Human beings are naturally inquisitive and curious They continue to search and increase their knowledge not only of the things concerning the planet earth but also of those things beyond it
You too can widen your knowledge by reading the topics and doing the activities found in this chapter Letrsquos have a journey beyond the solar system to find out what stars are made of their sizes brightness and even distances from the earth Be with the astronauts as they gather more information and explore outer space galaxies and the universe using space probes
INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURE IN GATHERING INFORMATION ABOUT OUTER SPACELESSON 1
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Have you seen the astronomical observatory telescope in the University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City What does this telescope look like Who invented the telescope
Long ago people studied the sky by just looking at the moon stars planets and other heavenly bodies with their naked eyes They made a map of the sky based on what they could see after several years An Italian astronomer named Galileo Galilei invented a simple telescope which he used for observing the sky Through this telescope he found out the features of the moon and how it moved around the earth He also found that the sun belonged to a big family of stars In 1668 another scientist developed a telescope which was better than Galileorsquos telescope He was Sir Isaac Newton He produced the first reflecting telescopes As time passed by better telescopes and instruments were invented
Letrsquos find out what these instruments are
TELESCOPE
bull The telescope is an instrument used to see far objects It is a long tube instrument equipped with lenses for viewing objects at a distance especially for observing the stars or moon When you look through it distant objects appear bigger and nearer Large telescopes have a magnifying mirror to enlarge the image Smaller telescopes use lenses to produce the magnification
bull There are different kinds of telescopes Some of these are the optical telescope radio telescope kech telescope and Hubble Space Telescope
OPTICAL TELESCOPE
Optical telescopes are telescopes that collect and focus light by using mirror or lenses or both They are the simplest and most common type of telescope Optical telescopes fall into two main classes refracting (image a) telescope and reflecting (image b) telescope
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFRACTINGA refracting telescope (refractor) essentially consists of a
tube with a lens system at each end The lens at the front end collects the light The second lens system the eyepiece the one you look through magnifies the image of what is seen This lens has a shorter focal length than the objective lens the first lens The focal length of a lens is the distance from the lens to the point where it focuses parallel rays of light The largest refracting telescope is found at the Yerkes Observatory in the United States
Yerkes Observatory
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFLECTINGA reflecting telescope is a telescope that uses a concave mirror or curved mirror
to gather and focus the incoming light It is usually made of glass which is covered by a thin layer of aluminum to act as a reflective surface The largest reflecting telescope is found in the Special Astrophysical Observatory at Zelenchukskaya in the Russian Federation
A telescope that uses both lens and mirror is called a refracting-reflecting telescope
Huge telescopes are housed in special buildings called observatories An observatory is a large building where astronomers study the heavenly bodies It usually has a dome-shaped roof where large telescopes are kept Park of the roof is open so that a telescope can be turned around to observe the sky in any direction They are located high up in the mountains and away from cities to give the astronomers a better view of the sky Here the light from outer space reaches the telescope easily and there is less interference from the glare of city lights
RADIO TELESCOPESThe radio telescope is a special telescope which can see
images of objects with the help of radiation It depends on radio waves and not on light waves It functions as a radar transmitter and a radio receiver all at the same time It uses a large metal bowl reflector instead of a mirror or lens
The radio telescope can be used any time to study the sky Different stars have different substances so they also give off different sound waves By studying these sound waves the astronomers can gather information about the distance of the sun and stars their temperature what they are made of and how they are moving Very distant objects not seen by our most powerful telescopes can be detected with a radio telescope
KECK TELESCOPEThe Keck telescope has a light-gathering mirror which consists of thirty-
six segmented mirrors mounted close to each other This telescope is controlled by a computer The largest telescope in the world is the Keck telescope found in Mauna Kea Hawaii It has a 400 inch (1000 cm) mirror
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used to observe distant stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects when observed on earth This telescope was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with help from the European Space Agency
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
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LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
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TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
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HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
BEYOND THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Human beings are naturally inquisitive and curious They continue to search and increase their knowledge not only of the things concerning the planet earth but also of those things beyond it
You too can widen your knowledge by reading the topics and doing the activities found in this chapter Letrsquos have a journey beyond the solar system to find out what stars are made of their sizes brightness and even distances from the earth Be with the astronauts as they gather more information and explore outer space galaxies and the universe using space probes
INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURE IN GATHERING INFORMATION ABOUT OUTER SPACELESSON 1
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Have you seen the astronomical observatory telescope in the University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City What does this telescope look like Who invented the telescope
Long ago people studied the sky by just looking at the moon stars planets and other heavenly bodies with their naked eyes They made a map of the sky based on what they could see after several years An Italian astronomer named Galileo Galilei invented a simple telescope which he used for observing the sky Through this telescope he found out the features of the moon and how it moved around the earth He also found that the sun belonged to a big family of stars In 1668 another scientist developed a telescope which was better than Galileorsquos telescope He was Sir Isaac Newton He produced the first reflecting telescopes As time passed by better telescopes and instruments were invented
Letrsquos find out what these instruments are
TELESCOPE
bull The telescope is an instrument used to see far objects It is a long tube instrument equipped with lenses for viewing objects at a distance especially for observing the stars or moon When you look through it distant objects appear bigger and nearer Large telescopes have a magnifying mirror to enlarge the image Smaller telescopes use lenses to produce the magnification
bull There are different kinds of telescopes Some of these are the optical telescope radio telescope kech telescope and Hubble Space Telescope
OPTICAL TELESCOPE
Optical telescopes are telescopes that collect and focus light by using mirror or lenses or both They are the simplest and most common type of telescope Optical telescopes fall into two main classes refracting (image a) telescope and reflecting (image b) telescope
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFRACTINGA refracting telescope (refractor) essentially consists of a
tube with a lens system at each end The lens at the front end collects the light The second lens system the eyepiece the one you look through magnifies the image of what is seen This lens has a shorter focal length than the objective lens the first lens The focal length of a lens is the distance from the lens to the point where it focuses parallel rays of light The largest refracting telescope is found at the Yerkes Observatory in the United States
Yerkes Observatory
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFLECTINGA reflecting telescope is a telescope that uses a concave mirror or curved mirror
to gather and focus the incoming light It is usually made of glass which is covered by a thin layer of aluminum to act as a reflective surface The largest reflecting telescope is found in the Special Astrophysical Observatory at Zelenchukskaya in the Russian Federation
A telescope that uses both lens and mirror is called a refracting-reflecting telescope
Huge telescopes are housed in special buildings called observatories An observatory is a large building where astronomers study the heavenly bodies It usually has a dome-shaped roof where large telescopes are kept Park of the roof is open so that a telescope can be turned around to observe the sky in any direction They are located high up in the mountains and away from cities to give the astronomers a better view of the sky Here the light from outer space reaches the telescope easily and there is less interference from the glare of city lights
RADIO TELESCOPESThe radio telescope is a special telescope which can see
images of objects with the help of radiation It depends on radio waves and not on light waves It functions as a radar transmitter and a radio receiver all at the same time It uses a large metal bowl reflector instead of a mirror or lens
The radio telescope can be used any time to study the sky Different stars have different substances so they also give off different sound waves By studying these sound waves the astronomers can gather information about the distance of the sun and stars their temperature what they are made of and how they are moving Very distant objects not seen by our most powerful telescopes can be detected with a radio telescope
KECK TELESCOPEThe Keck telescope has a light-gathering mirror which consists of thirty-
six segmented mirrors mounted close to each other This telescope is controlled by a computer The largest telescope in the world is the Keck telescope found in Mauna Kea Hawaii It has a 400 inch (1000 cm) mirror
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used to observe distant stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects when observed on earth This telescope was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with help from the European Space Agency
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURE IN GATHERING INFORMATION ABOUT OUTER SPACELESSON 1
>
Have you seen the astronomical observatory telescope in the University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City What does this telescope look like Who invented the telescope
Long ago people studied the sky by just looking at the moon stars planets and other heavenly bodies with their naked eyes They made a map of the sky based on what they could see after several years An Italian astronomer named Galileo Galilei invented a simple telescope which he used for observing the sky Through this telescope he found out the features of the moon and how it moved around the earth He also found that the sun belonged to a big family of stars In 1668 another scientist developed a telescope which was better than Galileorsquos telescope He was Sir Isaac Newton He produced the first reflecting telescopes As time passed by better telescopes and instruments were invented
Letrsquos find out what these instruments are
TELESCOPE
bull The telescope is an instrument used to see far objects It is a long tube instrument equipped with lenses for viewing objects at a distance especially for observing the stars or moon When you look through it distant objects appear bigger and nearer Large telescopes have a magnifying mirror to enlarge the image Smaller telescopes use lenses to produce the magnification
bull There are different kinds of telescopes Some of these are the optical telescope radio telescope kech telescope and Hubble Space Telescope
OPTICAL TELESCOPE
Optical telescopes are telescopes that collect and focus light by using mirror or lenses or both They are the simplest and most common type of telescope Optical telescopes fall into two main classes refracting (image a) telescope and reflecting (image b) telescope
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFRACTINGA refracting telescope (refractor) essentially consists of a
tube with a lens system at each end The lens at the front end collects the light The second lens system the eyepiece the one you look through magnifies the image of what is seen This lens has a shorter focal length than the objective lens the first lens The focal length of a lens is the distance from the lens to the point where it focuses parallel rays of light The largest refracting telescope is found at the Yerkes Observatory in the United States
Yerkes Observatory
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFLECTINGA reflecting telescope is a telescope that uses a concave mirror or curved mirror
to gather and focus the incoming light It is usually made of glass which is covered by a thin layer of aluminum to act as a reflective surface The largest reflecting telescope is found in the Special Astrophysical Observatory at Zelenchukskaya in the Russian Federation
A telescope that uses both lens and mirror is called a refracting-reflecting telescope
Huge telescopes are housed in special buildings called observatories An observatory is a large building where astronomers study the heavenly bodies It usually has a dome-shaped roof where large telescopes are kept Park of the roof is open so that a telescope can be turned around to observe the sky in any direction They are located high up in the mountains and away from cities to give the astronomers a better view of the sky Here the light from outer space reaches the telescope easily and there is less interference from the glare of city lights
RADIO TELESCOPESThe radio telescope is a special telescope which can see
images of objects with the help of radiation It depends on radio waves and not on light waves It functions as a radar transmitter and a radio receiver all at the same time It uses a large metal bowl reflector instead of a mirror or lens
The radio telescope can be used any time to study the sky Different stars have different substances so they also give off different sound waves By studying these sound waves the astronomers can gather information about the distance of the sun and stars their temperature what they are made of and how they are moving Very distant objects not seen by our most powerful telescopes can be detected with a radio telescope
KECK TELESCOPEThe Keck telescope has a light-gathering mirror which consists of thirty-
six segmented mirrors mounted close to each other This telescope is controlled by a computer The largest telescope in the world is the Keck telescope found in Mauna Kea Hawaii It has a 400 inch (1000 cm) mirror
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used to observe distant stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects when observed on earth This telescope was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with help from the European Space Agency
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Have you seen the astronomical observatory telescope in the University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City What does this telescope look like Who invented the telescope
Long ago people studied the sky by just looking at the moon stars planets and other heavenly bodies with their naked eyes They made a map of the sky based on what they could see after several years An Italian astronomer named Galileo Galilei invented a simple telescope which he used for observing the sky Through this telescope he found out the features of the moon and how it moved around the earth He also found that the sun belonged to a big family of stars In 1668 another scientist developed a telescope which was better than Galileorsquos telescope He was Sir Isaac Newton He produced the first reflecting telescopes As time passed by better telescopes and instruments were invented
Letrsquos find out what these instruments are
TELESCOPE
bull The telescope is an instrument used to see far objects It is a long tube instrument equipped with lenses for viewing objects at a distance especially for observing the stars or moon When you look through it distant objects appear bigger and nearer Large telescopes have a magnifying mirror to enlarge the image Smaller telescopes use lenses to produce the magnification
bull There are different kinds of telescopes Some of these are the optical telescope radio telescope kech telescope and Hubble Space Telescope
OPTICAL TELESCOPE
Optical telescopes are telescopes that collect and focus light by using mirror or lenses or both They are the simplest and most common type of telescope Optical telescopes fall into two main classes refracting (image a) telescope and reflecting (image b) telescope
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFRACTINGA refracting telescope (refractor) essentially consists of a
tube with a lens system at each end The lens at the front end collects the light The second lens system the eyepiece the one you look through magnifies the image of what is seen This lens has a shorter focal length than the objective lens the first lens The focal length of a lens is the distance from the lens to the point where it focuses parallel rays of light The largest refracting telescope is found at the Yerkes Observatory in the United States
Yerkes Observatory
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFLECTINGA reflecting telescope is a telescope that uses a concave mirror or curved mirror
to gather and focus the incoming light It is usually made of glass which is covered by a thin layer of aluminum to act as a reflective surface The largest reflecting telescope is found in the Special Astrophysical Observatory at Zelenchukskaya in the Russian Federation
A telescope that uses both lens and mirror is called a refracting-reflecting telescope
Huge telescopes are housed in special buildings called observatories An observatory is a large building where astronomers study the heavenly bodies It usually has a dome-shaped roof where large telescopes are kept Park of the roof is open so that a telescope can be turned around to observe the sky in any direction They are located high up in the mountains and away from cities to give the astronomers a better view of the sky Here the light from outer space reaches the telescope easily and there is less interference from the glare of city lights
RADIO TELESCOPESThe radio telescope is a special telescope which can see
images of objects with the help of radiation It depends on radio waves and not on light waves It functions as a radar transmitter and a radio receiver all at the same time It uses a large metal bowl reflector instead of a mirror or lens
The radio telescope can be used any time to study the sky Different stars have different substances so they also give off different sound waves By studying these sound waves the astronomers can gather information about the distance of the sun and stars their temperature what they are made of and how they are moving Very distant objects not seen by our most powerful telescopes can be detected with a radio telescope
KECK TELESCOPEThe Keck telescope has a light-gathering mirror which consists of thirty-
six segmented mirrors mounted close to each other This telescope is controlled by a computer The largest telescope in the world is the Keck telescope found in Mauna Kea Hawaii It has a 400 inch (1000 cm) mirror
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used to observe distant stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects when observed on earth This telescope was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with help from the European Space Agency
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
TELESCOPE
bull The telescope is an instrument used to see far objects It is a long tube instrument equipped with lenses for viewing objects at a distance especially for observing the stars or moon When you look through it distant objects appear bigger and nearer Large telescopes have a magnifying mirror to enlarge the image Smaller telescopes use lenses to produce the magnification
bull There are different kinds of telescopes Some of these are the optical telescope radio telescope kech telescope and Hubble Space Telescope
OPTICAL TELESCOPE
Optical telescopes are telescopes that collect and focus light by using mirror or lenses or both They are the simplest and most common type of telescope Optical telescopes fall into two main classes refracting (image a) telescope and reflecting (image b) telescope
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFRACTINGA refracting telescope (refractor) essentially consists of a
tube with a lens system at each end The lens at the front end collects the light The second lens system the eyepiece the one you look through magnifies the image of what is seen This lens has a shorter focal length than the objective lens the first lens The focal length of a lens is the distance from the lens to the point where it focuses parallel rays of light The largest refracting telescope is found at the Yerkes Observatory in the United States
Yerkes Observatory
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFLECTINGA reflecting telescope is a telescope that uses a concave mirror or curved mirror
to gather and focus the incoming light It is usually made of glass which is covered by a thin layer of aluminum to act as a reflective surface The largest reflecting telescope is found in the Special Astrophysical Observatory at Zelenchukskaya in the Russian Federation
A telescope that uses both lens and mirror is called a refracting-reflecting telescope
Huge telescopes are housed in special buildings called observatories An observatory is a large building where astronomers study the heavenly bodies It usually has a dome-shaped roof where large telescopes are kept Park of the roof is open so that a telescope can be turned around to observe the sky in any direction They are located high up in the mountains and away from cities to give the astronomers a better view of the sky Here the light from outer space reaches the telescope easily and there is less interference from the glare of city lights
RADIO TELESCOPESThe radio telescope is a special telescope which can see
images of objects with the help of radiation It depends on radio waves and not on light waves It functions as a radar transmitter and a radio receiver all at the same time It uses a large metal bowl reflector instead of a mirror or lens
The radio telescope can be used any time to study the sky Different stars have different substances so they also give off different sound waves By studying these sound waves the astronomers can gather information about the distance of the sun and stars their temperature what they are made of and how they are moving Very distant objects not seen by our most powerful telescopes can be detected with a radio telescope
KECK TELESCOPEThe Keck telescope has a light-gathering mirror which consists of thirty-
six segmented mirrors mounted close to each other This telescope is controlled by a computer The largest telescope in the world is the Keck telescope found in Mauna Kea Hawaii It has a 400 inch (1000 cm) mirror
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used to observe distant stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects when observed on earth This telescope was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with help from the European Space Agency
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
OPTICAL TELESCOPE
Optical telescopes are telescopes that collect and focus light by using mirror or lenses or both They are the simplest and most common type of telescope Optical telescopes fall into two main classes refracting (image a) telescope and reflecting (image b) telescope
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFRACTINGA refracting telescope (refractor) essentially consists of a
tube with a lens system at each end The lens at the front end collects the light The second lens system the eyepiece the one you look through magnifies the image of what is seen This lens has a shorter focal length than the objective lens the first lens The focal length of a lens is the distance from the lens to the point where it focuses parallel rays of light The largest refracting telescope is found at the Yerkes Observatory in the United States
Yerkes Observatory
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFLECTINGA reflecting telescope is a telescope that uses a concave mirror or curved mirror
to gather and focus the incoming light It is usually made of glass which is covered by a thin layer of aluminum to act as a reflective surface The largest reflecting telescope is found in the Special Astrophysical Observatory at Zelenchukskaya in the Russian Federation
A telescope that uses both lens and mirror is called a refracting-reflecting telescope
Huge telescopes are housed in special buildings called observatories An observatory is a large building where astronomers study the heavenly bodies It usually has a dome-shaped roof where large telescopes are kept Park of the roof is open so that a telescope can be turned around to observe the sky in any direction They are located high up in the mountains and away from cities to give the astronomers a better view of the sky Here the light from outer space reaches the telescope easily and there is less interference from the glare of city lights
RADIO TELESCOPESThe radio telescope is a special telescope which can see
images of objects with the help of radiation It depends on radio waves and not on light waves It functions as a radar transmitter and a radio receiver all at the same time It uses a large metal bowl reflector instead of a mirror or lens
The radio telescope can be used any time to study the sky Different stars have different substances so they also give off different sound waves By studying these sound waves the astronomers can gather information about the distance of the sun and stars their temperature what they are made of and how they are moving Very distant objects not seen by our most powerful telescopes can be detected with a radio telescope
KECK TELESCOPEThe Keck telescope has a light-gathering mirror which consists of thirty-
six segmented mirrors mounted close to each other This telescope is controlled by a computer The largest telescope in the world is the Keck telescope found in Mauna Kea Hawaii It has a 400 inch (1000 cm) mirror
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used to observe distant stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects when observed on earth This telescope was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with help from the European Space Agency
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFRACTINGA refracting telescope (refractor) essentially consists of a
tube with a lens system at each end The lens at the front end collects the light The second lens system the eyepiece the one you look through magnifies the image of what is seen This lens has a shorter focal length than the objective lens the first lens The focal length of a lens is the distance from the lens to the point where it focuses parallel rays of light The largest refracting telescope is found at the Yerkes Observatory in the United States
Yerkes Observatory
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFLECTINGA reflecting telescope is a telescope that uses a concave mirror or curved mirror
to gather and focus the incoming light It is usually made of glass which is covered by a thin layer of aluminum to act as a reflective surface The largest reflecting telescope is found in the Special Astrophysical Observatory at Zelenchukskaya in the Russian Federation
A telescope that uses both lens and mirror is called a refracting-reflecting telescope
Huge telescopes are housed in special buildings called observatories An observatory is a large building where astronomers study the heavenly bodies It usually has a dome-shaped roof where large telescopes are kept Park of the roof is open so that a telescope can be turned around to observe the sky in any direction They are located high up in the mountains and away from cities to give the astronomers a better view of the sky Here the light from outer space reaches the telescope easily and there is less interference from the glare of city lights
RADIO TELESCOPESThe radio telescope is a special telescope which can see
images of objects with the help of radiation It depends on radio waves and not on light waves It functions as a radar transmitter and a radio receiver all at the same time It uses a large metal bowl reflector instead of a mirror or lens
The radio telescope can be used any time to study the sky Different stars have different substances so they also give off different sound waves By studying these sound waves the astronomers can gather information about the distance of the sun and stars their temperature what they are made of and how they are moving Very distant objects not seen by our most powerful telescopes can be detected with a radio telescope
KECK TELESCOPEThe Keck telescope has a light-gathering mirror which consists of thirty-
six segmented mirrors mounted close to each other This telescope is controlled by a computer The largest telescope in the world is the Keck telescope found in Mauna Kea Hawaii It has a 400 inch (1000 cm) mirror
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used to observe distant stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects when observed on earth This telescope was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with help from the European Space Agency
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
OPTICAL TELESCOPE- REFLECTINGA reflecting telescope is a telescope that uses a concave mirror or curved mirror
to gather and focus the incoming light It is usually made of glass which is covered by a thin layer of aluminum to act as a reflective surface The largest reflecting telescope is found in the Special Astrophysical Observatory at Zelenchukskaya in the Russian Federation
A telescope that uses both lens and mirror is called a refracting-reflecting telescope
Huge telescopes are housed in special buildings called observatories An observatory is a large building where astronomers study the heavenly bodies It usually has a dome-shaped roof where large telescopes are kept Park of the roof is open so that a telescope can be turned around to observe the sky in any direction They are located high up in the mountains and away from cities to give the astronomers a better view of the sky Here the light from outer space reaches the telescope easily and there is less interference from the glare of city lights
RADIO TELESCOPESThe radio telescope is a special telescope which can see
images of objects with the help of radiation It depends on radio waves and not on light waves It functions as a radar transmitter and a radio receiver all at the same time It uses a large metal bowl reflector instead of a mirror or lens
The radio telescope can be used any time to study the sky Different stars have different substances so they also give off different sound waves By studying these sound waves the astronomers can gather information about the distance of the sun and stars their temperature what they are made of and how they are moving Very distant objects not seen by our most powerful telescopes can be detected with a radio telescope
KECK TELESCOPEThe Keck telescope has a light-gathering mirror which consists of thirty-
six segmented mirrors mounted close to each other This telescope is controlled by a computer The largest telescope in the world is the Keck telescope found in Mauna Kea Hawaii It has a 400 inch (1000 cm) mirror
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used to observe distant stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects when observed on earth This telescope was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with help from the European Space Agency
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Huge telescopes are housed in special buildings called observatories An observatory is a large building where astronomers study the heavenly bodies It usually has a dome-shaped roof where large telescopes are kept Park of the roof is open so that a telescope can be turned around to observe the sky in any direction They are located high up in the mountains and away from cities to give the astronomers a better view of the sky Here the light from outer space reaches the telescope easily and there is less interference from the glare of city lights
RADIO TELESCOPESThe radio telescope is a special telescope which can see
images of objects with the help of radiation It depends on radio waves and not on light waves It functions as a radar transmitter and a radio receiver all at the same time It uses a large metal bowl reflector instead of a mirror or lens
The radio telescope can be used any time to study the sky Different stars have different substances so they also give off different sound waves By studying these sound waves the astronomers can gather information about the distance of the sun and stars their temperature what they are made of and how they are moving Very distant objects not seen by our most powerful telescopes can be detected with a radio telescope
KECK TELESCOPEThe Keck telescope has a light-gathering mirror which consists of thirty-
six segmented mirrors mounted close to each other This telescope is controlled by a computer The largest telescope in the world is the Keck telescope found in Mauna Kea Hawaii It has a 400 inch (1000 cm) mirror
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used to observe distant stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects when observed on earth This telescope was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with help from the European Space Agency
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
RADIO TELESCOPESThe radio telescope is a special telescope which can see
images of objects with the help of radiation It depends on radio waves and not on light waves It functions as a radar transmitter and a radio receiver all at the same time It uses a large metal bowl reflector instead of a mirror or lens
The radio telescope can be used any time to study the sky Different stars have different substances so they also give off different sound waves By studying these sound waves the astronomers can gather information about the distance of the sun and stars their temperature what they are made of and how they are moving Very distant objects not seen by our most powerful telescopes can be detected with a radio telescope
KECK TELESCOPEThe Keck telescope has a light-gathering mirror which consists of thirty-
six segmented mirrors mounted close to each other This telescope is controlled by a computer The largest telescope in the world is the Keck telescope found in Mauna Kea Hawaii It has a 400 inch (1000 cm) mirror
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used to observe distant stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects when observed on earth This telescope was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with help from the European Space Agency
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
KECK TELESCOPEThe Keck telescope has a light-gathering mirror which consists of thirty-
six segmented mirrors mounted close to each other This telescope is controlled by a computer The largest telescope in the world is the Keck telescope found in Mauna Kea Hawaii It has a 400 inch (1000 cm) mirror
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used to observe distant stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects when observed on earth This telescope was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with help from the European Space Agency
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used to observe distant stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects when observed on earth This telescope was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with help from the European Space Agency
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
SPECTROSCOPE
A spectroscope is an instrument which breaks light into different wavelengths like a prism
White light that comes from the sun contains all wavelengths of the band of colors called a spectrum When a prism is put across the light the beam of white light spreads into seven colors A spectroscope attached to a telescope records this spectrum
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
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>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
TV CAMERATelevision (TV) camera are used to study stars Television tubes can
make a very faint starlight appear brighter than what is seen by the human eye They give better picture and more information about stars than ordinary cameras do
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope Keck telescope Hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REACHING OUT MATCHING
1 Breaks light into different wavelengths
2 Collects and focuses light by using mirrors or lenses
3 Used to observe stars galaxies and other heavenly bodies that appear as faint objects
4 Can see images of objects with the help of radiation
5 Gives better pictures and more information about stars
A Spectroscope
B Television camera
C Keck telescope
D Radio telescope
E Optical telescope
F Hubble Space Telescope
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
SIZES OF STARSLESSON 2
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
SIZES OF STARS What is a star Do you observe the stars at nighttime When do we see more stars during a full moon or when the moon does not shine Do stars have the same sizes
A star is a hot luminous heavenly body If you look at it within the earthrsquos atmosphere it is a point of twinkling light But when seen outside the earthrsquos atmosphere it appears as a steady point of colored light
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
The sun is a star It is the closest star to earth Just like any other stars it produces a great amount of energy by nuclear reaction At daytime the sun shines so brightly that the light given off by other stars is overpowered But at nighttime when the sun is facing the other side of the earth we see the specks of light from other stars in the sky On a moonless night you would notice that some stars seem so bright while others appear dimmer Some look bigger while others look small Do stars really differ in sizes
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
SIZES OF STARSStars are of different sizes The four
major sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf The distance of the star from the earth affects the way we see the stars Some stars are very big but they may not be seen by the naked eye because they are too far away They look smaller and dimmer when they are far away The sun on the other hand is a medium star but it appears much bigger and brighter than the other stars because it is the closest star to us This brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Scientists believe that the colors of the stars are related to their sizes Betelgeuse and Antares are red stars They are the two famous supergiants Supergiants may have diameters thousands of times bigger than that of the sun The red stars are the largest The second largest or the giant-sized stars are the orange stars Arcturus is an orange star The yellow stars are the average or the medium-sized stars The sun and capella are yellow stars The smallest stars are called dwarfs White stars and bluish-white stars are the smallest Sirius is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
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LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Aside from the distance and color we can also determine the size of stars according to their diameter The table below shows
some stars their colors and their diameters
Name of Star Color DiameterAntares Red 335000000 miles
Betelgeuse Red 250000000 miles
Arcturus Orange 26000000 miles
Cygni Orange 600000 miles
Sun yellow 864000 miles
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
A star such as the sun is born when a cloud of gas and dust contracts and stars to glow There are several stages in the life of a star Gravity first of all pulls the cloud material together and makes it heat up This may take 20 million years Nuclear fusion reactions begin inside the star and keep its temperature steady for thousands of millions of years Then many stars begin to become red giants or supergiants
After millions more years it will shrink once more This would be the yellow star As the material continues to shrink the star becomes more compact smaller and hotter At this stage the star would be white then bluish-white Finally it would die because it had given off all its heat Then it would be nothing but a cold dead mass
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1A supergiant star is a blue star2The sun is a medium star3Betelgeuse is a supergiant star4Giant stars are brighter than the sun5Antares is a dwarf star
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARSLESSON 3
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
COLOR AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
Stars do not appear the same You have just learned that some stars are big while others are small Some stars are very bright and some can be barely seen even on a dark clear night
Stars also differ in color and temperature The color of stars have been mentioned in the previous lesson Which of those stars has the hottest temperature Which star has the lowest temperature What is its color Is the temperature of a star related to its color
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
The flame of a lighted candle is reddish in color The flame of a lighted Bunsen burner is bluish in color The temperature of the bluish flame is hotter and higher than the reddish flame
According to the astronomers stars have different colors Some are reddish or yellowish Others are bluish Betelgeuse is red Arcturus is an orange star The sun is a yellow star but Vega is a white star Rigel is a bluish-white star
Name of Star Color Temperature
Betelgeuse Red 3000 ˚C
Antares Red 3000 ˚C
Arcturus Orange 4200 ˚C
Sun Yellow 6000 ˚C
Capella Yellow 6000 ˚C
Sirius White 11000 ˚C
Vega White 11000 ˚C
Rigel Bluish-white 20000 ˚C
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
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LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
What does the table show Colors of stars are related to their temperature Red stars are the coolest They have a surface temperature of about 3000 ˚C Water boils at 100 ˚C How much hotter is the red star than boiling water
Can you get near a red star An orange star has a surface temperature of about 4200 ˚C The sun a yellow star has a surface temperature of 6000 ˚C It is twice the temperature of Betelgeuse It is moderately hot Other stars are very much hotter than the sun A white star has a surface temperature of 20000 ˚C
All stars radiate all colors but hotter stars produce more blue light and less red The red stars produce more red wavelengths than others
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars vary in color and temperaturebull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the
coolestbull The yellow star is moderately hot
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 Betelgeuse is the (hottest coolest) star
2 A yellow star is (extremely moderately) hot
3 Arcturus is a (red orange) star
4 The hottest star is (bluish-white yellow)
5 A yellow star is (cooler hotter) than a white star
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
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LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARSLESSON 4
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
BRIGHTNESS AND DISTANCE OF STARS
Stars do not only differ in color size and temperature but they also differ in brightness and distances
You know well that at daytime the sun is the only star visible to the earth It overpowers the light coming from other stars Why is this so
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
BRIGHTNESS OF STARS
The stars seen in the sky are at different distances from the earth They are also very far from each other although you see them close to each other when you are sky watching or star gazing
In a line of candles placed on the floor the one closest to you appears bigger and brighter than the others which are farther This observation holds true with stars The real size and brightness of stars are affected by the distance of the observer from the star
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Letrsquos take the sun as an example The sun is the closest star to earth It is neither the biggest nor the brightest star in the sky Bit when we observe it with our naked eyes it appears very big and bright because it is the nearest star to us Other stars are farther than the sun They look fainter or dimmer when they are far away This is only an illusion According to scientists when stars are places at the same distances from the earth the apparently bright stars are actually dim There are other stars that are brighter than the sun The brightness that depends on the distance of the stars from the observer is called apparent brightness
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Stars have been classified according to their brightness as seen on Earth called apparent magnitude The brightest stars have a magnitude of 1 A star of zero magnitude is 25 times brighter than a first magnitude star Stars that are dimmer have a magnitude of 6Star Apparent Magnitude
Rigel 03
Capella 02
Aldebaran 10
Antares 10
Pollux 12
Polaris 20
Sirius -15
Sun -267
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Scientists measure the distances of stars in light years A light year is the distance that light travels in one year One light year is about 95 trillion km (9500000000000 km)
The sun is about 93000000 miles away from the earth Its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth It is not one light year away from us
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
The light of some stars reaches the earth after hundreds of years and some after a thousand or more years The light coming from Proxima Centauri another star close to us reaches us in 4 years So we say it is 4 light years away from us This means that the light leaving Proxima Centauri reaches earth in about four years
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Sirius is a very bright star and is very near the solar system It is 8 frac12 light years away or about 51 trillion miles Thus it takes 8 frac12 years for the light of Sirius to reach us Procyon is about 113 light years away Vega is about 27 light years away The North Star is about 680 light years away Deneb is about 1600 light years Arcturus is 38 light years away from the earth
The farthest stars that are visible are those in the Andromeda group of stars They are 1500000 light years away
Remember that when you look at a star you are actually looking at the light that has left the star a thousand years ago
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
When you look at the stars on a moonless night their lights seem to twinkle in the sky Actually stars do not twinkle Stars are distant suns All of them except the sun are several light years away from the earth Because of this great distance the thick layer of air and dust in the earths atmosphere obstruct our vision These layers of air are always moving The moving layers of air bend the rays of light from the stars and make them seem to twinkle
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
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LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
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TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Stars differ in brightness and distance
bull The brightness of the star we see is its apparent brightness
bull Starsrsquo distances are measured in light years
bull A light year is the distance light travels in one year
bull Stars seem to twinkle because of the moving layers of air and dust in the earthrsquos atmosphere where light passes through
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
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Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
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REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REACHING OUT CHOOSE THE ANSWER1 How are star distances measured
a In miles b In kilometers c In light months d In light years
2 Which statement is true
a The farther the star the brighter it looks b The farther the star the dimmer it looks
c The nearer the star the dimmer it looks d The nearer the star the smaller it looks
3 Which of these stars is the farthest from the earth
a Sun b Vega c Sirius d Procyon
4 What does apparent brightness mean
a The real brightness of a star b The brightness of a star at a distance
c The brightness of a star as it twinkles d The brightness of a star as seen from earth
5 Why do stars seem to twinkle
a Because of their size b Because of their bright light
c Because of the amount of light they produce d Because of the air and dust in the atmosphere
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
CONSTELLATIONSLESSON 5
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
CONSTELLATIONS
Have you experienced star gazing What have you noticed with the stars seen in the sky on clear nights
On a clear night you see thousands of stars in the sky You might notice that some of them seem to form a group This group of stars forming some patterns are called constellations
Some ancient people who studied the stars imagined that each group of stars formed pictures They associated these pictures with animals such as the bear dog bird crab giraffe goat dragon and more They also associated these groups of stars with gods and goddesses and inanimate objects
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Astronomers recognized 88 known constellations covering the entire sky in the Northern and Southern hemispheres These include those constellations used as zodiac signs A zodiac is a band of twelve constellations which circle the sky close to the plane of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
Our country is near the equator So the constellations in the Northern and Southern hemispheres can be seen even without the use of a telescope
Can you identify constellations in the sky
>
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Look at the constellations seen in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Some of the well known constellations seen in the sky are the Big Dipper Little Dipper Big Bear Small Bear Orion and Cassiopeia
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Look at the picture of the Big bear The Big Dipper is within the Big Bear The Big Dipper has seven bright stars Four of these stars make the bowl and three make the handle of the dipper The two bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper are called the ldquopointersrdquo They point toward the bright star called the North Star or Polaris in the Little Dipper
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Look at the Little Dipper Find the Polaris Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper The star is called the North Star because it is always in the North
The North Star is very important to navigators They use it in determining directions They use it in finding the latitude of a place in the upper part of the earth This star does not seem to change position so it is easy to find where the south west and east are
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
This is the constellation Cassiopeia According to Greek legends Cassiopeia was a queen She had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda Cassiopeia forms the letter W It is always near the North Star
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
This is the constellation Orion Orion according to Greek legends was a great hunter Look at the bright star at the right shoulder of Orion This is Betelgeuse Betelgeuse is a red star It is a supergiant star
At the belt of Orion are three bright stars arranged in a row They are called Tres Marias by our old people At the left knee of Orion is another bright star called Rigel What do you know about Rigel
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Other constellations are the Big Dog Little Dog Draco Lyra Swan or Cygus Auriga Bootes Centraurus Crux and the twelve constellations in the zodiac Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
The year of the zodiac starts from March and goes on from there
The zodiac is often linked to astrology Astrology is the telling of fortunes by the stars Astrologists believe that the positions of the moon planets the sun and other stars that make up the zodiac influence our lives and world events
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
The constellations change position in the sky night by night and they move at great speeds We hardly recognize their movements because of their great distance from us
>
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
GALAXIESLESSON 6
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
GALAXIES
What is a galaxy A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust an gas that are close to one another The stars we see and the solar system are part of a galaxy Galaxies are considered to be building blocks of the universe
To what galaxy do we belong Are there many galaxies that exist in the universe How do galaxies differ
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
There are different galaxies that exist in the universe Some of these are bull the Milky Waybull Andromedabull Large Magellanic Cloudbull Small Magellanic Cloudbull Whirlpool Galaxies
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe Milky Way Galaxy is a
band of 100 billion stars that appears as a wide bright arc across the night sky These billion stars form a flattened disk with a bulge at the center If you look at it from the edge it will look like a dark disk in which the center is much thicker than the edges Scientists estimated that its distance across is 100000 light years while the thickest part at the center is 5000 light years
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
The Milky Way has a big cluster of stars that turns around the earth Thatrsquos why we can see it from any part of the earth The earth the sun and other planets are all parts of the Milky Way We belong to this galaxy We are near its edge so we can see a large number of stars that are in front of each other
>
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
MILKY WAY GALAXYThe whole galaxy rotates
counter clockwise On moonless nights we can see the traces of the Milky Way in the sky Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy Spiral galaxies are like pinwheels
The Milky Way is our home in the universe Do you know why it is called Milky Way This is because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of milk splashed across the sky
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
GREAT NEBULAThe Great Nebula is the nearest galaxy to
the Milky Way It is a visible galaxy that is two million light years away from the earth
Do you know why this galaxy is called nebula Nebula is the Latin word which means cloud It was called nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds But it is actually made up of millions of stars
The Great Nebula is also called Andromeda Galaxy because it lies in the constellation of Andromeda The Andromeda galaxy is located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus The galaxy is bigger than the Milky Way It is similar to the Milky Way in shape
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
MAGELLANIC CLOUDThere are two galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere These are the Large
Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud These galaxies were at first thought to be hazy clouds of light only These two galaxies are also visible to us Although they are considered the closest galaxies to the Milky Way they are 170000 to 200000 light years away from us
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
WHIRLPOOL GALAXY
This is a Whirlpool Galaxy It is about 10 million light years away from us
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Galaxies can be classified according to shapes One type of galaxy is called elliptical galaxy This galaxy has circular and oval shapes It is the most common galaxy in the universe
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Another type of galaxy is the spiral galaxy This galaxy is similar to a pinwheel The stars in this galaxy are arranged in a thin disk
This is an irregular galaxy It has no definite shape The Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud are irregular galaxies
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REACHING OUT SUPPLY THE MISSING WORD
1 The galaxy where our solar system belongs is called the ____________________
2 The Andromeda galaxy is also called the _________________________
3 Magellanic Clouds are found in the __________________ hemisphere
4 The shape of the Milky Way galaxy is __________________
5 The Small Magellanic Cloud has an _________________ shape
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
THE UNIVERSELESSON 7
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
THE UNIVERSE
Astronomers have learned much about the universe in which we live Despite obstacles and difficulties in their task they have an untiring energy to find answers to our queries such as ldquoWhat is a universe How big is the universe What objects are found in itrdquo
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
ldquoUniverserdquo is the word we use to describe everything we know to exist It is an endless space that contains everything It includes all the stars the planets in the solar system moons comets asteroids gas and dust scattered throughout it
It is believed that the universe started from nothing It was created by God whom among Christians is called Yahweh or God the Father
Astronomers were able to make powerful instruments that helped them gather information about heavenly bodies in the universe
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
One of the powerful instruments invented is a solar telescope This telescope has a mirror which is buried deep in the ground at the lower end of a tunnel parallel to the earthrsquos axis or rotation This large mirror reflects the light of the sun down the open end of the tunnel
Another is the Hubble Space Telescope This telescope was made to help astronomers get images of astronomical objects such as galaxies and other planets
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSEThere are theories that try to explain the history of the
universe
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
BIG BANG THEORY
The Big Bang Theory is the name given to the theory that says the universe began with a gigantic explosion 15 billion years ago and that the galaxies are still moving apart from the explosion
Evidence for this theory is that distant stars seem to give off red light which would happen if they are moving away from us The universe may expand forever or it might stop and then slowly collapse in on itself
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe is the same everywhere and at all times This second theory of the nature of the universe holds that the universe is not expanding The Steady State Theory recognizes evolutionary processes in stars and galaxies ndash that they change with ages but it does not recognize an evolution of the universe as a whole Thus according to this theory the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
PULSATING THEORYThis theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
matter At present it is still expanding but the time would come when it stops expanding It would contract and expand all over again
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everythingbull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady
State theory and the Pulsating theorybull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion
from which all matter in the universe was createdbull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and
uniform throughoutbull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of
batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 The universe includes stars but not galaxies
2 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter was created
3 Pulsating Theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and is still expanding
4 The Steady State Theory states that the universe undergoes changes
5 Telescopes help astronomers gather information about heavenly bodies
6 The Steady State Theory states that the universe is constant in size
7 A comet is a part of the universe
8 The universe started from nothing
9 The universe includes asteroids
10Galaxies are as big as the universe
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONSLESSON 8
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
SPACE PROBES AND THEIR MISSIONS
A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth It is a robot spacecraft sent to other planets beyond the solar system A space probe carries cameras and other important instruments on its mission It may fly to a planet orbit a planet or land on it
Space probes are good platforms for viewing stars and planets They have been sent to gather information about planetsrsquo atmospheres temperatures the strength of magnetic fields and other Among the space probes which have conducted explorations are Luna Voyage Ranger Viking Pioneer Venus and Mariner
Are you familiar with these space probes The following are the different space probes and their missions
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
MARINER 10
Mariner 10 was launched on November 3 1973 This space probe explored Venus and Mercury Like the moon mercury is full of craters
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
VOYAGER 1 AND 2
Voyager 1
Voyager 1 explored Jupiter and gathered new information about the planet It also explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings instead of just six as was believed before
Voyager 2
This was launched in August 1977 This space probe flew to Jupiter in 1977 Saturn in 1981 Uranus in 1986 and Juliter in 1989 It took close up pictures of the planets it had visited
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Luna 2 September 12 1959 First probe to hit the moon
Luna 3 October 4 1959 Took first pictures of the moonrsquos far side
Pioneer 5 March 1960 Gathered information about deep space
Mariner 2 August 1962 First probe to Venus
Mariner 4 November 28 1964 First probe to Mars
Ranger 7 July 1964 Took photographs of the moon
Luna 9 January 31 1966 First probe to soft-land on the moon
Venus 7 August 17 1970 First probe to land on Venus
Luna 16 September 12 1970 Brought back moon samples automatically
Mariner 9 May 30 1971 Took photographs of Mars
Pioneer 10 March 10 1972 First probe to Jupiter studied its atmosphere radiation belt magnetic field and satellite
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Pioneer 11 April 5 1973 First probe to Saturn
Viking Landing July 1976 Set up a weather station on Mars scooped up Martian soil and conducted experiments to look for signs of life in it
International Ultraviolet Explorer
1978 Peered deep into space to investigate black holes and quasars
Venera 1314 Oct Nov 1981 Landed on Venus drilled surface rocks and analyzed them in a small laboratory
Vega 12 Dec 1984 Both probes flew by Venus dropping landers and balloons flew on to intercept Halleyrsquos comet
Glotto July 2 1985 Close interception of Halleyrsquos comet
Magellan May 4 1989 Provided the first detailed radar maps of the Venusian surface concluding with the first aerobraking maneuvers in the planetrsquos atmosphere
Galileo Oct 17 1989 Orbiter entered the Jovian system Dec 1995 sending a probe deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Probe Date Launched Achievements
Ulysses Oct 6 1990 Swung out to Jupiterrsquos orbit before describing an arc over the poles of the Sun
Clementine Jan 25 1994 Small spacecraft in lunar polar orbit for mapping and geological study
NEAR Feb 17 1996 First dedicated mission to intercepts asteroids scheduled to intercept asteroids Mathilde and Eros
Mars Global Surveyor Nov 7 1996 Mission to map Mars Pathfinder lander touched down on July 4 1997 Sojourner robot vehicle rolled off and began exploration on July 5
Cassini Oct 15 1997 Probe scheduled to enter orbit around Saturn in 2004 while Huygens lander detaches and lands on Saturnrsquos moon Titan
Mars Polar Lander Jan 3 1999 Probe scheduled to land near southern polar cap of Mars and conduct soil analysis searching for possible signs of life in Marsrsquos past
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REACHING OUT NAME THE PROBE
1 The first probe to hit the moon
2 The first probe to Venus
3 The first probe to Jupiter to study the atmosphere
4 The first probe that explored Mercury and discovered it was full of craters
5 The space probe that explored Saturn and discovered that it has a thousand rings
6 The first probe to Mars
7 The space probe to search for possible signs of life on Mars
8 The space probe that set up a weather station on Mars
9 The probe that gathered information about deep space
10The first probe to soft-land on the moon
Luna 2Luna 9
Viking LanderMagellanMariner 2Mariner 4
Mariner 10Pioneer
Pioneer 1Voyager 1
Mars Polar Lander
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 9
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION
On March 16 1926 an American scientist named Dr Robert Goddard fired the first liquid-fuelled rocket into space Goddardrsquos rocket rose only 60 minutes into the air But this was the first tiny step toward bigger and more powerful rockets that took people to the moon and probes right out of our solar system
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
After 31 years the Russians launches Sputnik 1 the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth This happened on October 4 1957 and it was that day that the space age began Since then hundreds of satellites have been fired into space space crafts were launched into different planets and men explored outer space and returned safely and successfully
Do you know the first men who made successful explorations in Space
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Space explorations have brought great achievements that gave us better understanding of the earth we live in other planets and the universe in general
On April 12 1961 Yuri Gagarin a Russian cosmonaut became the first man in space Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1 carried him This was the first manned space flight Gagarin made a complete circuit of the earth in one hour and 48 minutes He had no ill effects from his orbital flight
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
On May 5 1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr Americarsquos first astronaut was blasted into space in a Mercury capsule He successfully maneuvered the capsule during a 300 mile flight over the Caribbean Sea His flight lasted for fifteen minutes and twenty-two seconds
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
On February 20 1962 John Glenn traveled aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 He was the first American to orbit the Earth He made three revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55 minutes On May 24 1962 Scott Carpenter duplicated the mission aboard Mercury 7
On July 21 1961 Virgil Grissom became Americarsquos second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when he landed
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
In June 1963 Vostok 5 and 6 were launched Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova She was a Russian and became the first woman in space
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Several manned flights followed and helped pave the way for the launching of Apollo 11 On July 16 1969 American Neil Armstrong became the first man on the moon Between 1969 and 1972 moonwalkers aboard Apollo 11-17 and performed several experiments They walked on the moon collected moon rocks moon soil and pictures of the moonrsquos surface they also rode on lunar rovers
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
On May 15 1973 Skylab 1 the first American space station was launched into space The Skylab missions are the longest missions so far On May 25 three astronauts on Apollo spacecraft went to the Skylab During their 28-day stay in it they worked 12 or more hours a day They repaired damage to their spacecraft and took thousands of pictures of sun and earth
On July 28 1973 2 sets of astronauts followed and stayed there for several days Why are men sent into dangers of space when instruments can go by themselves Instruments canrsquot assess facts and arrive at new ideas They cannot perform any function except those exact jobs they were built to perform Men can adapt themselves to new environments They can also observe and think
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Another important achievement of space exploration is the breakthrough in weather predictions and forecasting Meteorological Satellites (METSAT) can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances in the atmosphere
Equally important achievement is the development of hi-tech satellites that facilitate transcontinental and intercontinental communications Through communication satellites (COMSATs) it is now possible to witness events as they are going on in any part of the world
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
In August 1997 a Chinese rocket lifted Agila II into space Agila is the first Philippine orbiting satellite It was built by European scientists costing US $ 243 million with a life span of about 7 years Mabuhay Philippines Satellite owns it Like other orbiting satellites Agila II travels at the speed of about 18000 miles per hour It move at a distance of about 300 miles above the earth The earthrsquos gravitational force and the force that keeps Agila II flying in a straight line are almost equal because of its speed and height Text and voice transmission have now become faster Television and radio stations can directly transmit their programs to any place in the Philippines in less time Agila II can also make national and international telephone calls faster and more efficient
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space explorationbull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space
crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REACHING OUT IDENTIFICATION
1 A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space
2 The first woman in space
3 The first American space station launched into space
4 A weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other natural disturbances
5 The first Philippine orbiting satellite
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONLESSON 10
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
PROBLEMS IN SPACE EXPLORATIONSpace explorations have given
significant information about the earth and other planets Through manrsquos conquest of outer space scientists and astronauts have discovered that things can only exist on earth Life would only be possible if there is enough air food water and gravity So before astronauts were sent to outer space scientists predicted some difficulties or problems that astronauts might encounter as they travel in outer space What are these problems that they have encountered or one may meet in space travel
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
Astronauts have encountered several problems in outer space Among these are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
The earth has gravity but in space the gravity is zero This condition is called weightlessness There is no air in space and objects become weightless In space an astronaut weighs only 16 of his actual weight If heshe weighs 120 pounds on earth he would only weigh 20 pounds in space Anything not fastened in a spaceship floats He floats too he cannot drink from a glass because the glass would not fall into his mouth So the things he needs are put in special compartments of his space suit
Zero gravity was found to cause loss of muscle tone and calcium from bones
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
FOODFood cannot be eaten in by an astronaut the usual way while inside the
spaceship He cannot use a spoon to being food to hisher mouth because the food on it would move upward toward the roof of the space cabin The spoon that has been put into his mouth would even float freely Glasses would also float because of the lack of gravity So foods are packed in squeeze tubes like toothpaste so that heshe can squeeze food directly into the mouth
Do you know that growing of plants in the spaceship is now being practiced while it is on space travel
Canadian Astronaut Chris Hadfield eating aboard the International Space Station
>
>
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
LACK OF OXYGENThere is no oxygen in outer space Outer space is almost a perfect
vacuum An astronaut must carry with him the oxygen he needs to breathe
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield International Space Station1-Eating pudding2- squeezing soapy water from pouch to wash hands
>
>
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREThere is extreme temperature and pressure in
outer space As a spaceship gets farther and farther the temperature becomes cooler and cooler If it gets closer to the sun astronauts inside it would feel extreme heat Aside from this other planets have a very poisonous atmosphere So the space cabin is insulated between the linen and outer walls It is also provided with air conditioning to regulate the air that circulates inside the space cabin Space suits are provided with cooling and drying systems to keep astronauts comfortable
Astronauts do not put on their space suits inside but they put on their space suits to walk in space perform experiments or repair damages to their spaceship A spacesuit gives pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
This special sleeping bag holds the sleeper to the wall so heshe will not float away
>
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
HARMFUL RADIATION
Harmful radiation is abundant in outer space There is no atmosphere to block the harmful radiation So astronauts have shields in their space suits and cabins to protect them from radiation
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
WASTE DISPOSALDid you know that astronauts can drink the
water they produce as they travel to outer space
Astronautsrsquo cabins must be free from waste gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor So astronauts remove these wastes with the use of chemicals Water vapor is removed by allowing it to condense on a cold surface The condensed water can then be used again as drinking water Isnrsquot this amazing
Astronauts on International Space Station drinking recycled water
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REMEMBERING SCIENCE FACTS
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REACHING OUT MATCHING PROBLEM AND SOLUTION1 Food in squeeze tubes
2 Wearing of space suits
3 Oxygen tank
4 Water vapor is allowed to condense on a cool surface then the condensed water is used for drinking
5 Things needed in outer space are placed in special compartments of the astronautsrsquo space suits
a Extreme pressure and temperature
b Lack of oxygenc Foodd Weightlessnesse Problem of waste disposalf Loss of calcium from bones
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
REACHING OUT TRUE OR FALSE
1 Objects in outer space become weightless
2 The outer space is almost a perfect vacuum
3 Astronauts can go to outer space without oxygen
4 Space suits give pressure that matches the pressure outside a manrsquos body
5 Harmful radiation is less abundant in outer space
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
FOR YOU TO REMEMBER
bull The instruments used to gather information about outer space are optical telescope kech telescope hubble space telescope spectroscope and television cameras
bull The four major classifications of stars according to their sizes are supergiant giant medium and dwarf
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull Stars vary in color and temperature
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
bull Bluish-white stars are the hottest and red stars are the coolest
bull The yellow star is moderately hot
bull A constellation is a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky
bull Some known constellations are the Big Bear Big Dipper Little Bear Little Dipper Orion Cassiopeia Big Dog and Little Dog
bull Zodiac is a belt which circles the sky close to the place of the earthrsquos orbit around the sun
bull There are 12 constellations that make up the zodiac
bull A galaxy is a group of billions of stars dust and gas that are close to one another
bull Some of the galaxies in the universe are the Milky Way Andromeda Small Magellanic Cloud Large Magellanic Cloud and Whirlpool Galaxies
bull The Milky Way is the galaxy where we live
bull Galaxies have different shapes These are elliptical spiral and irregular
bull The universe is an endless space that contains everything
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
Slide 4
telescope
Optical telescope
Optical telescope- refracting
Optical telescope- reflecting
Slide 9
Radio telescopes
Keck telescope
The Hubble Space telescope
spectroscope
TV Camera
Remembering science facts
Reaching out matching
Sizes of stars
Sizes of stars (2)
Slide 19
Sizes of stars (3)
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Remembering science facts (2)
Reaching out true or false
Color and temperature of stars
Color and temperature of stars (2)
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Remembering science facts (3)
Reaching out choose the correct answer
Brightness and distance of stars
Brightness and distance of stars (2)
Brightness of stars
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Remembering science facts (4)
Reaching out choose the answer
constellations
Slide 48
constellations (2)
Slide 50
Slide 51
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Remembering science facts (5)
galaxies
galaxies (2)
Slide 63
Milky way galaxy
Slide 65
Milky way galaxy (2)
GREAT nebula
Magellanic cloud
Whirlpool galaxy
Slide 70
Slide 71
Remembering science facts (6)
Reaching out supply the missing word
The universe
The universe (2)
Slide 76
Slide 77
Theories about the universe
Big bang theory
Slide 80
Steady state theory
Pulsating theory
Remembering science facts (7)
Reaching out true or false (2)
Space probes and their missions
Space probes and their missions (2)
Mariner 10
Voyager 1 and 2
Slide 89
Slide 90
Slide 91
Remembering science facts (8)
Reaching out Name the probe
Achievements in space exploration
Achievements in space exploration
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
Slide 101
Slide 102
Slide 103
Slide 104
Slide 105
Remembering science facts (9)
Reaching out identification
Problems in space exploration
Problems in space exploration (2)
Slide 110
food
Lack of oxygen
Temperature and pressure
Harmful radiation
Waste disposal
Remembering science facts (10)
Reaching out matching problem and solution
Reaching out true or false (3)
For you to remember
Slide 120
Slide 121
bull The theories about the universe are the Big Bang theory Steady State theory and the Pulsating theory
bull Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a huge explosion from which all matter in the universe was created
bull Steady State theory states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout
bull Pulsating theory states that the universe expanded from a ball of batter and is still expanding but a time would come when it would stop expanding
bull A space probe is a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back to earth
bull Space probes which conducted explorations are Luna 1amp2 Pioneer 5 10 amp 11 Mariner 2 4 amp 10 Ranger 7 Venus 7 Viking International Ultraviolet Explorer Venera 13 amp 14 Vega 1amp2 Galileo NEAR Cassiri Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Lander
bull Great achievement has been accomplished in space exploration
bull Space explorations have paved the way to the launching of space crafts and satellites and inspired men to enter outer space
bull The problems met in space are weightlessness food lack of oxygen temperature and pressure harmful radiation and waste disposal
Beyond the solar system
Beyond the solar system (2)
Instruments and procedure in gathering information about outer
