue RhymeTrue Rhyme - two words whose last True Rhyme - two words whose last

syllables sound the same. syllables sound the same.

True BlueTrue Blue

Assonant RhymeAssonant RhymeAssonant Rhyme - the rhyming of vowels Assonant Rhyme - the rhyming of vowels

only. only.

Bought and SockBought and Sock

Consonant RhymeConsonant RhymeConsonant Rhyme - the rhyming on Consonant Rhyme - the rhyming on

consonants only. consonants only.

Tick and TockTick and Tock

Sight RhymeSight RhymeSight Rhyme - words that are spelled Sight Rhyme - words that are spelled

similarly, but do not rhyme. (sight rhymes similarly, but do not rhyme. (sight rhymes are frequently also assonant or consonant are frequently also assonant or consonant rhymes)rhymes)

Thought and ThoughThought and Though

Rhyme SchemeRhyme SchemeRhyme scheme: The pattern of rhyme, Rhyme scheme: The pattern of rhyme,

usually indicated by assigning a letter of usually indicated by assigning a letter of the alphabet to each rhyme at the end of a the alphabet to each rhyme at the end of a line of poetry.line of poetry.

Rhyme SchemeRhyme SchemeShall I compare thee to a Summer's Shall I compare thee to a Summer's day?day? Thou art more lovely and more Thou art more lovely and more temperate:temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,May, And Summer's lease hath all too short a And Summer's lease hath all too short a date:date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,shines,And oft' is his gold complexion And oft' is his gold complexion dimm'd;dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime And every fair from fair sometime declines,declines, By chance or nature's changing course By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:untrimm'd: But thy eternal Summer shall not But thy eternal Summer shall not fadefade Nor lose possession of that fair thou Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade,shade,When in eternal lines to time thou When in eternal lines to time thou growest:growest: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,see, So long lives this, and this gives life to So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.thee.

William William ShakespeareShakespeare - Sonnet #18 - Sonnet #18

Rhythm Rhythm and and

MeterMeter

Rhythm and MeterRhythm and Meter

All languages consist of words with both All languages consist of words with both stressed (louder) and unstressed (softer) stressed (louder) and unstressed (softer) syllables, and all words with more than syllables, and all words with more than one syllable will only stress one of those one syllable will only stress one of those syllables.syllables.

RhythmRhythm

English poetry employs five basic rhythms or English poetry employs five basic rhythms or patterns of stressed (/) and unstressed (patterns of stressed (/) and unstressed (UU) ) syllables. Each unit of rhythm is called a syllables. Each unit of rhythm is called a "foot" of poetry. "foot" of poetry.

Two-Syllable Two-Syllable RhythmsRhythms

The meters with two-syllable feet are:The meters with two-syllable feet are: IAMBIC (IAMBIC (UU /): /): ta TUM ta TUMThat That timetime of of yearyear thou thou maystmayst in in meme be beholdhold TROCHAIC TROCHAIC ((/ / UU): ): TUM ta TUM taTellTell me me notnot in in mournmournful ful numnumbersbers SPONDAIC (/ /): TUM TUMSPONDAIC (/ /): TUM TUMBreakBreak, , breakbreak, , breakbreakOn thy On thy coldcold graygray stonesstones, O , O SeaSea!!

Three-Syllable Three-Syllable RhythmsRhythms

Meters with three-syllable feet are: Meters with three-syllable feet are: ANAPESTIC (ANAPESTIC (UUUU/):/): ta ta TUM ta ta TUM

And theAnd the soundsound of a of a voicevoice that is that is stillstill DACTYLIC (/DACTYLIC (/UUUU):): TUM ta ta TUM ta ta ThisThis is the is the forforest priest primemeval, the val, the murmurmuring muring

pinespines and the and the hemhemlock (a trochee lock (a trochee replaces the final dactyl) replaces the final dactyl)

MeterMeterMeter is the number of times the rhythm Meter is the number of times the rhythm

pattern (or foot) repeats itself in a line of pattern (or foot) repeats itself in a line of poetry. poetry.

Meter NamesMeter NamesThe following are the terms used for every foot:The following are the terms used for every foot: monometer a line of 1 foot monometer a line of 1 foot dimeter 2 feet dimeter 2 feet trimeter 3 feet trimeter 3 feet tetrameter 4 feet tetrameter 4 feet pentameter 5 feetpentameter 5 feet hexameter 6 feet hexameter 6 feet heptameter 7 feet heptameter 7 feet octameter 8 feetoctameter 8 feet

Practice…Practice…In the still of the nightIn the still of the night

________________ _______________________________ _______________

RhythmRhythm Meter Meter

In times of old when I was newIn times of old when I was newAnd Hogwarts barely startedAnd Hogwarts barely startedThe founders of our noble schoolThe founders of our noble schoolThought never to be partedThought never to be parted “Sorting Hat’s Song”“Sorting Hat’s Song”

________________ _______________________________ _______________

RhythmRhythm Meter Meter

Stanza Stanza StructureStructure

Stanza Stanza StanzaStanza - Two or more lines of poetry that - Two or more lines of poetry that

together form one of the divisions of a together form one of the divisions of a poem. The stanzas of a poem are usually poem. The stanzas of a poem are usually of the same length and follow the same of the same length and follow the same pattern of meter and rhyme.pattern of meter and rhyme.

CoupletCoupletCoupletCouplet - In a poem, a pair of lines that are - In a poem, a pair of lines that are

the same length and usually rhyme and the same length and usually rhyme and form a complete thought. form a complete thought.

Heroic CoupletHeroic Couplet - A stanza composed of two - A stanza composed of two rhymed lines in iambic pentameter.rhymed lines in iambic pentameter.

Shakespearean Shakespearean sonnetssonnets usually end in a usually end in a couplet.couplet.

Quatrain, Sextain, Quatrain, Sextain, OctaveOctave

Tercet- Tercet- A stanza or poem of three lines.A stanza or poem of three lines.

QuatrainQuatrain - four lines - four lines

QuintainQuintain- five lines- five lines

SextainSextain- six lines (sometimes sestet)- six lines (sometimes sestet)

SeptetSeptet- seven lines- seven lines

OctaveOctave- eight lines- eight lines

RefrainRefrainRefrainRefrain - A phrase, line, or group of lines - A phrase, line, or group of lines

that is repeated throughout a poem, that is repeated throughout a poem, usually after every stanza.usually after every stanza.

Types of Types of PoetryPoetry

Free VerseFree VerseFree VerseFree Verse - - No Rules! No Rules! It doesn't have to It doesn't have to

rhyme, it doesn't have to be in any sort of rhyme, it doesn't have to be in any sort of meter, or about anything in particular- just meter, or about anything in particular- just write what you feel.write what you feel.

AcrosticAcrosticAcrosticAcrostic - A poem in which certain letters of - A poem in which certain letters of

the lines, usually the first letters, form a the lines, usually the first letters, form a word or message relating to the subjectword or message relating to the subject

WWaits quietlyaits quietlyOOn his preyn his preyLLiving Onlyiving OnlyFFor the next Meal.or the next Meal.

Zach Hume Former StudentZach Hume Former Student

ConcreteConcreteConcreteConcrete – Where the poem is arranged to – Where the poem is arranged to

look like, or suggest something about, its look like, or suggest something about, its subjectsubject

DiamanteDiamanteDiamanteDiamante- a seven line poem, shaped like a - a seven line poem, shaped like a

diamond diamond

Line 1: one wordLine 1: one word(subject/noun that is contrasting to line 7)(subject/noun that is contrasting to line 7)

Line 2: two wordsLine 2: two words(adjectives) that describe line 1 (adjectives) that describe line 1

Line 3: three wordsLine 3: three words(action verbs) that relate to line 1 (action verbs) that relate to line 1

Line 4: four words (nouns)Line 4: four words (nouns)first 2 words relate to line 1first 2 words relate to line 1last 2 words relate to line 7 last 2 words relate to line 7

Line 5: three wordsLine 5: three words(action verbs) that relate to line 7 (action verbs) that relate to line 7

Line 6: two wordsLine 6: two words(adjectives) that describe line 7 (adjectives) that describe line 7

Line 7: one wordLine 7: one word( subject/noun that is contrasting to line 1)( subject/noun that is contrasting to line 1)

Teenager Powerful, noisy

Dancing, dating, consuming Explosion, energetic, maturity, senility

Working, earning, saving Quiet, peaceful

Retired

HaikuHaikuHaikuHaiku – a Japanese poem with three – a Japanese poem with three

unrhymed lines in a 5-7-5 syllabic meter- unrhymed lines in a 5-7-5 syllabic meter- the first line has 5 syllables, the second the first line has 5 syllables, the second seven, and the last 5.seven, and the last 5.

古池 や 古池 や 蛙 飛込む蛙 飛込む水 の 音水 の 音

fu/ru/i/ke ya: 5 fu/ru/i/ke ya: 5 ka/wa/zu to/bi/ko/mu: 7 ka/wa/zu to/bi/ko/mu: 7 mi/zu no o/to: 5 mi/zu no o/to: 5

Translated:

Old PondFrog jump InSound of Water

NarrativesNarrativesNarrativeNarrative - Telling a story. Ballads and - Telling a story. Ballads and

epics are different kinds of narrative epics are different kinds of narrative poems.poems.

BalladBallad - a poem that tells a story, usually - a poem that tells a story, usually about a hero, that can be passed about a hero, that can be passed down down through generations, most are suitable for through generations, most are suitable for singing.singing.

EpicEpic - a long narrative poem usually about - a long narrative poem usually about the adventures and bravery of a hero.the adventures and bravery of a hero.

The Iliad and the Odyssey are Epic poemsThe Iliad and the Odyssey are Epic poems..

Lyric PoemsLyric PoemsLyricLyric – A poem that expresses the thoughts – A poem that expresses the thoughts

and feelings of the poet. and feelings of the poet.

A lyric poem may resemble a song in form A lyric poem may resemble a song in form or style.or style.

OdeOde - a long, serious lyric poem which is - a long, serious lyric poem which is focused on a single subject.focused on a single subject.

Lyric Poems Lyric Poems cont’:Sonnetcont’:SonnetSonnetSonnet - A lyric poem that is 14 lines long. - A lyric poem that is 14 lines long.

Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnets are divided Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnets are divided into two quatrains and a six-line "sestet," into two quatrains and a six-line "sestet," with the rhyme scheme with the rhyme scheme abba abba cdecdeabba abba cdecde (or (or cdcdcdcdcdcd). ).

English (or Shakespearean) sonnets are English (or Shakespearean) sonnets are composed of three quatrains and a final composed of three quatrains and a final couplet, with a rhyme scheme of couplet, with a rhyme scheme of abab abab cdcd efef ggcdcd efef gg. English sonnets are written . English sonnets are written generally in iambic pentametergenerally in iambic pentameter

ElegyElegyElegyElegy - A poem that laments the death of a - A poem that laments the death of a

person, or one that is simply sad and person, or one that is simply sad and thoughtful.thoughtful.

LimerickLimerickLimerickLimerick – A 5-line anapestic poem with a rhyme – A 5-line anapestic poem with a rhyme

scheme of (aabba) that is often humorous in scheme of (aabba) that is often humorous in nature.nature.

There was an old man from Peru, (A) There was an old man from Peru, (A) Who dreamed he was eating his shoe. Who dreamed he was eating his shoe. He awoke in the night He awoke in the night With a terrible fright, With a terrible fright, 5.and found out that it was quite true.5.and found out that it was quite true.

The first line explains the situation, the second tells The first line explains the situation, the second tells what happened, the third and fourth tell what what happened, the third and fourth tell what went wrong, and the the fifth tells the went wrong, and the the fifth tells the significance (the significance (the so what?so what?!)!)