1. 1. Materials at Home CHAPTER 6
2. 2. Materials at Home What materials does your mother use when she prepares food? What do you use when you find the food tasteless? What are things in your home that are made of plastic? Do you use and dispose of these things properly? There are different materials found in your home. They are in different states and shapes. Some are in solid state, others are in liquid or in gaseous state. This chapter gives you information about household materials, their useful effects as well as harmful effects, their proper use and disposal and their structure.
3. 3. Useful Household Materials LESSON 1
4. 4. Look at the materials shown below. These materials are all found in your home. They are used for cooking, for personal grooming and medicinal purposes. What are some other household materials and their uses? Find out in this lesson.
5. 5. There are lots of materials that you have in your home according to their purpose. Lets identify these materials and their uses.
6. 6. Preservatives Have you seen your mother putting some salt on a fish or chicken before storing it in the refrigerator? Have you seen a fish soaked in vinegar? Salt and vinegar are used to prevent the fish and chicken from spoilage. They are called preservatives. Preservatives are substances that are used to prevent the action of the agents of spoilage such as bacteria, molds, yeasts, and insects. Today preservatives such as sodium nitrate and sodium benzoate are used to preserve food packed in cans, bottles or plastics.
7. 7. Additives Aside from preservatives you would also see materials that are used to enhance the taste and color of food you eat. These are called additives. Achuete is a natural additive used in foods that are cooked such as apritadang manok and menudo so that they become colorful. Cakes, puddings, puto and other colorful foods you buy have additives.
8. 8. Soap and Antiseptic Soap is a substance, ususally made by the action of alkali on fat, that dissolves in water and is used for cleaning and washing. Soap is an antiseptic. Antiseptics kill germs and prevent them from spreading diseases. Soap is not only used in cleaning or washing your body but is also used for washing kitchen utensils and other things in your home. There are different brands and fragrances of soap. Name some.
9. 9. Detergent and Shampoo A stronger variety of a soap is a detergent. It can dissolve grease and natural oils. Shampoo is a special antiseptic. It is commonly used for cleaning hair..
10. 10. Solvents Solvents are liquids that dissolve another substance or substances for a solution. Water is a universal solvent. Besides water, there are other examples of solvents. Solvents that are used to remove stains in clothes are vinegar and calamansi juice extract. Both of these substances contain acid. Muriatic acid is an effective solvent in removing stains in kitchen sinks and bathroom tiles. Acetone is used to remove nail polish. Alcohol is used to remove permanent ink on a white board. Thinner is used to dissolve solid materials in paint.
11. 11. Pesticides Pesticides are chemical mixtures or botanical agents from plants. Farmers use pesticides to protect crops. Pests may cause crops to rot or even cause its death. We should be careful in using pesticides. Pesticides become harmful when they contaminate ground water. They even cause cancer.
12. 12. Insecticides Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects. These are used to kill flies, cockroaches and mosquitos. What insecticide do you use at home?
13. 13. Paint Paint is a mixture or coloring matter with a suitable liquid that forms a dry coat when spread over a surface. Paints are used to prevent the iron from combining with oxygen and moisture in the air. They prevent rusting. Paints also beautify and help protect things from wear and tear. Why are your window grills, wall, furniture, roof and house painted?
14. 14. Synthetics and Plastic Synthetics are substances that have been made artificially. They come from carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. They are changed into near materials through chemical processes. Plastic is an example of a synthetic material that is widely used nowadays. It is a factory made material that can be molded into different shapes. It was first made in the United States about 90 years ago. It is strong and can be bright and colorful. It is very useful because it doesnt fall apart easily or rust in the open air. There are several plastic materials that we use now. Give some examples of plastic materials.
15. 15. Remembering Science Facts There are different household materials for different purposes. Some materials at home are preservatives, additives, pesticides, insecticides, antiseptics, plastics, solvent and paint. Synthetics are substances that are artificially creates from chemicals.
16. 16. Match column A with column B. Write the letter of the correct answer. A B 1. Prevent spoilage of food a. Additives 2. Prevent things from rusting b. Detergents 3. Remove tough grease and stains on clothes c. Fungicides 4. Made buy the actions of alkali on fat and used for cleaning and washing d. Insecticides 5. Enhance tastes/color of foods e. Paints 6. Kill insects f. Pesticides 7. Kill pests that destroy crops g. Preservatives 8. Used to dissolve other substances h. Shampoos 9. Artificially made from chemicals i. Soaps 10. Antiseptics used for cleaning hair j. Solvents k. Synthetics
17. 17. What are the useful materials in your household? Household Material Examples Use 1. Additive 2. Preservative 3. Antiseptic 4. Solvent 5. Insecticide 6. Plastic 7. Pesticide
18. 18. Materials Improved by Technology and Their Useful Effects LESSON 2
19. 19. What is technology? Technology is the application of science to practical human ends- particularly to improve the quality of life. It is used to develop new products. People in the ancient times had simple living. They used simple shelter, clothing and tools. Nowadays, technology has improved mans life to a great extent. In agriculture, technology has improved crop yields with the invention and use of farm machinery and new farming techniques.
20. 20. Our means of transportation and communication have had profound changes too. You have mobile phones, cordless phones, computer, laser, internet and MRT that make life more convenient. Canned goods and ready-to-eat foods have become plentiful. The availability of these food help save time. It also helps people who spend more time working outside their homes. Synthetic materials have gone a long way too. Most of the materials you use today such as the appliances, furniture, utensils and many more are found almost everywhere. All these things are products improved by technology.
21. 21. What are the materials in your home that are improved by technology? Name of the Material Old Material New Material e.g. eating paraphernalia Ceramic plates Plastic plates Disposable plates styrofoam What are the improved materials made of?
22. 22. Plastic Technology Technology has done a great improvement to most of the materials we use everyday. One example is the extensive use of plastic. Plastic usually refers to solid materials that become soft when heated. At this stage, the material can be molded into shapes and is used to make household objects. Nowadays, the word plastic usually refers to a group of synthetic polymers. Plastics are made by joining molecules together in chains. Each unit of the chain is called a monomer. When monomers are joined together, they are called polymers. Polymer comes from two Greek words, poly meaning many and mer meaning unit. Most often, materials that used to be made from natural materials such as wood or metal are now being produced with the use of plastics. Why are there numerous plastic materials now?
23. 23. There are lots of kinds of plastics. There are plastic materials that are very strong and heat-resistant. They are used for frames, windows and paint. Some are used for switches, electrical tools and kitchen appliances because they are resistant to heat and moisture. Hard plastics are used to make crash helmets and chairs. Plastic is used to strengthen other materials such as fabric or clothes. Plastic is easy to clean and hard to break. It is used for food packaging and to make plates, knives and forks. Plastic is not harmed by rain so it is used to make telephone booths. Soft plastics are used to make shower curtains and trash bags. Polystyrene, better known locally as styrofoam, is a thermoplastic used in making individual food boxes, ice boxes, disposable glasses, bowls and plates. Thermoplastic is a form of plastic which is softened by heat and can be formed again and again so long as the heat does not burn up the material. Thermosetting plastic, another form of plastic, does not soften upon heating. The plastic sheet used in laminating wood frames and table tops and the spongy material used for scrubbing dishes are thermosetting plastics.
24. 24. Remembering Science Facts Technology improves the quality of materials for our homes. Some materials make living more comfortable.
25. 25. Did you know that Some kinds of plastics are safe to use inside the human body. When people break their bones in an accident, the broken bones may be joined together again by plastic screws and pins. Surgeons use plastics to replace damaged organs such as the heart. The black lining inside a non-stick saucepan is a kind of plastic.
26. 26. Label the plastic products below:
27. 27. Conditions When Materials Have Harmful Effects LESSON 3
28. 28. Can you identify the materials shown below? Which of these materials do you often use? Are they useful all the time? When do they become harmful?
29. 29. What are the conditions when materials have harmful effects? Discuss the photos below.
30. 30. Technology has improved most of the materials we use at home. However, it created serious problems. Technology has resulted in many forms of environmental pollution, including toxic industrial waste, air pollution from motor vehicles, destruction of ecosystem by the use of insecticides, and thinning of the ozone layer.
31. 31. Water Pollution Detergents, chemical waste, excess fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides that go to the rives and lakes pollute the water. Detergents such as those in bars or powder used for washing clothes, powder or gels that disinfect and kill germs, and dishwashing liquids are the agents that pollute our environment. They tend to remain in water and resist conversion into less complex substances. The detergents components just go down your household drains, into the canal, then into the lakes and other bodies of water. Untreated sewage from industries contain disease-causing bacteria and toxic chemicals. Inorganic fertilizers and pesticides are both made from chemicals. When they are used carelessly, they may also pollute water and affect not only humans but also the animals and plants that live in water.
32. 32. Most plastics that we dump into rivers are non-biodegradable. There are no microbes that use them as food when they are dumped as waste. So they cause pollution.
33. 33. Air Pollution Fumes that public jeepneys and buses emit contain poisonous substance like carbon dioxide. Lead which is added to gasoline to make engines run better is harmful too. Harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide that come from the burning of fuels in big factories also contribute to air pollution.
34. 34. Thinning of the Ozone Layer Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are gases which contain atoms of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. CFCs are used as coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators, propellants in aerosol spray cans, cleaners for electric parts such as computer chips, building blocks for the bubbles in Styrofoam and used for insulation and packaging. CFCs are useful but they damage the ozone layer in the Earths atmosphere. Ozone layer in the stratosphere protects us from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. However, it has been observed that there is a hole In the ozone layer above the South Pole and neighboring areas. What would be the effect of this hole to humans?
35. 35. Ozone Layer
36. 36. Remembering Science Facts Some materials have harmful effects on the environment. Detergents, pesticides, plastics, inorganic fertilizers, household and industrial wastes that go to the rivers pollute water. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) cause the thinning of the ozone layer.
37. 37. Supply the missing words in the paragraph. A. Up in the ______ above the air we breathe, there is a _________ of gas called OZONE. It helps us by blocking out the rays from the ______ that can harm our _______. Now the ozone layer is being damaged by _____ made gases. These gases are called chlorofluorocarbons. They are used in ___________, _____________, ______________, and some other things.
38. 38. Supply the missing words in the paragraph. B. Some household materials have harmful effects on living things. ___________ that is used in _______ and cleaning as well as chemicals that go into a _________ and other bodies of __________ can pollute them. As a result, ______ and _______ that live in water are being killed.
39. 39. Safety Precautions in the Use and Storage of Materials LESSON 4
40. 40. Safety Precautions in the Use and Storage of Materials The materials found at home are very useful and important. They become useful when you know how to use them and where to keep them safely. However, if they are not used properly, they become dangerous and may cause accidents.
41. 41. Here are some safety precautions in using materials. Only food should be tasted. Never attempt to taste unknown materials. Read labels and instructions on containers before using any material. Avoid using expired canned goods, medicines and other packed foods. Wash your hands after using chemicals. Wear safety gloves if your skin is sensitive to strong detergents or when cleaning materials contain acid. Wear protective goggles or a mask when using chemicals. Hold the chemicals away from your eyes. Always use a spoon when transferring solid chemicals and dropper for liquids. Prepare clean rags for wiping up spilled chemicals. Medicines should not be taken in carelessly, especially by children. Never play with flammable materials.
42. 42. The following are some useful tips in storing materials: Lysol, acids, bleach, pesticide, kerosene and other dangerous chemicals must be properly labeled and sealed. If possible, put appropriate symbols for danger on the container such as the symbols below: FLAMMABLE TOXIC RADIOACTIVE
43. 43. Storage Tips: Avoid using empty food containers to store chemicals. Chemicals such as cleansing agents must not be placed or stored together with food items. Chemicals should be stored in a cabinet beyond the reach of children. Combustible materials such as lacquer thinner, kerosene and other petroleum products should be kept away from the stove to prevent fire. Materials for food preparation and food condiments should be tightly closed and stored separately from cleaning materials. Keep them in a dry place.
44. 44. For proper disposal of materials: Separate wet from dry garbage. Recyclable materials such as tin cans, newspapers, plastic bags and bottles should be placed in separate containers. Label expired medicines and corrosives before putting them in the garbage. Reducing, recycling and reusing materials helps to lessen pollution in our environment.
45. 45. Remembering Science Facts Safety precautions should be observed in using/storing/disposing household materials.
46. 46. Check which are the proper ways to use or store materials. 1. Smell and taste unknown materials before using them. 2. Read labels before using chemicals. 3. Store cleaning materials together with other chemicals used for food preparation. 4. Cover food condiments tightly. 5. Keep petroleum products near the store. 6. Keep chemicals in a cabinet within the reach of children. 7. Store expired materials. 8. Wear rubber gloves when using strong chemicals. 9. Wash your hands after using chemicals. 10. Hold muriatic acid with your bare hands.
47. 47. Structure of Matter LESSON 5
48. 48. Structure of Matter A material whether solid, liquid or gas is made up of tiny particles called molecules. These molecules exhibit the properties of the substance itself. For example, a drop of water can be separated into its smallest particles and can still be identified as water. The smallest drop of water is a molecule of water. Molecules are still composed of smaller particles which cannot be seen. These small particles are called atoms. A molecule may be made up of one or more kinds of atoms.
49. 49. Solids, Liquids, Gases Molecules of one substance are different from the molecules of another substance. The molecules of water are different from the molecules of sugar. The molecules of sugar are different from the molecules of gas. Let us find out how the molecules of solids, liquids and gases differ from one another.
50. 50. How are the molecules of a solid, liquid and gas arranged? Observe the differences and discuss.
51. 51. Solid The molecules of solids are arranged very close to one another. They keep the shape of the material they are in. Their movement is limited. The particles in a solid state can only move back and forth. They cannot change the amount of space they occupy. Thats why the pebbles move back and forth but not far from one another.
52. 52. Liquid The molecules of liquids are arranged a little farther apart than those of solids. Their molecules can move more freely than those of solids. They may slide against one another. As a result, liquids flow and take the shape of their container. This is shown in cup B.
53. 53. Gas Cup C represents the arrangement of molecules in gases. The pebbles in cup C move more freely and hit one another. The molecules of a gas are arranged farther apart from one another. The molecules spread out and occupy all available spaces. They can move more freely and rapidly than solids and liquids.
54. 54. Remembering Science Facts Molecules in solids, liquids and gases are arranged differently. The molecules of solids are arranged very close to one another. The molecules of liquids are arranged a little farther apart than in solid. The molecules of gas are arranged farthest apart from one another. A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance which exhibits the properties of that substance.
55. 55. Identify the phases of matter. (Solid, Liquid, or Gas) 1. Takes the shape of its container 2. Molecules spread out and fill all available spaces 3. Rigid and firm 4. Has a definite shape 5. Molecules are very close to one another 6. Move more freely 7. Can flow 8. Has no definite shape and volume 9. Movement is limited 10. Molecules are arranged farthest apart
56. 56. For you to remember There are different household materials for different purposes. Some materials at home are preservatives, additives, pesticides, insecticides, antiseptics, plastics, solvents and paints. Synthetics are substances that are artificially created from chemicals.
57. 57. For you to remember Technology improves the quality of materials for our homes. Some materials make living more comfortable. Some materials have harmful effects on the environment. Detergents, pesticides, plastics, inorganic fertilizers, household and industrial wastes that go to the rivers pollute water. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) cause the thinning of the ozone layer. Safety precautions should be observed in using/storing/disposing household-materials.
58. 58. For you to remember Molecules in solids, liquids and gases are arranged differently. The molecules of solids are arranged very close to one another. The molecules of liquids are arranged a little farther apart than in solid. The molecules of gas are arranged farthest apart from one another. A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance which exhibits the properties of that substance.