1450 – 1750Janet Pareja, Signature School, Evansville, IN

Islamic Empires to 1600

Ottoman 1289-1923

Safavid

Mughal

1526 - 1857

1501-1722

1453 - Conquest of Constantinople

“Istanbul”

Islam in Abundance

Commercial Center

Capital

“Better the Sultan’s Turban than the Cardinal’s Hat...”

means

1. Ottoman Empire

Osman Bey

“GHAZI” Ideal of the

religious warrior

1289-1923

Several Ghazi States replaced the Seljuk Turks

Seljuk Turks took Constantinople, then fell to the Mongols. Ottomans replaced the Mongols in Turkey.

-Athens -Belgrade, Hungary,

-Egypt -Battled Portugal -Baghdad in Indian Ocean

-Persian Gulf - Siege of Vienna

1453

Mehmet IIConstantinople becomes “Istanbul”

Period Of Growth: 130 Years

1583

1520-1566

Suleiman The Magnificent

Genoese

Greeks

Portuguese

Venetians

“Golden Age”Suleiman the Magnificent1520-1566

“Slave of God, powerful with the power of God, deputy of God on earth, obeying the commands of the Qur'an and enforcing them throughout the world, master of all lands, the shadow of God over all nations, Sultan of Sultans in all the lands of Persians and Arabs, the propagator of Sultanic laws, the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Khans, Sultan, son of Sultan, Suleiman Khan.”

“Slave of God, master of the world, I am Suleiman and my name is read in all the prayers in all the cities of Islam. I am the Shah of Baghdad and Iraq, Caesar of all the lands of Rome, and the Sultan of Egypt. I seized the Hungarian crown and gave it to the least of my slaves.”

Ruler of the Two Seas

Ruler of the Two Lands

“Sultan of Rome”

Suleiman’s Vision:European Expansion threatened Islam:

Faith, Trade, Territory!

“Caliph of Islam” (unofficial)

Took over lands of Muslim rulers whom he considered weak rulers or religiously unorthodox. ie: Arabia

Destabilized Europe / Holy Roman Empire: Financial support to Protestant Countries Helped other Muslim states - against Europeans

in Africa, along borders of Russia.Ghazi Suleiman

Lawgiver Codified Ottoman Law:

Sharia + Other circumstances outside of Sharia

In Turkic & Mongol culture He who provided the law was THE Supreme Ruler.

Suleiman the BuilderBeautified

Istanbul: Centerpiece of Islamic Civilization!

Suleiman Mosque

Patron of the ARTS

Istanbul - artistic center of Ottoman Empire

MusicWriting

Suleiman wrote poetry! Love, Religious (Ghazals),

Visual art: PERSIAN MINIATURES

My Name is Red, by Orhan Pamuk

Ottoman Culture Multi-Ethnic, Multi-Lingual, Multi-Cultural…

How to Build Cultural Unity? Minimized European cultural influence

Printing Press allowed c. 1750 – only for Christians

Allowed western doctors, however – fad – no more effective

Did accept western military technology, however…

Arabs, N. Africans, Moors, Egyptians, Persians, Turkic speakers includingMongols

Turkic languages,Arabic,Swahili, Uzbek…

City dwellers, Long distance merchants,Nomads, Educated & Not, Great wealth & poverty

Religion in Ottoman Empire

Islam

Christianity

Judaism

Zoroastrianism

(Parsis)

Others

People of the Book

JIZYA was a per capita tax levied on a section of an

Islamic state’s non-Muslim citizens. The tax is and was to

be levied on able-bodied adult males of military age

and buying power.

From the point of view of the Muslim rulers, jizya was a

material proof of the non-Muslims' acceptance of

subjection to the state and its laws, "just as for the

inhabitants it was a concrete continuation of the taxes

paid to earlier regimes.“

In return, non-Muslim citizens were permitted to practice

their faith, to enjoy a measure of communal autonomy, to

be entitled to the Muslim state's protection from outside

aggression, and to be exempted from military service and

the zakat taxes obligatory for Muslim citizens.

Ottoman Jizya abolished – 1855.

Devshirme (Turkish for “gathering”)

Human Taxation

Christian Boys

Mostly from Balkans

& “Slavic” lands

DevshirmeSpecial training: Learn to speak Turkish Convert to Islam Bureaucrats OR Janissaries No marriage, no other career –

“Slaves” of the Sultan 15th to 17th century: 200-300,000

JANISSARIES Best & strongest, lived life of luxury in the

spotlight, respected & honored. Esprit de corps. Total loyalty to sultan. Immediate & brutal

punishment for disobedience. Newest military technology, like

gunpowder weapons. Could rise in ranks to officer, and even to

grand Vizier!

WHY Janissaries?

Fast-growing empire -need LOTS of loyal soldiers & civil servants FAST: Draft.

Designed to avoid creation of a hereditary aristocracy that could threaten the position of the Sultan & heirs.

TOTAL devotion to Janissaries and service to Sultan.

Strike fear into hearts of opponents. (Like the Persian Empire’s Immortals.)

Mustafa Kemal, “Ataturk,” In traditional Janissary Uniform.

Military emphasis shifted from well-trained mounted men with swords gunpowder technology

Cannons to attack or defend city walls: Movable, stationary, ship-mounted.

Handguns

Land Trade/ Silk Road losing Profitability: - Dangerous nomadic tribes after end of

Pax Mongolica

Sea trade – Profitable, but not Luxuries

anymore: regional spices, wheat & lumber

1. Agriculture became central to Economy.2. Long Distance Land Trade greatly

decreased, but some regional sea trade remained.

3. NO MANUFACTURING developed. WHY???Tradition!

What is a harem?

Symphony 63, C Maj, Roxelane - By Franz Joseph Haydn.

Began with Roxelane -Wife of Suleiman

Power of women in the Ottoman Empire.

Harem“Private Domain”- Trained & educated in

reading, the Koran, sewing, music, conversational arts.

- Influential in Ottoman politics & society

- Wives & female relatives of Sultan.

- Concubines – often slave origin, non-Muslim

- Status from giving birth to sons.

Harem Rooms at Topkapi Palace, Istanbul

“The Sultanate of Women”

All three Islamic empires:

Political & Military advisors

Brought support of their families to the Sultan

Mothers of Future Rulers

Example of Chenghis Khan: Mother & first wife with privileges & authority

Shah Ismail (r. 1501-1524)

Conquered Iranian Plateau

Unified Persia

1502-1509

“Imposed on” / “Brought to” Sunni population

12 infallible imams, after Mohammed, beginning with Ali. The twelfth, or “hidden imam,” would someday return to take power and spread the true religion.

Quizilbash – “red heads” hats – believed invincible when in battle with Ismail.

Ottomans were Sunnis…who are they today?

Safavids were Shi’a. Who are they today?

…What do YOU think?

2007

Ottomans - Sunni Heavily artillery

Thousands of Janissary w/ firearms

Behind a barrier of carts.

Safavids - Shia Firearms unreliable & unmanly

Preferred Faith in protective charisma of Shah Ismail

Result: Crushing Defeat for Safavids

Ottomans temporarily occupied the Safavid capital.

Intermittent conflict for 200 years.

(r. 1588 – 1629) Moved Capitol to Isfahan from Azerbaijan

Encouraged trade with other nations

Modernized: Bureaucracy & Military

Added “slaves of the royal

household” (janissaries)

Gunpowder.

European assistance &

advisers vs. Ottomans &

Portuguese in Persian Gulf.

Expanded - NW Iran, Caucasus,

Mesopotamia.

Persian Mosque v. Ottoman Mosque

Shah Abbas Receives a Delegation

Decline of Safavids

1722 “Siege of Isfahan” Afghani tribesmen

Blockaded the city Starving inhabitants

Forced the shah to abdicate

Executed thousands of Safavid officials and members of the royal family.