nutrition chpt 13 diet during childhood & adolescence
TRANSCRIPT
Nutrition CHPT 13
Diet During Childhood
&
Adolescence
Inadequate Diets
• Studies show that mental ability and size of an individual are directly influenced by nutrition in the early years
Children ages 1-2 years old
• Children learn by imitation at this age
• The parents are the role models for their children
• Good habits must be enforced starting from this early of an age
Mealtime
• Should be in an enjoyable environment that is calm and relaxed
• Nutritious foods should be available at all times, snacks should be provided
• All meals should include a wide variety of foods to to ensure good intake
Picky eaters
• The picky group…
• Kids at this age have varying appetites, likes and dislikes they call this “food jags”
• Wt gain of a child during the 2nd year of life is only 5 pounds
“NO!”
• Children at 2 y.o want to decide things for themselves
• They need guidance, not whatever they want
• Encourage high nutrient dense foods, stay away from sweets, this becomes habit
Milk
• Whole milk is recommended until age 2 because kids of this age don’t eat a lot of food
• Low fat milk is recommended after age 2
• Fat is necessary for growth, not fat-laden junk food
Salt intake
• Watch the added salt, there should be known for children of this age
• Keep foods high in sodium off of their diet plan
How much should you expect a child to eat?
• For preschool kids: 1 tablespoon of food for every year of age
• If a kid is 3, then they get 3 tablespoons of food
Choking
• Up till the age of 4 years old, these kids are at risk to choke on the same foods that were a problem in the earlier years:
• Peanuts• Grapes• Hot dogs• Raw carrots• Candy• Thick P.B.
Forcing children to eat
• Can lead to :
• anorexia
• Bulimia
• Later in life
As kids grow…
• In this age group of 1-2 y.o, the caloric requirement diminishes as the child gets older. This picks back up as the child starts to get into pre-teen years
• Children still need nutritious foods, protein, fats, vitamins and minerals
What to limit in 1-2 y.o.’s
• Limit fruit juices
• Increase water and fiber
• Avoid excessive amounts of milk, it can crowd out other foods such as iron-rich foods leaving the child with an iron deficiency
Childhood obesity
• Normal ht and wt are calculated based on standardized charts
• Pediatrician can tell you where your child is on the ht and wt scale for the child’s age
• 1 in 5 kids are now overweight in the U.S.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
• Is seen in kids in the early years
• Insulin is needed if diet isn’t followed and if blood glucose is elevated
Cumulative problems related to obesity in children
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Asthma
• Sleep apnea
• Hyperlipidemia
• HTN
As these kids get older…
• They are likely to suffer other ailments:
• Hip and knee problems
• Social stigma
• Depression
• Suicide attempts
• Anorexia from the peer pressure
How to handle the obese child
• Offer dietician to see pt
• Discuss “My Pyramid”
• Discuss exercise regimen, offer fun activities
• Parents need education and tips that encourage kids to “move”
Healthy Food Options for obese child
• Health after school snacks such as:
• Fruits and veggies
• Salsa as dip
• Low-fat popcorn
• Single serving of cereal (whole grain)
• Individual bag of pretzels
• AVOID SODAS AND SUGAR DRINKS
Other healthful tips for parents
• Limit t.v. and computer use• Get moving yourself, it enforces good
habits• Never tell a child “he is fat”• Become familiar with “My Pyramid”• Never provide food as a comfort or as a
reward• Encourage child to drink plenty of water
Childhood Type 2 Diabetes
• Most obese children of ages 10-14 develop this
• Children need to see Endocrinologist to watch disease
• Dietician is also needed
Adolescence
Adolescence
• Persons between ages 13 and 20• Period of rapid growth that causes many changes• Bones grow and gain density, muscle and fat
tissue develop, blood volume increases, boys voice’s change, girls start menses
• Different changes occur in different kids, be aware of their needs as individuals, counseling may be needed for these pre-teens and teens
Adolescents
• Tend not to imitate adults, rather they imitate other kids
• Peer pressure is on in this age group• Keep kids involved in allowing them to
make health food choices, they will feel more independent
• Offer nutritious snacks and foods, get rid of the junk and sodas
Calorie and Nutrient needs
• Are increased in the teen years
• Boys need more calories than girls
• Girls need more iron than boys d/t menses
Anorexia Nervosa
• Is a physiological disorder seen more prevalent in girls than in boys
Effects of Anorexia
• Hair loss
• Low B.P
• Weakness• Amenorrhea – (stoppage of monthly menstrual
cycle)
• Brain damage
• death
Causes of Anorexia
• Unclear overall but is believed to be due to:
• An inordinate fear of being fat
• Those with demanding parents try and gain their own control, they choose to not eat
• Some want to resemble slim fashion models
• Overachievers and perfectionists who want control over their body
Odd behaviors of Anorexics
• Count calories of every bit of food they put into their mouths
• Drink large amounts of water and eat ice to feel full• Drink boiling hot water with lemon to burn taste buds• Chew up food to taste it, then spit it out to not take in the
calories• Eat large amounts of fruit only• Exercise ALL DAY LONG, performing over 2.000 sit ups
in a day• Using ketone strips to test urine, they want to be in ketosis
Bulimia
• A syndrome in which the pt alternately binges food and then purges by inducing vomiting, using laxatives and diuretics to get rid of ingested foods
• They are high achievers who are perfectionists, obsessive and depressed, they hide their disease
• Bulimia starts in late teens into the thirties
• They binge on high calorie, high fat foods and can do this for a length of time, then they purge to feel better
• Stress increases the frequency of binges
Effects of Bulimia
• Not usually life-threatening
• Causes irritation in the esophagus d/t acid coming back up = bleeding
• Causes loss of electrolytes, malnutrition, dehydration and dental caries
Both Anorexia & Bulimia
• Cause pts to be VERY manipulative, pt doesn’t want you to know they are doing this because you will stop them
• Sneaky people• Both illnesses need psychological treatment,
usually in-patient setting works best to keep pts focused and in the watchful eyes of others
Being overweight…
• Lowers self esteem or one’s self worth
Fast Foods
• Try and discourage the consumption of these, limit these to once a week or less
• These foods contain high Na+ and high calories and fat
Alcohol
• Is a depressant, is addicting and is mistaken for just a happy fun time!
• Drinking impairs one’s judgment and leads to accidents and crime, sleepiness, loss of consciousness, and when too much is consumed in a short time, alcohol poisoning occurs = death
• Periods of excessive drinking can lead to alcoholism, cirrhosis, kidney and liver damage and death
Marijuana
• Use increases among teens• Increases appetite, especially for sweets• 1 marijuana cigarette is = to 4-5 tobacco cigarettes
because the smoke is held in your lungs longer and the lung absorbs the fat-soluble (THC) and stores it in fat
• Use of marijuana can lead to the used of there street drugs
• A.K.A. Mary Jane, weed, grass, pot, dope•
Cocaine
• Is highly addictive and extremely harmful• Causes:• Restlessness hallucinations• Heightened self-confidence• Euphoria loss of appetite• Irritability cardiac irregularities• Insomnia M.I.• Depression Death• Cig. Smoking is addictive• Confusion smokable form is crack
Tobacco
• Smokers need extra vitamins like vit C and other vits
• Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and heart disease
Methamphetamine
• Potent form of amphetamine• Causes Hrt, R.R. and BP to increase• Mouth is dry, swallowing is difficult• Urination is difficult, appetite is decreased• Pupils are dilated, reflexes speed up• As the drug wears off, fatigue and depression are
present• Other names: crank, speed, crystal meth, zip and
ice
Athletes
• Big in the teen years• Athletes need additional:• Water – needs to be regularly replaced d/t
perspiration• Calories• B Vitamins are needed for energy metabolism• Na+ K+• Iron protein
IN REVIEW
• The rate of growth slows between the ages of 1 and 10
• Adolescence is a time for rapid growth• Fast foods and fads are on the rise, limit intake of
fast foods• Alcohol and drugs have always been a problem for
teens, period of trial and error• Increase in Na+, K+, B vits and iron are needed
for the athlete
THE END