““ Mother Russia”Mother Russia”1450 – 17501450 – 1750

BartockBartock

Another Gunpowder Empire:

An Appealing and Appropriately Brief Power Point for AP World History by Janet Pareja, Signature School, Evansville, IN

Introduction- View “Millenium: Russia in the 16th Century”

ISOLATIONISOLATION Strong Sense of Russian IdentityStrong Sense of Russian Identity

►250 Years of Mongol 250 Years of Mongol

Influence: Influence: 1240 -1240 - 14801480

ISOLATIONISOLATION Strong Sense of Russian IdentityStrong Sense of Russian Identity

► LocationLocation No natural bordersNo natural borders Far from otherFar from other civilizationscivilizations Iced in most of the Iced in most of the yearyear No ocean coastlineNo ocean coastline Far from Silk Road Far from Silk Road transittransit

UralsUrals

Russian Orthodox ChristianityRussian Orthodox ChristianityMoscow as Third RomeMoscow as Third Rome

RUSSIA RUSSIA WAS NEVER WAS NEVER EUROPE!EUROPE!

► Distant from other countriesDistant from other countries► Mongol rule for 250 yearsMongol rule for 250 years► Orthodox ChristianityOrthodox Christianity► Not in CrusadesNot in Crusades► Not trading with ChinaNot trading with China► No RenaissanceNo Renaissance► No ReformationNo Reformation► No Colonies in New WorldNo Colonies in New World► No Scientific RevolutionNo Scientific Revolution► No EnlightenmentNo Enlightenment► No Commercial RevolutionNo Commercial Revolution► No Parliamentary Monarchy No Parliamentary Monarchy

1450: Russia 1450: Russia BURST BURST onto World onto World SceneScene

► Rapid ExpansionRapid Expansion► Rapid Social ChangeRapid Social Change► Became player in European Became player in European power politicspower politics

All All withoutwithout becoming a becoming a strong strong commercial commercial trading power!!trading power!!

1.1. Ivan “the Great”Ivan “the Great”1462 - 15051462 - 1505

► Defeated MongolsDefeated Mongols►Centralized RuleCentralized Rule

►CaesaropapismCaesaropapism Moscow = 3Moscow = 3 r dr d Rome Rome Caesar…Kaiser…CZAR!Caesar…Kaiser…CZAR!

►EXPANSION: 3XEXPANSION: 3X

Czar of Muscovy, Ivan III

COSSACKS!!COSSACKS!!►Push Mongols back!!Push Mongols back!!►Free from Serfdom Free from Serfdom

beyond Uralsbeyond Urals Pioneers / AdventurersPioneers / Adventurers Peasants escaping serfdomPeasants escaping serfdom Mixed ethnicities, oftenMixed ethnicities, often Migrate to newly seized landsMigrate to newly seized lands

► Opened Land for Agriculture:Opened Land for Agriculture:► Mil itary / Macho / HorsebackMilitary / Macho / Horseback Kept moving farther as “civilization” & Kept moving farther as “civilization” &

“government” moved in behind them…“government” moved in behind them…

Gathering of the Russian Lands

Cossacks!Cossacks!

Gathering of the Russian LandsGathering of the Russian Lands

►BoyarsBoyars Noble, mil itary, elite… Noble, mil itary, elite…

aristocracyaristocracy FEUDALISM!!!FEUDALISM!!!

►ConquestConquest Agricultural Agricultural landslands SlavesSlaves Some tradeSome trade - ie: Furs, food- ie: Furs, food

2.2. Ivan IV – “The Terrible”Ivan IV – “The Terrible”1633 - 16841633 - 1684

► Grandson of Ivan IIIGrandson of Ivan III Abused as childAbused as child Deceived as adultDeceived as adult

► EXPANSION, EXPANSION, EXPANSION, EXPANSION, EXPANSION: EXPANSION: CossacksCossacks

► Further centralization Further centralization Conflict Conflict with Boyars:with Boyars:

““ Reign of Terror”Reign of Terror”► Killed many Boyars suspected of Killed many Boyars suspected of

conspiracyconspiracy

““OprichnikiOprichniki ””► Ivan IV’s Ivan IV’s secret secret

policepolice

► Black clothesBlack clothes w/ emblem w/ emblem of dog head & broom to of dog head & broom to sweep treason out of sweep treason out of empireempire

► Tool of terror!Tool of terror!

3. 3. Looking West for ArtLooking West for Art

► Imported Imported Italian artists & Italian artists & architectsarchitects – Moscow – Moscow churches & palaces, churches & palaces, includingincluding KremlinKremlin

► Modified Renaissance Modified Renaissance designs for Russian designs for Russian traditions:traditions: Ornate Onion DomesOrnate Onion Domes Began tradition of looking Began tradition of looking

West for artistic West for artistic inspirationinspirationSyncretism

!

Onion DomesOnion Domes

Time Line of Russian Time Line of Russian EmpireEmpire

►No Heir…Power Vacuum!No Heir…Power Vacuum!►FaminesFamines►Warring BoyarsWarring Boyars►Sweden & Poland Attacked!Sweden & Poland Attacked!

““ Time of Troubles”Time of Troubles”

4. 4. Romanov DynastyRomanov Dynasty 1613-19171613-1917

Mikhail RomanovMikhail Romanov chosen Czar by “Assembly of the Land” (parliament of Boyars)

►Re-established orderRe-established order►Drove out invadersDrove out invaders►MORE Expansion: MORE Expansion:

Ukraine, including Kiev… pushed West to… Ottoman Empire

Continued Continued Russian Russian

EXPANSIONEXPANSION……

►Chosen by Boyar AssemblyChosen by Boyar Assembly►Established Order, Repelled InvadersEstablished Order, Repelled Invaders►CONQUEST: East & WestCONQUEST: East & West

► Centralized / Caesaropapist Rule Centralized / Caesaropapist Rule

1598-1613

“Time of Troubles”

1613 1917

3. ROMANOV DYNASTY

MICHAEL MICHAEL ROMANOVROMANOV

Long Distance TRADELong Distance TRADE

Brit ish Royal Muscovy Brit ish Royal Muscovy Company Imported: Company Imported:

Furs!! Furs!! (Soft Gold)(Soft Gold) Raw materials: Raw materials: minerals minerals l ike iron ore. l ike iron ore.

Selective Selective Westernization in Westernization in

RussiaRussia

1690 – 17901690 – 1790Age of Enlightened DespotsAge of Enlightened Despots

Summary of Russian Summary of Russian Empire:Empire:

Age of Enlightened Despots Age of Enlightened Despots

►Selective ModernizationSelective Modernization►More Conquest!More Conquest!►Power Polit ics with EuropePower Polit ics with Europe►Peasants lost rights vs. Peasants lost rights vs.

Boyers, and became serfs…Boyers, and became serfs…

1613 1917

ROMANOV DYNASTY

MICHAEL ROMANOV

Peter the Great

Catherinethe Great

r. 1682-1725 r. 1762-1796

Bolshevik/Communist Revolution

Peter the Peter the GreatGreat► Vigorous leader Vigorous leader

► Exceptional intelligence Exceptional intelligence ► Ruthless energyRuthless energy► Visited Europe incognito Visited Europe incognito

SELECTIVELYSELECTIVELY MODERNIZED MODERNIZED RUSSIA!RUSSIA!By mandateBy mandate ::

Government & MilitaryGovernment & Military TechnologyTechnology EducationEducation CultureCulture

Peter the Great: Man & LegendPeter the Great: Man & Legend TechnologyTechnology

►Esp. navalEsp. naval

Western know-howWestern know-how►Brought Western artisans, Brought Western artisans,

teachers, technicians, mil i tary teachers, technicians, mil i tary advisorsadvisors

►Sought Western all ies against Sought Western all ies against TurksTurks

NOTNOT interested in interested in “Representative “Representative Government”Government”

1. 1. Reformed Russian Reformed Russian GovernmentGovernment

►Absolute Monarch/Absolute Monarch/ “ “ AUTOCRACY”AUTOCRACY”

►Mother RussiaMother Russia Everyone, including the Czar, Everyone, including the Czar, SERVED THE STATE. SERVED THE STATE.

►Bureaucrats from Bureaucrats from OUTSIDE Boyar Class OUTSIDE Boyar Class

Why? Loyalty! Why? Loyalty!

2. 2. Expansion!!Expansion!!► War w. Sweden forWar w. Sweden for *Ice-Free Port**Ice-Free Port*

““Window on Window on the Sea”the Sea”

►St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg► Attacked Ottoman Attacked Ottoman Empire Empire

Religion, LandReligion, Land No great victoriesNo great victories Empires abutted Empires abutted each other!each other!

3. 3. Selective WesternizationSelective WesternizationA.A. Modern STANDING Modern STANDING

ARMYARMY

►GunpowderGunpowder► European advisorsEuropean advisors

► Aristocratic officers: math & Aristocratic officers: math & geometrygeometry

Larger than any European Larger than any European Army!!Army!!

B. B. Bureaucratic ReformsBureaucratic Reforms …… ► Power from Power from BoyersBoyers … … given to given to trusted bureaucratstrusted bureaucrats

►Tax CutsTax Cuts for Rich for Rich & Noble!!! BUT… & Noble!!! BUT…

► Tax INCREASES Tax INCREASES for for peasants. peasants.

C. C. SelectiveSelective Economic Development Economic Development

COMMAND COMMAND ECONOMY ECONOMY ––

Benefits the Benefits the STATESTATE► Metallurgy & mining industriesMetallurgy & mining industries► Munitions & shipbuildingMunitions & shipbuilding► Not much urbanizationNot much urbanization► Not much commercial classNot much commercial class

► Not a Not a commercialcommercial economy!economy!

D. Selective Cultural D. Selective Cultural WesternizationWesternization

1. Western fads, fashions, 1. Western fads, fashions, distractions:distractions:

Christmas TreesChristmas Trees from Germanyfrom Germany

BalletBallet from from FranceFrance Barishnikov

Nuryev

Selective Westernization – SocietySelective Westernization – Society

2. 2. Men (noble)Men (noble) ShaveShave beardsbeards

Western Western clothesclothes

Noble youth to attend Noble youth to attend Scientif ic Scientif ic Academies & Academies & Military Schools Mil itary Schools or or could not marry!!could not marry!!

Selective WesternizationSelective Westernization3. 3. WOMENWOMEN ► Abolished Abolished taremtarem

►Western style dressWestern style dress Including underwear & shoes! No Including underwear & shoes! No

boots…boots…

► RequiredRequired toto attend public attend public eventsevents

► Wedding CeremonyWedding Ceremony Bride’s father not to hand groom a Bride’s father not to hand groom a

whip as symbol of his powerwhip as symbol of his power

St. PeterSburgSt. PeterSburg Classical & Baroque StylesClassical & Baroque Styles

Summary of SELECTIVESummary of SELECTIVE ReformsReforms

► Not for Not for or about or about Common Common people!!! For Empire and people!!! For Empire and Absolute Ruler. Absolute Ruler.

► Serf Laborers Serf Laborers

► NOT a Commercial EconomyNOT a Commercial Economy Agriculture Agriculture Small manufacturing, fur, mineral Small manufacturing, fur, mineral

tradetrade

► No Enlightenment IdeasNo Enlightenment Ideas: : Autocratic ruleAutocratic rule

Peter’s Struggle: Western Peter’s Struggle: Western Modernity vs. TraditionModernity vs. Tradition

……And Absolute RuleAnd Absolute Rule

Catherine the GreatCatherine the GreatConsolidation Consolidation

& Limits to & Limits to ChangeChange

r. 1762 - 1795r. 1762 - 1795

(One generation ruled between her and Peter)

Married Peter IIIMarried Peter III► German-bornGerman-born

Prussian PrincessPrussian Princess Changed name Changed name Changed religionChanged religion Learned RussianLearned Russian

Coup Coup d’etatd’etat

► 1762 - Officers of the palace 1762 - Officers of the palace guard guard “installed” “installed” her in his her in his place… place…

Czar was imprisoned, and later Czar was imprisoned, and later accidentally… murdered.accidentally… murdered.

Catherine’s ReignCatherine’s Reign

►Genuine Genuine Enlightenment Enlightenment interests interests

VS. VS. ►Need to consolidate Need to consolidate

Absolute Power as aAbsolute Power as a truly Russian rulertruly Russian ruler

Favored Western StyleFavored Western Style► Arts, Architecture, Arts, Architecture,

LiteratureLiterature

Shared Peter’s Interest in the WestShared Peter’s Interest in the West

““Flirted with Enlightenment”Flirted with Enlightenment” French French philosophesphilosophes visited visited Corresponded with DiderotCorresponded with Diderot

Intel l igenciaIntel l igencia

Russian Intellectual ClassRussian Intellectual Class

►THICK JournalsTHICK Journals

FrenchFrench Revolution Revolution Repression of Repression of EnlightenmentEnlightenment ViewsViews

► CensoredCensored ““ seditious writ ing”seditious writ ing”

► SilencedSilenced Russian Russian intellectuals who wanted intellectuals who wanted French-style reformsFrench-style reforms

► Stopped supporting Stopped supporting Russian Merchants Russian Merchants in long in long distance trade. distance trade.

Abandoned Westernization!!Abandoned Westernization!!

►Strictly l imited Strictly l imited foreign influence, foreign influence, trade, travel, trade, travel, ideas…ideas…

► Russia closed itself Russia closed itself off l ike China, off l ike China, Japan… Islamic Japan… Islamic Empires…Empires…

““The Great Trade OffThe Great Trade Off ” ” “Let’s Make a Deal”“Let’s Make a Deal”

►““Service Service Aristocracy” Aristocracy” Nobles/boyars Nobles/boyars vowed to “serve” vowed to “serve”

a strong central government - a strong central government - staffed with bureaucrats & officers; staffed with bureaucrats & officers; they they did not serve the monarch. did not serve the monarch.

► In return, power over In return, power over peasants went to noble peasants went to noble “landlords”“landlords” (Boyars) (Boyars)

Gave Landlords More Gave Landlords More Power over PeasantsPower over Peasants

► Higher taxesHigher taxes Money, goods, serviceMoney, goods, service

► Landlord-dominated Courts Landlord-dominated Courts decided Penaltiesdecided Penalties

► Increased severity of Increased severity of punishmentspunishments

Forced Labor, Russian Forced Labor, Russian Style: Style:

Rural & Agricultural Country Rural & Agricultural Country Peasants became tied to landPeasants became tied to land Conditions WORSENED 1450-1750Conditions WORSENED 1450-1750

Expansion!Expansion!►West: West:

Annexed Annexed Balkans, Balkans, Crimea,Crimea, …headed …headed toward Istanbul!!! toward Istanbul!!!

Europeans worried!Europeans worried! diplomacy to stop diplomacy to stop Russian advance.Russian advance.

And then she turned her attention to….

European Power Polit icsEuropean Power Polit icsPartit ion of PolandPartit ion of Poland►AustAustriaria & & PruPrussiassia agreed to agreed to eliminate Poland as independent stateeliminate Poland as independent state

►RuRussssiaia got most of it! got most of it! Including large population Including large population of Jewish peopleof Jewish people

““The Pale of SettlementThe Pale of Settlement ””► Jews Jews not allowed to emigratenot allowed to emigrate area became focus of area became focus of anti-semitismanti-semitism

► Jews who Jews who couldcould leave moved leave moved to the USA – 1800’sto the USA – 1800’s

►POGROMSPOGROMS - -  riots directed against a riots directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by killings and or other, and characterized by killings and destruction of their homes, businesses, destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers. and religious centers. 

2. Expansion: 2. Expansion: EASTEAST

►Vitus BeringVitus Bering Danish navigator Danish navigator

commissioned to find a commissioned to find a northeast passage to Asian northeast passage to Asian ports on the Pacificports on the Pacific

► Claimed AlaskaClaimed Alaska – later – later sold to USAsold to USA

► Explorers moved down Explorers moved down Pacific Coast toPacific Coast to

N. CaliforniaN. California► Built trading post in Built trading post in HawaiiHawaii

Russian GeographyRussian Geography► Capital: Capital: MoscowMoscow► Volgograd Volgograd Stalingrad Stalingrad (1925-1961)(1925-1961)► St. Petersburg St. Petersburg Leningrad Leningrad (1924-1991)(1924-1991)► VladivostokVladivostok► KievKiev

► Bering SeaBering Sea► Volga RiverVolga River► Ural Mts. Ural Mts. ► Siberian PlainSiberian Plain

Catherine’s Legacy: By Catherine’s Legacy: By 17961796

► Russia was a Russia was a strong central ized strong central ized statestate (though still had problems with nobility)(though still had problems with nobility)

► Borrowed Borrowed technology from Westtechnology from West :: More agriculture, manufacturing, miningMore agriculture, manufacturing, mining

► Borrowed Borrowed culture from Westculture from West : : Dress, art, ballet, science, military tech…Dress, art, ballet, science, military tech…

► Largest land empire in the world Largest land empire in the world at the t imeat the t ime

► Much of the population was Much of the population was not freenot free to to migrate, choose their own work, or to migrate, choose their own work, or to have any control of the country. have any control of the country.

FINFIN

Review of Russia, 1450-1750:Review of Russia, 1450-1750:► Isolat ion Isolat ion Central ized Rule + Selective Central ized Rule + Selective

WesternizationWesternization► P: Absolute Monarchy, Czar-Boyer Tug of War, Oprichniki, P: Absolute Monarchy, Czar-Boyer Tug of War, Oprichniki, CaesaropapismCaesaropapism► E: Trade w/ England – furs, minerals; Command Economy E: Trade w/ England – furs, minerals; Command Economy – – metals & artillerymetals & artillery► R: Orthodoxy, Third Rome, Old Believers, SchismR: Orthodoxy, Third Rome, Old Believers, Schism► S: Boyers, Feudalism, Peasants S: Boyers, Feudalism, Peasants Serfs Serfs► I: Behind I: Behind Flirt w/ Western Ideas Flirt w/ Western Ideas Seclusion Seclusion► A: Art & Architecture from WestA: Art & Architecture from West► R: Isolation R: Isolation Conquest & Expansion, Gunpowder, Conquest & Expansion, Gunpowder, Ottomans & Europe, Pale of the SettlementOttomans & Europe, Pale of the Settlement► T: Gunpowder Weapons, Naval , T: Gunpowder Weapons, Naval , Nothing invented by Nothing invented by RussiansRussians