Period IV Review Major European Developments Changes in: Way people view themselves Governments and their authority Religion, politics, and individuality Framed European interaction with the world Success based on competition and rivalry, came at the expense of land-based empires Revolution in European Thought and Expression Middle Age Ends=Unification under centralized rule Crusades renew contact b/t Euro and rest of the world Islamic and Byzantine preservation of Greece and Rome Rediscovered past+Productive present=4 classical movements Renaissance Reformation Scientific Revolution Enlightenment The Renaissance: Classical Civilization Part II Pop. Rise=demand increase Massive urbanization Middle class emerges in response to trade (bankers, merchants, etc.) Extra money was spent on recapturing past Humanism: A Bit More Focus on the Here and Now Shift from focus on the afterlife (church) to here- and-now (secular) Celebrating human achievement and focus on the individual Reduces the authority of institutions Dont Call it a Comeback! (Actually, Go Ahead) Renaissance=rebirth of classical Greece and Rome Artistic techniques developed around realism Linear perspective Chiaroscurro Architecture and sculpture returned to the classical age styles Northern Renaissance! North and West More religious Portraiture and everyday life Italians vs. the rest Jan Van Eyck) Famous northern painters existed ( Jan Van Eyck), but Italian artists far outnumbered them North primarily known from literature developments Western Writers Finally Get Readers Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press More affordable Printed in vernacular More literacy/education The Prince Machiavellis guide for ruling Christian humanism Erasmuss In Praise of Folly Mores Utopia William Shakespeare Showed obsession with classical politics/mythology Most quoted writer in the literature and history of the English-speaking world. The Protestant Reformation Pope had immense power Church as unifier and endorser (Heaven through the Church) Indulgences Sold to pay for Renaissance projects Reduced time in purgatory Nobility resented wealth and power of the Church Martin Luther: Monk on a Mission 95 Theses Challenged the church on indulgences, wealth, etc. Church services in vernacular Cut out the middle man for salvation Have faith in God-all that was needed to get to heaven Ideas spread north (printing press) Excommunicated Christianity Splits Again Protestantism Wave of anti-Catholicism creates new sects of Christianity New ideas on salvation Justification by faith Predestination (Calvinism) Challenging Romes Authority Henry VIII and the Anglican Church The Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation): The Pope Reasserts His Authority Changes Indulgence sales banned Frequent meetings with bishops and parishes Train priests to live the life they preach Reaffirmations Mandatory weekly mass Supreme authority of the pope was re-established Council of Trent ( ) Defined interpretation and clarified positions Latin re-established Persecution of heretics Ignatius of Loyola Founded Jesuit order Self-control and moderation Prayer AND good works lead to salvation Many appointed by kings to high palace positions The Scientific Revolution: Prove It or Lose It Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentric Theory Galileo Galilei Challenged church model of geocentric universe The Scientific Method Bacon & Descartes Proving theories through experimentation and analysis (not just reason) Johannes Kepler Elliptical Orbits Sir Isaac Newton Invented calculus to prove others theories Developed the law of gravity Questioning of the church and new findings led to a rise in Atheism and Deism. The Enlightenment: Out of Darkness, Into the Light Focused on the relationship b/t man and government Divine right was constant despite Reformation divisions Social Contract challenges the absolute rule of monarchs Enlightened Monarchs Absolute rulers who increased tolerance and opportunity for their people through enlightenment ideas Hobbes Govt preserves peace and stability at all costs Locke Natural rights, govt secured and protected natural rights Rousseau General will of the people sets laws to be followed Montesquieu Seperation of Powers Voltaire Freedom of speech, press, etc. European Exploration and Expansion: Empires of the Wind Pre-1400 Exploration limited to land (sea-routes connected through land-routes) European desires Eliminate Muslim middlemen Establish trade routes to Asia Spurred on by Hanseatic League success Portugal leads the way with Prince Henry the Navigator Dias rounds Africa de Gama explores E. Africa coast and lands in Calicut, India Spain goes west under Ferdinand and Isabella Columbus goes west to find China and India, runs into Cuba and the West Indies instead Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Early Explorers Vespucci Identified the Americas as a new continent Ponce de Leon Florida for Spain (1513) Vasco de Balboa (1513) Central America for Spain, saw Pacific Ocean Magellan (1519) Southern tip of S.A., crew circumnavigated Henry Hudson (1609) Looked for Northwest Passage, claimed Hudson River valley for the Dutch And Now A Word From Our Sponsors Technology exchange made it possible Cartography advances Sternpost Rudder Lateen Sails Astrolabe Magnetic Compass Three-Masted Caravels Competitiveness of Europe meant rapid adoption of new tech The New World: Accidental Empire I LIKE GOLD!!!! Wealth of the New World attracted conquest Cortes and the Aztecs I No Feel So Good Disease (smallpox) and weaponry rapidly made up for the lack of manpower and the mighty Incas (Pizarro) and Aztecs were quickly conquered Feudalism: American Style Creole s Mestizos and Mulattos African Slaves and Native Americans Encomienda System New hierarchies established as Spanish moved in Viceroys used to govern regions (5) In return for protection and conversion of natives, penisulares were given land African slaves brought in to supplement the workforce Peninsulares The African Slave Trade: The Love of Money at the Root of Evil Slavery was not new, but demand had grown African rulers were divided, but Europeans were not concerned Middle Passage (Africa to Americas) Major Demographic Shifts Africans had forced migration Native Americans wiped out European urban pop. increased The Columbian Exchange: Continental Shift Transfer of foods, animals, resources, and diseases across the Atlantic Europe and Africa Gets Squash, beans, corn, potatoes, and cacao Americas Get Horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, and sugar cane Effects in Afroeurasia Pop. Increases Urbanization Enclosure movement Effects in America Increase need for slave labor around silver and sugar Environmental degradation The Commercial Revolution: The New Economy Joint-Stock Company Reduces the risks of colonization ventures Royal Charters Used by countries to facilitate and monopolize trade (EIC) Mercantilism Export more than you import (favorable balance of trade) Obtain gold and silver bullion Manipulate trade through tariffs and colonization Oh YeahRemember Asia? Europeans establish sea- trade with Asia Difficult travel Protectionist policies Portuguese first, then Dutch in Indonesia England and France set up trading posts in India European Rivals: Spain and Portugal Spain dominated the New World Portugal dominated coastal Africa, Indian Ocean, and Spice Islands Lost its position as the Dutch and English became more powerful Charles V (Hapsburg) Holy Roman Emperor Controlled from Germany to Spain and colonies in the New World Got tired of ruling and gave Germany/Austria to Ferdinand I The rest went to Philip II Philip II Devout Catholic Led the Spanish Inquisition Spanish Armanda Controlling the Empire (well) Dutch Protestants revolted and broke into the Netherlands Catholic Dutch became Belgium Spanish Armada was defeated Mid-17 th c., Spain declines and England and France are rising England Elizabethan Age ( ) Growth of exploration and colonization Golden Age of England Catholic and Protestant fighting Petition of Right Limited Charles I ability to tax and imprison English Civil War (1641) Roundheads (Purtians) vs. Cavaliers (Royalists) Cromwell establishes English Commonwealth Stuart Restoration Charles II takes the throne Habeas Corpus Act Glorious Revolution Replaces James II with William and Mary Sign English Bill of Rights Constitutional Monarchy *Tried, convicted and executed Charles I *Never had a monarch been tried and executed France Bourbon Dynasty Huguenots vs. Catholics leads to Edict of Nantes Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin Advisors to the throne Establish bureaucracy Louis XIV ( ) Sun King Built Palace of Versailles Overturned Edict of Nantes Jean Baptiste Colbert Managed royal funds Wanted revenue to increase French empire War of Spanish Succession ( ) Louis XIVs grandson obtains Spanish throne Europe worries about a super-combo (Fr and Sp) England, HRE, and German princes unite Philip V gets Spanish throne and Fr/Sp unification is forbidden German Areas (The Holy Roman Empire, Sort of) HRE Centralized in Germany and Austria Pretty weak Feudalism and city-states Hapsburg intermarriages Catholic south vs. Lutheran north Remember 3 things HRE lost parts of Hungary to Ottomans 30 Years War was devastating By 1700s Northern German States (Prussia) gaining power 1555 Peace of Augsburg 30 Years War (1618) Protestants VS Catholics Land Grab Left Germany depopulated and devastated (HRE lost 7 million people) Peace of Westphalia (1648) German states get independence (Prussia #1) HRE declines rapidly Holy Roman Empire Russia Out of Isolation Good Ivan, Bad Ivan Ivan III stops Russian tribute to Mongols Ivan III and IV push Cossacks (peasant soldiers) eastward to Siberia and Caspian Sea Time of Troubles ( ) Competition over throne Romanovs take over and rule harshly Expand to Ukraine and north of Manchuria Peter the Great ( ) Westernized Russian society and military Moved capital to St. Petersburg Catherine the Great ( ) Enlightened monarch Enforced serfdom and limited merchants Expanded to Poland and Black Sea, access to the Mediterranean Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Ottoman Empire Conquest of Constantinople (1453) Religiously tolerant initially Controlled from Greece to Persia, E. Mediterranean across N. Africa Janissaries to expand empire Golden Age under Suleiman I Expanded west to Vienna, but never further Safavids Shia Islam Modern day Iran, sandwiched b/t Ottomans and Mughals Mughal Empire (Babur) India, replaced Delhi Sultanate United India under Akbar through religious toleration Eliminated jizya and sati, used Hindus in govt Led to a golden age Post Akbar Jizya reinstated and Hindus persecuted, long-standing conflict Europeans begin to dominate trade in the region Africa Trade creates strong centralized states in S and W Africa Songhai Islamic state, traded salt/gold Centralized around Timbuktu Kongo Traded closely w/ Portuguese Converts to Roman Catholicism Portuguese slave trade leads to war and decline Angola Tried to resist Portugal by allying w/ Dutch but failed Isolated Asia: China Ming Dynasty ( ) Ousted Mongols, centralized, Confucianism Zheng He traveled Asia, IO, and E. Africa w/ treasure fleets Change from paper money to silver based system, led to exchange w/ Spanish Leads to massive inflation Internal problems (famine, peasant revolts) led to Qing takeover (Manchus) Qing Dynasty ( ) Ethnically elite Social mobility increased through exam system Kangxi ( ) and Qianlong ( ) Confucian scholars Expand empire to N., C., and SE Asia Controlled trade w/ Europe to protect culture Merchant class rises Japan Mid-1500s Shoguns rule but feudal lords are weak Portugal establishes trade (guns) and Christianity takes hold Tokugawa Shogunate (1600) Tokugawa Ieyasu consolidates power Rigid class system (warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant) Moves capital to Edo Western Resistance Christians persecuted National Seclusion Policy (1635) creates seclusion Allows for Japanese Renaissance Buddhism and Shinto Kabuki theatre Haiku Artistry increases Technology and Innovations Europes Rise Gunpowder, printing press, navigational advances Asian Stagnation Japan and China revert to tradition Muslims dont take advantage of European advances Major Changes Animals, plants, disease, and population migrations Wars in Europe and abroad (religion and conquest) Transformed society across the globe Changes and Continuities Of Women A Few Rise Elizabeth I, Isabella, Nur Jahan The Song Remains the Same Property of husbands, inherited less, few legal or political rights Changes Global connections led to new races and social structures Trade changes took female jobs and put them in the hands of men Forced African migration increased polygamy Confucian values controlled women as domestic stabilizers Enlightenment, Reformation, Renaissance changed little for women Why Europe Endless Exploration Explored politics, govt, culture, religion, territory, technology, science, trade, etc. Asia focused on itself Islam didnt take advantage of changes Perfect storm of factors for European dominance Why Did Other Cultures Approach the West Differently? China and Japan were content to keep Europe at bay African societies were fragmented and unable to resist Americas were underdeveloped Middle East was bypassed by Europeans (middlemen) How did the Global Economy Change? Sailing Connected the world and diminished land trade Mercantilism Established imperialism, connecting politics w/ economics Private Investment Put economy in the hands of individuals, lessening government control