philippines grade 6 science chapter 4
TRANSCRIPT
INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG LIVING
THINGSChapter 4
Anywhere you go you see plants and animals living together in the same habitat Plants and animals coexist They help each other so they can continue to love and grow But how do plants help animals On the other hand how do animals help plants What environmental conditions do they need in order to survive
THE FOOD CHAINLesson 1
The Food Chain
Animals cannot make their own food They depend on other plants or animals for food The carabao horse and goat eat plants Chickens eat corn and worms What about us human beings Can we make our own food What do we do when we feel hungry What foods do we eat Where do you think these foods come from How much of these foods come from animals From plants
All living things need energy in order to live They need energy to perform their basic functions But what is their main source of energy on earth How is energy transferred from one organism to another This can be illustrated through a food chain
All food chains start from green plants With the presence of sunlight green plants manufacture their own food and provide it for animals and human beings As such green plants are called producers or autotrophs
Animals cannot make their own food They must eat either plants or animals in order to live and grow Thus they are called consumers or heterotrophs Consumers can be classified into three groups based on what they eat Animals that eat only plants are called herbivores Animals that only eat the flesh of other animals are called carnivores Those that eat plants and animal flesh are called omnivores
When a herbivore such as a worm eats a plant some of the energy of the plant will be passed on to the worm The food energy will be used by the worm in order to grow The worm becomes the first-order consumer in the food chain
When another animal such as the chicken eats the worm the energy will be transferred rom the worm to the chicken Another link is added to the food chain thus the chicken becomes the second-order consumer
Human beings likewise cannot make their own food They eat eithers plants or animals in order to have energy So when you eat the chicken you become the third-order consumer in the food chain So if we trace the transfer of food the pattern will be green plants are eaten by a first-order consumer The first-order consumer in turn is eaten by a second-order consumer The second-order consumer is eaten by a third-order consumer The transfer of food energy from plants or producers to a series of consumers is called the food chain
You might notice that in food chains almost all animals depend on plants for food Bigger animals depend on smaller animals The food chain is generally limited to four or five links
Remembering Science Factsbull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Anywhere you go you see plants and animals living together in the same habitat Plants and animals coexist They help each other so they can continue to love and grow But how do plants help animals On the other hand how do animals help plants What environmental conditions do they need in order to survive
THE FOOD CHAINLesson 1
The Food Chain
Animals cannot make their own food They depend on other plants or animals for food The carabao horse and goat eat plants Chickens eat corn and worms What about us human beings Can we make our own food What do we do when we feel hungry What foods do we eat Where do you think these foods come from How much of these foods come from animals From plants
All living things need energy in order to live They need energy to perform their basic functions But what is their main source of energy on earth How is energy transferred from one organism to another This can be illustrated through a food chain
All food chains start from green plants With the presence of sunlight green plants manufacture their own food and provide it for animals and human beings As such green plants are called producers or autotrophs
Animals cannot make their own food They must eat either plants or animals in order to live and grow Thus they are called consumers or heterotrophs Consumers can be classified into three groups based on what they eat Animals that eat only plants are called herbivores Animals that only eat the flesh of other animals are called carnivores Those that eat plants and animal flesh are called omnivores
When a herbivore such as a worm eats a plant some of the energy of the plant will be passed on to the worm The food energy will be used by the worm in order to grow The worm becomes the first-order consumer in the food chain
When another animal such as the chicken eats the worm the energy will be transferred rom the worm to the chicken Another link is added to the food chain thus the chicken becomes the second-order consumer
Human beings likewise cannot make their own food They eat eithers plants or animals in order to have energy So when you eat the chicken you become the third-order consumer in the food chain So if we trace the transfer of food the pattern will be green plants are eaten by a first-order consumer The first-order consumer in turn is eaten by a second-order consumer The second-order consumer is eaten by a third-order consumer The transfer of food energy from plants or producers to a series of consumers is called the food chain
You might notice that in food chains almost all animals depend on plants for food Bigger animals depend on smaller animals The food chain is generally limited to four or five links
Remembering Science Factsbull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
THE FOOD CHAINLesson 1
The Food Chain
Animals cannot make their own food They depend on other plants or animals for food The carabao horse and goat eat plants Chickens eat corn and worms What about us human beings Can we make our own food What do we do when we feel hungry What foods do we eat Where do you think these foods come from How much of these foods come from animals From plants
All living things need energy in order to live They need energy to perform their basic functions But what is their main source of energy on earth How is energy transferred from one organism to another This can be illustrated through a food chain
All food chains start from green plants With the presence of sunlight green plants manufacture their own food and provide it for animals and human beings As such green plants are called producers or autotrophs
Animals cannot make their own food They must eat either plants or animals in order to live and grow Thus they are called consumers or heterotrophs Consumers can be classified into three groups based on what they eat Animals that eat only plants are called herbivores Animals that only eat the flesh of other animals are called carnivores Those that eat plants and animal flesh are called omnivores
When a herbivore such as a worm eats a plant some of the energy of the plant will be passed on to the worm The food energy will be used by the worm in order to grow The worm becomes the first-order consumer in the food chain
When another animal such as the chicken eats the worm the energy will be transferred rom the worm to the chicken Another link is added to the food chain thus the chicken becomes the second-order consumer
Human beings likewise cannot make their own food They eat eithers plants or animals in order to have energy So when you eat the chicken you become the third-order consumer in the food chain So if we trace the transfer of food the pattern will be green plants are eaten by a first-order consumer The first-order consumer in turn is eaten by a second-order consumer The second-order consumer is eaten by a third-order consumer The transfer of food energy from plants or producers to a series of consumers is called the food chain
You might notice that in food chains almost all animals depend on plants for food Bigger animals depend on smaller animals The food chain is generally limited to four or five links
Remembering Science Factsbull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The Food Chain
Animals cannot make their own food They depend on other plants or animals for food The carabao horse and goat eat plants Chickens eat corn and worms What about us human beings Can we make our own food What do we do when we feel hungry What foods do we eat Where do you think these foods come from How much of these foods come from animals From plants
All living things need energy in order to live They need energy to perform their basic functions But what is their main source of energy on earth How is energy transferred from one organism to another This can be illustrated through a food chain
All food chains start from green plants With the presence of sunlight green plants manufacture their own food and provide it for animals and human beings As such green plants are called producers or autotrophs
Animals cannot make their own food They must eat either plants or animals in order to live and grow Thus they are called consumers or heterotrophs Consumers can be classified into three groups based on what they eat Animals that eat only plants are called herbivores Animals that only eat the flesh of other animals are called carnivores Those that eat plants and animal flesh are called omnivores
When a herbivore such as a worm eats a plant some of the energy of the plant will be passed on to the worm The food energy will be used by the worm in order to grow The worm becomes the first-order consumer in the food chain
When another animal such as the chicken eats the worm the energy will be transferred rom the worm to the chicken Another link is added to the food chain thus the chicken becomes the second-order consumer
Human beings likewise cannot make their own food They eat eithers plants or animals in order to have energy So when you eat the chicken you become the third-order consumer in the food chain So if we trace the transfer of food the pattern will be green plants are eaten by a first-order consumer The first-order consumer in turn is eaten by a second-order consumer The second-order consumer is eaten by a third-order consumer The transfer of food energy from plants or producers to a series of consumers is called the food chain
You might notice that in food chains almost all animals depend on plants for food Bigger animals depend on smaller animals The food chain is generally limited to four or five links
Remembering Science Factsbull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
All living things need energy in order to live They need energy to perform their basic functions But what is their main source of energy on earth How is energy transferred from one organism to another This can be illustrated through a food chain
All food chains start from green plants With the presence of sunlight green plants manufacture their own food and provide it for animals and human beings As such green plants are called producers or autotrophs
Animals cannot make their own food They must eat either plants or animals in order to live and grow Thus they are called consumers or heterotrophs Consumers can be classified into three groups based on what they eat Animals that eat only plants are called herbivores Animals that only eat the flesh of other animals are called carnivores Those that eat plants and animal flesh are called omnivores
When a herbivore such as a worm eats a plant some of the energy of the plant will be passed on to the worm The food energy will be used by the worm in order to grow The worm becomes the first-order consumer in the food chain
When another animal such as the chicken eats the worm the energy will be transferred rom the worm to the chicken Another link is added to the food chain thus the chicken becomes the second-order consumer
Human beings likewise cannot make their own food They eat eithers plants or animals in order to have energy So when you eat the chicken you become the third-order consumer in the food chain So if we trace the transfer of food the pattern will be green plants are eaten by a first-order consumer The first-order consumer in turn is eaten by a second-order consumer The second-order consumer is eaten by a third-order consumer The transfer of food energy from plants or producers to a series of consumers is called the food chain
You might notice that in food chains almost all animals depend on plants for food Bigger animals depend on smaller animals The food chain is generally limited to four or five links
Remembering Science Factsbull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
All food chains start from green plants With the presence of sunlight green plants manufacture their own food and provide it for animals and human beings As such green plants are called producers or autotrophs
Animals cannot make their own food They must eat either plants or animals in order to live and grow Thus they are called consumers or heterotrophs Consumers can be classified into three groups based on what they eat Animals that eat only plants are called herbivores Animals that only eat the flesh of other animals are called carnivores Those that eat plants and animal flesh are called omnivores
When a herbivore such as a worm eats a plant some of the energy of the plant will be passed on to the worm The food energy will be used by the worm in order to grow The worm becomes the first-order consumer in the food chain
When another animal such as the chicken eats the worm the energy will be transferred rom the worm to the chicken Another link is added to the food chain thus the chicken becomes the second-order consumer
Human beings likewise cannot make their own food They eat eithers plants or animals in order to have energy So when you eat the chicken you become the third-order consumer in the food chain So if we trace the transfer of food the pattern will be green plants are eaten by a first-order consumer The first-order consumer in turn is eaten by a second-order consumer The second-order consumer is eaten by a third-order consumer The transfer of food energy from plants or producers to a series of consumers is called the food chain
You might notice that in food chains almost all animals depend on plants for food Bigger animals depend on smaller animals The food chain is generally limited to four or five links
Remembering Science Factsbull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Animals cannot make their own food They must eat either plants or animals in order to live and grow Thus they are called consumers or heterotrophs Consumers can be classified into three groups based on what they eat Animals that eat only plants are called herbivores Animals that only eat the flesh of other animals are called carnivores Those that eat plants and animal flesh are called omnivores
When a herbivore such as a worm eats a plant some of the energy of the plant will be passed on to the worm The food energy will be used by the worm in order to grow The worm becomes the first-order consumer in the food chain
When another animal such as the chicken eats the worm the energy will be transferred rom the worm to the chicken Another link is added to the food chain thus the chicken becomes the second-order consumer
Human beings likewise cannot make their own food They eat eithers plants or animals in order to have energy So when you eat the chicken you become the third-order consumer in the food chain So if we trace the transfer of food the pattern will be green plants are eaten by a first-order consumer The first-order consumer in turn is eaten by a second-order consumer The second-order consumer is eaten by a third-order consumer The transfer of food energy from plants or producers to a series of consumers is called the food chain
You might notice that in food chains almost all animals depend on plants for food Bigger animals depend on smaller animals The food chain is generally limited to four or five links
Remembering Science Factsbull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
When a herbivore such as a worm eats a plant some of the energy of the plant will be passed on to the worm The food energy will be used by the worm in order to grow The worm becomes the first-order consumer in the food chain
When another animal such as the chicken eats the worm the energy will be transferred rom the worm to the chicken Another link is added to the food chain thus the chicken becomes the second-order consumer
Human beings likewise cannot make their own food They eat eithers plants or animals in order to have energy So when you eat the chicken you become the third-order consumer in the food chain So if we trace the transfer of food the pattern will be green plants are eaten by a first-order consumer The first-order consumer in turn is eaten by a second-order consumer The second-order consumer is eaten by a third-order consumer The transfer of food energy from plants or producers to a series of consumers is called the food chain
You might notice that in food chains almost all animals depend on plants for food Bigger animals depend on smaller animals The food chain is generally limited to four or five links
Remembering Science Factsbull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
When another animal such as the chicken eats the worm the energy will be transferred rom the worm to the chicken Another link is added to the food chain thus the chicken becomes the second-order consumer
Human beings likewise cannot make their own food They eat eithers plants or animals in order to have energy So when you eat the chicken you become the third-order consumer in the food chain So if we trace the transfer of food the pattern will be green plants are eaten by a first-order consumer The first-order consumer in turn is eaten by a second-order consumer The second-order consumer is eaten by a third-order consumer The transfer of food energy from plants or producers to a series of consumers is called the food chain
You might notice that in food chains almost all animals depend on plants for food Bigger animals depend on smaller animals The food chain is generally limited to four or five links
Remembering Science Factsbull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Human beings likewise cannot make their own food They eat eithers plants or animals in order to have energy So when you eat the chicken you become the third-order consumer in the food chain So if we trace the transfer of food the pattern will be green plants are eaten by a first-order consumer The first-order consumer in turn is eaten by a second-order consumer The second-order consumer is eaten by a third-order consumer The transfer of food energy from plants or producers to a series of consumers is called the food chain
You might notice that in food chains almost all animals depend on plants for food Bigger animals depend on smaller animals The food chain is generally limited to four or five links
Remembering Science Factsbull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
You might notice that in food chains almost all animals depend on plants for food Bigger animals depend on smaller animals The food chain is generally limited to four or five links
Remembering Science Factsbull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Remembering Science Factsbull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Reaching Out
1 Who is the producer in the food chain
2 Which is the first-order consumer
3 Which is the second-order consumer
4 Which is the third-order consumer
5 What is a food chain
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
FOOD WEBLesson 2
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Food Web
Animals in a particular community do not eat only one organism They eat a variety of organisms In turn they may be eaten by several kinds of organisms Thus a network of different food chains can be formed
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The system of overlapping food transfer is called a food web
For example a plant is eaten by different herbivores like the grasshopper rat insect cow and chicken Each of these herbivores may be eaten by different second-order consumers The food interdependence goes on until more complex food chains are formed
In a land community no matter how complex a food web is it always starts with the green plants or autotrophs which are the producers The order of consumers may vary This order depends upon which one an organism eats and so on
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The chicken for instance can be both a first-order consumer or second order consumer It is a first-order consumer if it feeds directly on plants It could be a second-order consumer if it feeds on an insect which is an herbivore This is possible because the chicken is an omnivore
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The snake is a carnivore but it can be a second and third-order consumer at the same time If the snake eats a rat that eats plants it is a second-order consumer However if you trace the transfer of food energy from the plants to the grasshopper to the frog and finally to the snake the snake becomes a third-order consumer
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Food chains from a food webbull Plant grasshopper bird hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog hawk
bull Plant grasshopper frog snake hawk
bull Plant rat snake hawk
bull Plant insect chicken hawk
bull Plant insect chicken man
How many food chains are formed Are there other food chains that can be constructed from the web
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
FOOD PYRAMIDLesson 3
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
As the food is passed on from one organism to another the amount of energy received by the organisms decreases
The relationship of the organisms in the food chain can be represented in a food pyramid The pyramid shows how energy is transferred from one population to another
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The producers get their energy directly from the sun so they have the most stored energy The stored energy that remains after the producers have used what they need for themselves
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
When the first-order consumer eats the producer the consumer receives only the energy which is stored by the producers This is only a small part of the energy which the producers receive from the sun
When the second-order consumer eats the first-order consumer the second-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the first-order consumer
The third-order consumer receives the remaining energy stored in the second-order consumer The entire level represents the energy taken in by the organisms The pyramid shows that as you go up the pyramid there is a decrease in energy The least amount of energy received is by the third-order consumer which is at the uppermost level of the pyramid The greatest amount of energy on the other hand is received by the producers because they get their energy directly from the sun
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
A large pyramid also shows population sizes Plant populations like the algae population are very large because the sun provides them with a large amount of energy As you go up the food pyramid the consumer populations get smaller The number of living things in each step is smaller than the number in the step below Since there is a decrease in energy as you go higher the population of consumers is affected
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The population of consumers decreases because there is less energy available to live and grow
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Remembering Science Facts
bullA food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Reaching Out
bullMake a food chainbullTransform the food chain into a food pyramid
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
FOOD NUTRIENT CYCLE
Lesson 4
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
You know that green plants need some materials to make their own food They need water carbon dioxide and minerals They obtain the minerals they need from the dead remains of plants and animals which later dissolve in soil
Have you seen decaying plants and animals What acts on them
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Green plants can make their own food with the presence of sunlight Animals cannot make their own food so they feed on plants The worm an herbivore eats the leaves of the plant The worm is eaten by the chicken When the chicken dies organisms in the soil act on it and break it down Plants likewise die after some time The dead logs twigs and leaves on the ground or compost pit also decay But what organisms cause dead plants and animals to decay
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
DecomposersThe flesh of a dead plant or animal is acted on by
decomposers Decomposers are organisms that feed on dead animals and plants They obtain their energy from the chemical breakdown of dead organisms or animal or plant waste Examples are earthworms fungi and many bacteria
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The flesh of a dead plant is broken down by organisms called fungi like mushrooms and molds Have you observed mold on bread or mushrooms growing on dead logs The flesh of a dead animal on the other hand is decomposed by tiny organisms called bacteria These decomposers cause the dead plants and animals to decay They put the substances in the dead plants and animals back into the soil making it fertile These substances are used again by plants to make their own food and food for other living things
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Food Nutrient Cycle
When animals eat plants they get the nutrients These nutrients travel in a cycle among organisms in a food web The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle is called the food nutrient cycle
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Therefore what is the importance of decomposers Without the decomposers dead plants and animals would pile up on the earth The earth would run out of the substances needed by new organisms to live and grow Thus decomposers fulfill their role in the ecosystem by helping to cycle organic substances from the living organisms to the soil then back to other living organisms
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Remembering Science Facts
bullFood nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bullDecomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Reaching Out Supply the missing words
1 Green plants can manufacture their own ____________
2 Organisms that act on dead plants and animals are called _______________
3 Mushroom is an example of ________________
4 The flesh of a dead animal is decomposed by __________________
5 The process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things is a continuous cycle called ___________________________
6 Substances of dead plants and animals are put back into the _______ by decomposers
7 The flesh of a dead plant is acted upon by __________________
8 An organism that grows on bread is ___________
9 A decomposer that usually grows on dead logs are ________________
10Animals and ________________ cannot make their own food
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
OXYGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE CYCLE
Lesson 5
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide CycleYou know that decomposers
cause dead plants and animals to decay Did you know that dead matter gives off carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in photosynthesis Without carbon dioxide plants cannot manufacture their own food They cannot supply us with the food we need
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
We all know that animals and human beings depend on plants for food Aside from food what else do we take from our plants Can we live without plants Can animals live without plants What about plants can they live without us What do they need from us
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
It has been mentioned that only green plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis Can you still recall how photosynthesis takes place Photosynthesis takes place only during the daytime because of the presence of sunlight Light makes the chlorophyll in the plants especially in the lead coming the water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen Sugar is changed into starch and stored Starch is stored in the leaves stems fruits seeds and roots Starch provides us with the energy that keeps us always ldquoon the gordquo
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Sometimes sugar is combined with other materials that the plant absorbs from the soil Oxygen on the other hand is not needed by plants so it is given off as a waste product It is one of the most important products of photosynthesis This is given off by plants through their breathing organ called stomata Oxygen is the gas needed by humans and animals in order to live It is taken in by your body when you inhale When you exhale you give off carbon dioxide to the air
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Where does the carbon dioxide exhaled by humans and animals come from Humans and animals eat food containing protein fat and carbohydrates These nutrient contain carbon The waste product is carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide passes from the cells and goes to the blood The blood carries it to the lungs When you exhale carbon dioxide from your body it is released into the air and is absorbed y green plants again
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are returned to the air and used over and over again Carbon dioxide is used by plants and oxygen is used by animals over and over again The continuous exchange of gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans- is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle This cycle clearly shows that there is a give and take relationship between plants and animals and humans
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Remembering Science Facts
bullThe continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Reaching Out True or False
1Oxygen is taken in by plants at daytime
2Carbon dioxide is given off by animals
3Plants need carbon dioxide in order to make their own food
4All plants can make their own food
5Oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle is the continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
OTHER RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMSLesson 6
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Other Relationships between Organisms
Plants and animals coexist in a certain community They live together for food shelter andor protection Their interaction results in different kinds of relationships which may be useful or harmful to them
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Mutualism or Symbiosis
This is a relationship where two organisms live together in a common space so that each organism will benefit For example butterflies with flowers A butterfly hovers around the flowering plant because it is attracted to the color and odor of the flowers It also sips nectar from the flowers The flowers on the other hand benefit because as the butterfly hovers from one flower to another it transfers pollen grains and pollinates the flowers
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The flowers are able to reproduce because the insect carries pollen from flower to flower
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Termites and one-celled organisms from a termite intestine also show mutualism A termite eats wood for energy But it cannot digest the wood This is done by one-celled organisms that live in the termitersquos digestive tract Both organisms benefit from the relationship No one is hurt
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The ants and aphids are good friends The ants carry the aphid from one place to another They also protect the aphids from enemies The aphids in return provide the ants with food
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The bird cleans the teeth of the crocodile It picks out small pieces of meat In return for this service the crocodile does not harm the bird There is a free cleaning for the crocodile and a free meal for the bird Both animals depend on one another
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Commensalism
Commensalism is a kind of relationship by which only one organism benefits The other is not harmed nor affected at all Commensal is the one that receives the benefit The host is the partner that neither benefited nor was harmed
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
An example of commensalism is the relationship between a shark and a remora Remora a sucker fish attaches itself to the underside of the body of a shark As the shark feeds the remora picks up the scraps of food which the shark leaves The remora is also carried by the shark and can travel without difficulty The shark on the other hand is not harmed by its load
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Another example is the aerial plants or epiphytes growing on the branches of a tree Orchids cling onto the branches of trees Their presence does not affect the tree although the tree provides support and a place for the orchids to grow The orchids do not affect the tree because they can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis
Epiphytes are plants that thrive in the air environment They absorb moisture from the air through the roots Some have bulbs that store water Other examples of epiphytes are mosses lichens ferns and certain bromeliads
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The relationship between the clownfish and the anemone is another example of commensalism The sea anemone may look like a plant but itrsquos actually an underwater animal The long tubelike ldquoleavesrdquo are in fact tentacles with stinging cells that project poisonous threads The sea anemone feed by stinging prey with its tentacles The clownfish can swim without fear into the tentacles or open arms of the sea anemone because it has a protective layer of liquid on its body
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The clownfish seeks shelter within the sea anemonersquos tentacles and gains protection from its enemies It also picks up the leftovers from the anemone The sea anemone gets nothing from the relationship
The tiny burrowing worms in some shellfish also show commensalism How does this relationship exist between them
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Parasitism
Parasitism is a kind of relationship where one organism benefits and the other is badly affected The organism that benefits is the parasite The organism that is harmed is the host Parasites cannot live alone They must live on a living host Some parasites do slight harm to their host Others can kill their host
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Aphids and roses show parasitism An aphid is a louse that lives on plants and sucks their juices Aphids are insect parasites They are tiny white cotton-like spots underneath the leaves of roses They also attack the leaves of santol ground orchids gumamela and other shrubs making them soft and sickly After some time the leaves fall and eventually die They part of the santol leaf that is attacked by this parasite is curled inward giving it a notched appearance
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Other examples of parasite-host relationships are a flea and a dog head lice on a childrsquos dirty hair bedbugs and mosquitoes that suck a humanrsquos blood and a tapeworm and a human
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
Parasites that lie outside the body of its host are called ectoparasites Lice fleas and ticks are examples of ectoparasites Parasites that live inside the body of their hosts are called endoparasites Hookworms and tapeworms are just some of the examples of endoparasites What are other examples of endoparasites and ectoparasites you can think of
The fleas on a dogrsquos body suck its blood Ticks and lice likewise stay on the hair feathers scales or skin of their hosts and feed on their blood When these parasites feed they harm their hosts In effect the hosts either become weak or get sick
Humans act as a host to many endoparasites Endoparasites enter the human body through insufficiently cooked meat containing the worm They may also enter through skin openings in the feet and unsafe water humans drink
Competition
Competition is the striving or vying between organisms for the things needed for survival Organisms may compete for food sunshine space shelter water and other things needed for survival Each organism in this kind of relationship is a competitor
Two plants occupying the same space or soil level compete for the minerals found in the soil
The lion and the tiger compete for deer They fight each other for food
PredationThis is a kind of relationship
wherein the predators kill their victims before or during the eating process A predator is an animals that eats or kills other animals for food It is generally bigger than its prey A prey is an animals that is killed or eaten by the predator Predation is the most common relationship among organisms in a community
Predators can also become prey Birds that eat insects can also be eaten by a bigger bird such as a hawk Frogs are eaten by certain snakes In this case the small bird and frogs are pretty and the hawk and a snake are the predator
The sizes of predator and prey populations are related to each other If the number of prey is large the number of predators increases As predators feed upon the prey the number of prey begins to decrease The number of predators also decreases since they have a smaller food supply
Remembering Science Factsbull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
Reaching Out Matching1 A relationship in which both organisms benefit
from each other
2 A relationship in which one organism kills smaller organisms for food
3 A relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not benefitted or unharmed
4 A relationship in which two organisms compete for survival
5 A relationship in which one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is harmed or does not benefit
ACommensalism
BCompetition
CMutualism
DParasitism
E Predation
F Predator
GPrey
THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 7
The Forest Ecosystem
What is an ecosystem What are the factors that affect an ecosystem
Our whole environment is made up of all the living and non-living things with which an organism interacts What are the living things that you see around you
Our natural environment can be divided into two main components- the biotic environment and the abiotic or physical environment
Biotic environment includes all the organisms living in a particular area Abiotic environment is the non-living components that affect the growth and survival of living organisms in a given place such as temperature rainfall sunlight soil and water The relationship between the biotic and abiotic environment is called the ecosystem
Ecosystems can be found in any area of water land or air where living things interact with each other and with non-living things Therefore a desert lake river pond ocean sea desert and mountains are an ecosystem We often hear about pond ecosystems or desert ecosystems Lakes and rivers are freshwater ecosystems
The study of how living things are related to their environment how they shape living and non-living things around them and how everything in their surroundings affect them is called ecology
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Competition
Competition is the striving or vying between organisms for the things needed for survival Organisms may compete for food sunshine space shelter water and other things needed for survival Each organism in this kind of relationship is a competitor
Two plants occupying the same space or soil level compete for the minerals found in the soil
The lion and the tiger compete for deer They fight each other for food
PredationThis is a kind of relationship
wherein the predators kill their victims before or during the eating process A predator is an animals that eats or kills other animals for food It is generally bigger than its prey A prey is an animals that is killed or eaten by the predator Predation is the most common relationship among organisms in a community
Predators can also become prey Birds that eat insects can also be eaten by a bigger bird such as a hawk Frogs are eaten by certain snakes In this case the small bird and frogs are pretty and the hawk and a snake are the predator
The sizes of predator and prey populations are related to each other If the number of prey is large the number of predators increases As predators feed upon the prey the number of prey begins to decrease The number of predators also decreases since they have a smaller food supply
Remembering Science Factsbull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
Reaching Out Matching1 A relationship in which both organisms benefit
from each other
2 A relationship in which one organism kills smaller organisms for food
3 A relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not benefitted or unharmed
4 A relationship in which two organisms compete for survival
5 A relationship in which one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is harmed or does not benefit
ACommensalism
BCompetition
CMutualism
DParasitism
E Predation
F Predator
GPrey
THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 7
The Forest Ecosystem
What is an ecosystem What are the factors that affect an ecosystem
Our whole environment is made up of all the living and non-living things with which an organism interacts What are the living things that you see around you
Our natural environment can be divided into two main components- the biotic environment and the abiotic or physical environment
Biotic environment includes all the organisms living in a particular area Abiotic environment is the non-living components that affect the growth and survival of living organisms in a given place such as temperature rainfall sunlight soil and water The relationship between the biotic and abiotic environment is called the ecosystem
Ecosystems can be found in any area of water land or air where living things interact with each other and with non-living things Therefore a desert lake river pond ocean sea desert and mountains are an ecosystem We often hear about pond ecosystems or desert ecosystems Lakes and rivers are freshwater ecosystems
The study of how living things are related to their environment how they shape living and non-living things around them and how everything in their surroundings affect them is called ecology
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Two plants occupying the same space or soil level compete for the minerals found in the soil
The lion and the tiger compete for deer They fight each other for food
PredationThis is a kind of relationship
wherein the predators kill their victims before or during the eating process A predator is an animals that eats or kills other animals for food It is generally bigger than its prey A prey is an animals that is killed or eaten by the predator Predation is the most common relationship among organisms in a community
Predators can also become prey Birds that eat insects can also be eaten by a bigger bird such as a hawk Frogs are eaten by certain snakes In this case the small bird and frogs are pretty and the hawk and a snake are the predator
The sizes of predator and prey populations are related to each other If the number of prey is large the number of predators increases As predators feed upon the prey the number of prey begins to decrease The number of predators also decreases since they have a smaller food supply
Remembering Science Factsbull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
Reaching Out Matching1 A relationship in which both organisms benefit
from each other
2 A relationship in which one organism kills smaller organisms for food
3 A relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not benefitted or unharmed
4 A relationship in which two organisms compete for survival
5 A relationship in which one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is harmed or does not benefit
ACommensalism
BCompetition
CMutualism
DParasitism
E Predation
F Predator
GPrey
THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 7
The Forest Ecosystem
What is an ecosystem What are the factors that affect an ecosystem
Our whole environment is made up of all the living and non-living things with which an organism interacts What are the living things that you see around you
Our natural environment can be divided into two main components- the biotic environment and the abiotic or physical environment
Biotic environment includes all the organisms living in a particular area Abiotic environment is the non-living components that affect the growth and survival of living organisms in a given place such as temperature rainfall sunlight soil and water The relationship between the biotic and abiotic environment is called the ecosystem
Ecosystems can be found in any area of water land or air where living things interact with each other and with non-living things Therefore a desert lake river pond ocean sea desert and mountains are an ecosystem We often hear about pond ecosystems or desert ecosystems Lakes and rivers are freshwater ecosystems
The study of how living things are related to their environment how they shape living and non-living things around them and how everything in their surroundings affect them is called ecology
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
PredationThis is a kind of relationship
wherein the predators kill their victims before or during the eating process A predator is an animals that eats or kills other animals for food It is generally bigger than its prey A prey is an animals that is killed or eaten by the predator Predation is the most common relationship among organisms in a community
Predators can also become prey Birds that eat insects can also be eaten by a bigger bird such as a hawk Frogs are eaten by certain snakes In this case the small bird and frogs are pretty and the hawk and a snake are the predator
The sizes of predator and prey populations are related to each other If the number of prey is large the number of predators increases As predators feed upon the prey the number of prey begins to decrease The number of predators also decreases since they have a smaller food supply
Remembering Science Factsbull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
Reaching Out Matching1 A relationship in which both organisms benefit
from each other
2 A relationship in which one organism kills smaller organisms for food
3 A relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not benefitted or unharmed
4 A relationship in which two organisms compete for survival
5 A relationship in which one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is harmed or does not benefit
ACommensalism
BCompetition
CMutualism
DParasitism
E Predation
F Predator
GPrey
THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 7
The Forest Ecosystem
What is an ecosystem What are the factors that affect an ecosystem
Our whole environment is made up of all the living and non-living things with which an organism interacts What are the living things that you see around you
Our natural environment can be divided into two main components- the biotic environment and the abiotic or physical environment
Biotic environment includes all the organisms living in a particular area Abiotic environment is the non-living components that affect the growth and survival of living organisms in a given place such as temperature rainfall sunlight soil and water The relationship between the biotic and abiotic environment is called the ecosystem
Ecosystems can be found in any area of water land or air where living things interact with each other and with non-living things Therefore a desert lake river pond ocean sea desert and mountains are an ecosystem We often hear about pond ecosystems or desert ecosystems Lakes and rivers are freshwater ecosystems
The study of how living things are related to their environment how they shape living and non-living things around them and how everything in their surroundings affect them is called ecology
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Predators can also become prey Birds that eat insects can also be eaten by a bigger bird such as a hawk Frogs are eaten by certain snakes In this case the small bird and frogs are pretty and the hawk and a snake are the predator
The sizes of predator and prey populations are related to each other If the number of prey is large the number of predators increases As predators feed upon the prey the number of prey begins to decrease The number of predators also decreases since they have a smaller food supply
Remembering Science Factsbull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
Reaching Out Matching1 A relationship in which both organisms benefit
from each other
2 A relationship in which one organism kills smaller organisms for food
3 A relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not benefitted or unharmed
4 A relationship in which two organisms compete for survival
5 A relationship in which one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is harmed or does not benefit
ACommensalism
BCompetition
CMutualism
DParasitism
E Predation
F Predator
GPrey
THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 7
The Forest Ecosystem
What is an ecosystem What are the factors that affect an ecosystem
Our whole environment is made up of all the living and non-living things with which an organism interacts What are the living things that you see around you
Our natural environment can be divided into two main components- the biotic environment and the abiotic or physical environment
Biotic environment includes all the organisms living in a particular area Abiotic environment is the non-living components that affect the growth and survival of living organisms in a given place such as temperature rainfall sunlight soil and water The relationship between the biotic and abiotic environment is called the ecosystem
Ecosystems can be found in any area of water land or air where living things interact with each other and with non-living things Therefore a desert lake river pond ocean sea desert and mountains are an ecosystem We often hear about pond ecosystems or desert ecosystems Lakes and rivers are freshwater ecosystems
The study of how living things are related to their environment how they shape living and non-living things around them and how everything in their surroundings affect them is called ecology
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Remembering Science Factsbull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
Reaching Out Matching1 A relationship in which both organisms benefit
from each other
2 A relationship in which one organism kills smaller organisms for food
3 A relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not benefitted or unharmed
4 A relationship in which two organisms compete for survival
5 A relationship in which one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is harmed or does not benefit
ACommensalism
BCompetition
CMutualism
DParasitism
E Predation
F Predator
GPrey
THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 7
The Forest Ecosystem
What is an ecosystem What are the factors that affect an ecosystem
Our whole environment is made up of all the living and non-living things with which an organism interacts What are the living things that you see around you
Our natural environment can be divided into two main components- the biotic environment and the abiotic or physical environment
Biotic environment includes all the organisms living in a particular area Abiotic environment is the non-living components that affect the growth and survival of living organisms in a given place such as temperature rainfall sunlight soil and water The relationship between the biotic and abiotic environment is called the ecosystem
Ecosystems can be found in any area of water land or air where living things interact with each other and with non-living things Therefore a desert lake river pond ocean sea desert and mountains are an ecosystem We often hear about pond ecosystems or desert ecosystems Lakes and rivers are freshwater ecosystems
The study of how living things are related to their environment how they shape living and non-living things around them and how everything in their surroundings affect them is called ecology
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Reaching Out Matching1 A relationship in which both organisms benefit
from each other
2 A relationship in which one organism kills smaller organisms for food
3 A relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not benefitted or unharmed
4 A relationship in which two organisms compete for survival
5 A relationship in which one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is harmed or does not benefit
ACommensalism
BCompetition
CMutualism
DParasitism
E Predation
F Predator
GPrey
THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 7
The Forest Ecosystem
What is an ecosystem What are the factors that affect an ecosystem
Our whole environment is made up of all the living and non-living things with which an organism interacts What are the living things that you see around you
Our natural environment can be divided into two main components- the biotic environment and the abiotic or physical environment
Biotic environment includes all the organisms living in a particular area Abiotic environment is the non-living components that affect the growth and survival of living organisms in a given place such as temperature rainfall sunlight soil and water The relationship between the biotic and abiotic environment is called the ecosystem
Ecosystems can be found in any area of water land or air where living things interact with each other and with non-living things Therefore a desert lake river pond ocean sea desert and mountains are an ecosystem We often hear about pond ecosystems or desert ecosystems Lakes and rivers are freshwater ecosystems
The study of how living things are related to their environment how they shape living and non-living things around them and how everything in their surroundings affect them is called ecology
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 7
The Forest Ecosystem
What is an ecosystem What are the factors that affect an ecosystem
Our whole environment is made up of all the living and non-living things with which an organism interacts What are the living things that you see around you
Our natural environment can be divided into two main components- the biotic environment and the abiotic or physical environment
Biotic environment includes all the organisms living in a particular area Abiotic environment is the non-living components that affect the growth and survival of living organisms in a given place such as temperature rainfall sunlight soil and water The relationship between the biotic and abiotic environment is called the ecosystem
Ecosystems can be found in any area of water land or air where living things interact with each other and with non-living things Therefore a desert lake river pond ocean sea desert and mountains are an ecosystem We often hear about pond ecosystems or desert ecosystems Lakes and rivers are freshwater ecosystems
The study of how living things are related to their environment how they shape living and non-living things around them and how everything in their surroundings affect them is called ecology
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
The Forest Ecosystem
What is an ecosystem What are the factors that affect an ecosystem
Our whole environment is made up of all the living and non-living things with which an organism interacts What are the living things that you see around you
Our natural environment can be divided into two main components- the biotic environment and the abiotic or physical environment
Biotic environment includes all the organisms living in a particular area Abiotic environment is the non-living components that affect the growth and survival of living organisms in a given place such as temperature rainfall sunlight soil and water The relationship between the biotic and abiotic environment is called the ecosystem
Ecosystems can be found in any area of water land or air where living things interact with each other and with non-living things Therefore a desert lake river pond ocean sea desert and mountains are an ecosystem We often hear about pond ecosystems or desert ecosystems Lakes and rivers are freshwater ecosystems
The study of how living things are related to their environment how they shape living and non-living things around them and how everything in their surroundings affect them is called ecology
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Our natural environment can be divided into two main components- the biotic environment and the abiotic or physical environment
Biotic environment includes all the organisms living in a particular area Abiotic environment is the non-living components that affect the growth and survival of living organisms in a given place such as temperature rainfall sunlight soil and water The relationship between the biotic and abiotic environment is called the ecosystem
Ecosystems can be found in any area of water land or air where living things interact with each other and with non-living things Therefore a desert lake river pond ocean sea desert and mountains are an ecosystem We often hear about pond ecosystems or desert ecosystems Lakes and rivers are freshwater ecosystems
The study of how living things are related to their environment how they shape living and non-living things around them and how everything in their surroundings affect them is called ecology
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Biotic environment includes all the organisms living in a particular area Abiotic environment is the non-living components that affect the growth and survival of living organisms in a given place such as temperature rainfall sunlight soil and water The relationship between the biotic and abiotic environment is called the ecosystem
Ecosystems can be found in any area of water land or air where living things interact with each other and with non-living things Therefore a desert lake river pond ocean sea desert and mountains are an ecosystem We often hear about pond ecosystems or desert ecosystems Lakes and rivers are freshwater ecosystems
The study of how living things are related to their environment how they shape living and non-living things around them and how everything in their surroundings affect them is called ecology
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Ecosystems can be found in any area of water land or air where living things interact with each other and with non-living things Therefore a desert lake river pond ocean sea desert and mountains are an ecosystem We often hear about pond ecosystems or desert ecosystems Lakes and rivers are freshwater ecosystems
The study of how living things are related to their environment how they shape living and non-living things around them and how everything in their surroundings affect them is called ecology
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Desert ecosystem in Tucson Arizona US
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Forest Ecosystem
A forest is a large area of land covered by trees There are forests in different parts of the world The trees provide food and shelter for many other living things Nearly three quarters of all land animals and plants live in the forest
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
Each ecosystem has a particular set of abiotic or physical factors These influence the biotic or biological factors that exist in the ecosystem
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Temperature
Temperature affects the living organisms in a particular place A few insects and reptiles have systems that modify body temperatures to a certain extent Only mammals and birds can maintain body temperature at a constant level Pines ferns and other conifers such as those found in Baguio can tolerate much lower average temperatures Shrubs vines and grass can grow within a temperature range of 12˚C Few animals or plants except bacteria and blue green algae can live at temperatures above 50˚C
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Water
The water needed for life on land comes ultimately from rain and snow Moisture in clouds condenses to from rain or snow which then falls to the earth Some of this water enters the soil and is taken up by plants Excess water runs off the land into bodies of water such as ponds rivers and oceans Evaporation returns part of the water to the atmosphere
Water is one of the most important factors in the forest ecosystem Water is essential for all living organisms but it is not distributed evenly over the earth The abundance of water or lack of it has a striking effect on ecosystems
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Amount of SunlightSome plants must be
exposed to direct sunlight for at least ten hours while others grow well under the shade Plenty of sunshine makes young trees healthy and helps in its rapid growth Once the seedling has started to grow well it will need little care for it to continue growing Mother nature will feed and water it
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Type of Soil
Tree seedlings need moist fertile soil (good moist soil that has good drainage is best for a young tree)
Soil provides a reservoir of water and minerals needed by the organisms of the ecosystem Compounds of iron calcium magnesium and other elements necessary for the growth of organisms are found here Too much or too little of any of these may determine which organisms can survive in the ecosystem
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Fire
Fire is the most common factor that may bring about major changes in an ecosystem A fire of a few minutes duration can change drastically an ecosystem that has been centuries in the making Human activities and lighting are the most frequent causes of fire
Other elements of weather such as humidity and wind velocity to some extent affect the general condition under which plants and animals grow
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
TopographyThe slope of a mountain
affects the rate of water run off The height of a mountain determines the amount of precipitation solar radiation wind and water that organisms of the forest ecosystem receive
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Gravity Gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors in a forest ecosystem The roots of plants grow down and stems grow up in response to gravity Plants and animals have structural adaptations to overcome the pull of gravity Examples of these organisms are the tall trees lifting a water column more than 110 miles against the force of gravity
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a storehouse of some important substances The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and the oxygen needed in respiration are both found here Some nitrogen from the atmosphere becomes part of the living community when it is changed to nitrogen compounds
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
The biotic components of the forest ecosystem include all the organisms living in the area A wide variety of trees orchids and other wildlife creatures such as birds deer wild pigs snakes fowls crocodiles bats tarsiers mouse deer and tamaraws live in the forest Enemies of trees likewise live here such as beetles bugs and germs There can also be rats and beavers such as those in cold countries that destroy a great number of trees every year
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
1Topography
2Carbon dioxide
3Deer
4Oxygen
5Temperature
6Sunlight
7Trees
8Tamaraw
9Water
10 Soil
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
IMPORTANCE OF THE FOREST
Lesson 8
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Importance of the ForestThe Philippine forest was one of
the richest tropical forests in the world It is here where hardwood of finest quality such as the prized mahogany was found In the 1950s we had about 225 million hectares of forest lands but today our virgin forests occupy less than a million of hectares
Why do people give so much attention to the forest How important is the forest to us
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
The tropical rain forest has a great diversity of plant and animal life The primary reason for this great diversity is the rain forestrsquos climate Its climate is hot and moist all year round The air is always humid The soil never dries out Thus the struggle for survival against an unfriendly physical environment is less
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
The tropical rain forest is composed of trees and woody vines Woody plants are the main producers of the food on which all the animals depend Animals are attracted to the great abundance of food supply The great abundance of plants attract insects and other herbivores The presence of these insects and small animals in turn attracts carnivores which depend on them Thus a food web consisting of these various animals and their food dependence on other animals can be observed
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Forests are one of the rich natural resources of our country There are about 3800 species of trees in our forests Of great economic importance are the number of Philippine Mahogany Narra Ipil Apitong Tindalo and Yakal
Narra Tree
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Forests serve as a home or shelter of different species of animals Small as well as large animals are found here You see small soil invertebrates such as ants worms mites termites and even microorganisms that decompose dead matter You see burrowing animals such as armadillos and snakes There are also big mammals with no climbing ability such as tamaraws and elephants Animals that can climb leap or glide from branch to branch abound like monkeys squirrels gibbons and flying lemurs
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Forests provide building materials fuel raw materials for paper and clothing and herbal medicines Forests also provide food for humans
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Forests play an important role in the balance of nature They consist mainly of trees Trees produce oxygen which humans and animals use Trees prevent soil erosion and flash floods They help in the transportation of surface water to ground water by creating tiny holes in the soil Underground water creates springs which provide the water for rivers and lakes
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Furthermore forests moderate our climate They stand as a charm or protection acting as a carbon sink that catches our excess carbon in the air As you know too much carbon dioxide traps the sunrsquos harmful heat around the earth causing greenhouse effects
The forests play multiple functions but do we use them wisely
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Remembering Science Facts
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbullModerate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Reaching Out True or False
1 Forests are useful to man
2 Forests cause flash floods
3 Animals depend largely on plants for food
4 Forests are homes to wildlife creatures
5 Forests play a vital role in the balance of nature
Write ten products of materials that we get from the forest
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Lesson 9
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Can you still remember the flood in Ormoc It is believed that two culprits caused the disaster in Ormoc These are illegal logging and kaingin farming What about the tragedy in the Cherry Hills subdivision What was the cause
Everything on earth is connected to everything else What one does affects another directly or indirectly
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Effects of DeforestationThere are three main
reasons why our forests are denuded These are (1) overhauling of good timber by commercial logging companies (2) setting down of smaller and usually young trees by fuel wood gatherers and (3) kaingin or the slash-and-burn practice of upland settlers
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Logging companies overharvest by cutting down trees in areas beyond what is allowed in their limits They also overharvest by cutting immature trees First wood gatherers also do their own tree cutting They cut smaller trees which do not make commercial timber They also recklessly cut young growing trees that would have grown into good timber with more years
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
When trees are cut down forest animals lose their homes Where else would our unique animals live Four unique animals in the world are found in our country They are the tarsiers of Bohol which are thought to be the smallest monkey in the world the moue-deer in Palawan which is the worldrsquos smallest deer the tamaraw of Mindoro which looks like a dwarf carabao and the zebronkey half zebra half donkey
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Where else would our monkey-eating eagle the largest eagle in the world be found if its natural habitat- the jungles in Luzon and Mindanao are deforested
These animal species in the forest are in danger of becoming extinct
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Forests are sources of food for animals As more trees are cut down more animals go hungry When the forests disappear wildlife is displaced Some of to other places but if they cannot adapt to their new environment they would soon die
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Cutting of trees especially in watersheds decreases our water supply Without trees the soft top soil beneath will be exposed to wind and the heat of the sun Soil cannot hold water so when the rain comes the topsoil containing nutrients needed by the plants will be washed out to the rivers and will make its way to the ocean floor The water will turn muddy and the coral reefs where the fish live would be covered with soil
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
When the forestrsquos water holding capacity decreases there would be a reduced supply or freshwater of towns and cities The water supply of Metro Manila mainly comes from the Angat watershed But are there enough trees in this watershed today
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Kaingin farming or slash-and-burn method is one of the main causes of forest denudation This method is destructive because it uses fire to burn the trees in order to open about a hectare of land The kaingenero anhis family settle on this land and cultivate crops on it Settling of the kingenero in this area destroys humus and thereby sets in motion two devastating events one after another First soil nutrients are depleted forcing the kaingeneros to abandon their cleared patches as soon as the fertility is weakened with the loss of humus The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) estimates that there are about 3 million individuals comprising the kaingin families all over the country
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Remembering Science Factsbull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
1 Growing of new trees
2 Reduced supply of food
3 Increase in food production
4 Soil erosion
5 Increased supply of water to towns and cities
6 Extinction of animal and plant species
7 Washing away of topsoil
8 Floods
9 Increase in soil fertility
10Displacement of plants and animals
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
ACTIVITIES THAT DISRUPT THE ECOSYSTEM
Lesson 10
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
Have you read news articles or headlines that reflect our concern with the environment Ecologists say that the earth we live in is in danger of being destroyed due to thoughtless and careless use of our natural resources People do several economic activities that alter our ecosystem What are these destructive activities that affect our ecosystem
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Long ago our country was blessed with a rich marine ecosystem thick and virgin forests bountiful wild animals and plants clear and fresh water But as the human population grew several changes have been done to our natural environment Some changes which are aimed to improve our quality of life and to augment peoplersquos income have actually caused imbalance of nature
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Dynamite fishing muro-ami fishing deforestation quarrying housing projects oil spill wildlife hunting kaingin farming and other destructive activities of man led to the destruction of our mother nature
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
Coral reefs are the breeding ground of fishes Thirty years ago they covered 30 percent of our shallow waters Now only six percent is left
The damage of coral reefs is caused mainly by sedimentation fro stream water that comes from highly eroded mountain areas from mine processing wastes Dynamite fishing and the muro-ami fishing technique used by fishermen also destroy coral reefs Dynamite fishing is an illegal way of catching fish This practice kills young fish and destroys their natural habitat
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
When the muro-ami fishing technique is used divers go down and make noise at the coral reefs by knocking on them Divers drive the fish out of hiding and into fishing nets The noise making and banging on the coral reefs usually kill the live corals and destroy the cemented remains of old corals
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Aside from those harmful fishing techniques mentioned earlier chemical waste from farmlands oil spills and household garbage that eventually make their way to the seas also disturb our marine ecosystem As a result fish productivity decreases every year even if there is a great demand for it
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Forest Ecosystem
The status of our forest ecosystem today is quite alarming Our wild animals such as the deer wild birds tamaraws and may others are fast disappearing because of hunters that shoot them any time of the year Trees are cut down and burned indiscriminately to acquire lumber for building homes and to give way to factories and even residential areas
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Urban EcosystemHave you seen the voluminous
piles of accumulated waste in Payatas dump site Garbage is a big threat to all Metro Manila residents The disposal of solid waste materials has remained the biggest environmental problem in Metro Manila People dump their garbage in the rivers ponds and seas making the natural habitat of fish polluted The piles of garbage are breeding places of germs that spread diseases
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
LowlandAgricultural EcosystemLand is abused in many ways one
example is erosion Erosion is the wearing away of top soil which contains the soilrsquos nutrients and moisture Much of the loss of land is due to poor agricultural methods In recent years farmers have used chemicals which are proven to be destructive to the environment Another is the conversion of fertile farm lands into subdivisions If more and more farm lands are used for housing purposed this would affect local food production and supply
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Remembering Science Facts
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem
1Tree planting
2Dynamite fishing
3Harvesting coral reefs
4Hunting wild animals
5Dumping of garbage in rivers
6Kaingin farming
7Segregating solid waste
8Recycling
9Muro-ami fishing
10 Joining anti-pollution campaign
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
For You to Remember
bull Food chain is the transfer of food from the producer to a series of consumers
bull Producers or autotrophs are organisms that produce food for other organisms
bull Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food
bull Herbivores are animals andor human beings who eat plants only
bull Carnivores are animals andor human beings who eat animals only
bull Omnivores are those organisms that eat both plants and animals
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
bull A food web is a system of overlapping food transfer
bull A food pyramid shows the amount of food energy that is transferred from one consumer to another
bull Food nutrient cycle is a process by which nutrients are passed from living things to non-living things in a continuous cycle
bull Decomposers are organisms that break down dead plants and animals
bull The continuous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide by plants and animals including humans is called the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
bull The relationship that exists between organisms are mutualism commensalism parasitism competition and predation
bullMutualism is a relationship where both organisms benefit from each other
bull Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected and unharmed
bull Parasitism is the relationship where one organism benefits from another organism The other organism is affected or harmed and does not benefit from the relationship
bull Predation is a relationship where one organism the predator kills another organism for food The organism that is killed is called the prey
bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
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bull Forest is an ecosystem
bull Ecosystem refers to the relationship or interaction between the biotic components and the abiotic components in a given place
bull Biotic environment includes all living organisms
bull Abiotic or physical environment refers to conditions existing around the living organisms such as temperature water sunlight soil and atmosphere
bull Forests perform multiple functionsbull They provide food and shelter for animals and humansbull Produce oxygen which humans and animals needbull Provide the raw materials for clothing and paper productsbull Moderate our climatebull Trap harmful gases in the atmospherebull Help maintain the balance of nature
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
-
bull Deforestation has several effects Some of these arebull Floodbull Less supply of foodbull Loss of soil fertilitybull Soil erosionbull Decrease in water supply to towns and citiesbull Displacement or loss of wildlifebull Sedimentation in water reservoirs
bull There are activities of human beings that disrupt our ecosystem Some of these are bull dynamite fishingbull muro-ami fishingbull Deforestationbull improper waste disposalbull wildlife huntingbull kaingin system
- Interdependence among living things
- Slide 2
- The food chain
- The Food Chain
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Remembering Science Facts
- Reaching Out
- Food Web
- Food Web (2)
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Food chains from a food web
- Remembering Science Facts (2)
- Reaching Out Construct a Food Web
- Food pyramid
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Remembering Science Facts (3)
- Reaching Out (2)
- Food Nutrient Cycle
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Decomposers
- Slide 37
- Food Nutrient Cycle (2)
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- Remembering Science Facts (4)
- Reaching Out Supply the missing words
- Oxygen-Carbon dioxide cycle
- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
- Slide 47
- Slide 48
- Slide 49
- Remembering Science Facts (5)
- Reaching Out True or False
- Other Relationships between Organisms
- Other Relationships between Organisms (2)
- Mutualism or Symbiosis
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Commensalism
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Parasitism
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Competition
- Slide 70
- Predation
- Slide 72
- Remembering Science Facts (6)
- Reaching Out Matching
- The Forest Ecosystem
- The Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Forest Ecosystem
- Abiotic Factors of an Ecosystem
- Temperature
- Water
- Amount of Sunlight
- Type of Soil
- Fire
- Topography
- Gravity
- Atmosphere
- Biotic FactorsComponents of a Forest Ecosystem
- Slide 92
- Remembering Science Facts (7)
- Reaching Out Write A for abiotic or B for biotic
- Importance of the Forest
- Importance of the Forest (2)
- Slide 97
- Slide 98
- Slide 99
- Slide 100
- Slide 101
- Slide 102
- Slide 103
- Remembering Science Facts (8)
- Reaching Out True or False (2)
- Effects of Deforestation
- Slide 107
- Effects of Deforestation (2)
- Slide 109
- Slide 110
- Slide 111
- Slide 112
- Slide 113
- Slide 114
- Slide 115
- Remembering Science Facts (9)
- Reaching Out Check the effects of deforestation
- Activities that disrupt the ecosystem
- Activities that Disrupt the Ecosystem
- Slide 120
- Slide 121
- Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
- Slide 123
- Slide 124
- Forest Ecosystem (2)
- Urban Ecosystem
- LowlandAgricultural Ecosystem
- Remembering Science Facts (10)
- Reaching Out Check the activities of human beings that disrupt
- For You to Remember
- Slide 131
- Slide 132
- Slide 133
- Slide 134
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