neon instrument tiger team report, january 31, 2007 neon instrument tiger team report, january 31,...

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NEON Instrument Tiger Team Report, January 31, 2007

This document represents a detailed costing and scrubbing of all Fundamental Instrument Unit (FIU) instruments as per recommendations from the NEON CDR, November 2006 and to achieve NEON PDR and PEP readiness. In determining how sensors are to dovetail with the cyber infrastructure and real-time datastreams, we also defined the Data Product levels and filename structure. We used and incorporated all existing NEON documents to determine the sensor(s) and to define the Product levels at best addresses the Grand Challenge Science questions, rf. NEON-Site Independent Report (March 24, 2006), NEON Hydroecology, Biogeochemical cycles and climate change (HGC Abiotic Boston) Report, NEON-CDR (November 2006), NEON ISEP (Oct 13, 2006), and all the documents from the NEON sensor specification workshop (January 2006). We also based sensor choice and measurement design to best address the questions expressed in the RFI responses and recommendations from the RFI Sioux Falls meeting February 2007. The instrument template was modified and updated from the NEON sensor specification workshop. This is the distilled product from joint phone conferences, email correspondence, and conversations with measurement experts and manufacturers

Tiger team members included core; H. Loescher (Oregon State U), J.W. Munger (Harvard U), R. Braswell (UNH), C Baru (UCSD), D. Hollinger (USDA-FS), B. Stephens (NCAR), B. Wee (NEON), W. Bowden (UVM), and contributions from; D. Kirschtel (NEON), B. Reed (NEON), J. Martin (Oregon State U), T Fountain (UCSD), S. Tilak (UCSD), A. Falk (ISI), L. Miller (UCSD), P. Hibbard (UCSD), J. Bartlett (UVM) and P. Shin (UCSD).

Design Considerations: 1. Overall Measurement Strategy .............................................................................................2 2. Specification of Product Levels for NEON FIU...................................................................5

List of sensors and variables examined: 3. Air temperature and humidity...............................................................................................7 4. Atmospheric Pressure ...........................................................................................................9 5. Precipitation-rain gauge ......................................................................................................10 6. Precipitation-snow pillows..................................................................................................13 7. Precipitation-snow depth ....................................................................................................14 8. Wind speed and direction (2D, ultrasonic) .........................................................................15 9. Above Canopy Incoming, reflected, total & diffuse solar radiation...................................17 10. Net radiation........................................................................................................................19 11. Soil moisture .......................................................................................................................21 12. Soil temperature ..................................................................................................................23 13. Soil CO2 respiration ............................................................................................................24 14. Soil CO2 profile system ......................................................................................................26 15. Soil water potential .............................................................................................................28 16. Root & mycorrhizae phenology..........................................................................................29 17. Soil NO3 and O2 profile ......................................................................................................30 18. Soil pH ................................................................................................................................31 19. Eddy covariance of CO2 and H2O.......................................................................................32 3-d Wind velocities for flux measurements – Sonic anemometer ..............................................34 20. CO2 Concentration Profile, Li-Cor IRGA version..............................................................36

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21. CO2 Concentration Profile, CRDS version.........................................................................40 22. Nitrogen oxides...................................................................................................................42 23. O3 concentration..................................................................................................................46 24. Airborne Particulates ..........................................................................................................48 25. Wet and Dry Deposition .....................................................................................................49 26. Leaf wetness profile............................................................................................................50 27. Biological temperature profile ............................................................................................51 28. Sondes .................................................................................................................................52 29. Water level ..........................................................................................................................56 30. Pressure Transducers ..........................................................................................................58 31. Aquatic Autosampler ..........................................................................................................60 32. Water Temperature .............................................................................................................62 33. Turbidity .............................................................................................................................63 34. ORP.....................................................................................................................................65 35. pH........................................................................................................................................66 36. Dissolved Oxygen...............................................................................................................67 37. Conductivity........................................................................................................................69 38. Chloride Ion Conc...............................................................................................................70 39. Nitrate Ion Conc..................................................................................................................72 40. Ammonia/Ammonium Ion Conc ........................................................................................73 41. Chlorophyll a ......................................................................................................................74 42. Water photosynthetic photon flux density ..........................................................................76 43. Incident UV.........................................................................................................................78 44. Water Temperature .............................................................................................................79 45. Discrete Discharge Measuring Equipment .........................................................................80 46. Water Level.........................................................................................................................84 47. In-situ Brand Pressure Transducers ....................................................................................86 48. Autosampler........................................................................................................................89 49. Discrete Discharge Measuring Equipment .........................................................................91 50. Aerosol and particulates......................................................................................................94 51. Atmospheric Optical Depth ................................................................................................96

1. Overall Measurement Strategy

Measurements must be designed to capture the inherent variably in the quantities of interest. For example, time series datasets of atmospheric CO2 sampled every weekly for ten years may result in temporal correlation lengths that differ from that of the same variable sampled on a daily or hourly basis. In another example, the accuracy of fine root production estimates differ across time and space dependant on seasonal interactions between soil temperature, water content, and nutrient availability. In this case, the measured coefficient of variation significantly increased following spring snow melt, after large rainfall events and the onset of droughts. Moreover, each particular instrument has it own time constants and random error due to its ability to process an electronic signal. Here, we have balanced the experimental design (and the choice of appropriate instrumentation to measure the desired quantity) to assess suitable averaging times that will

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minimize instrument bias due to time constants and random error while maximizing its ability to measure the natural variability of the measured quantity across all the desired spatiotemporal scales (cf. Loescher et al. 2005, Loescher et al. 2006). This also presents a unique challenge for the NEON infrastructure where suites of different instrumentation were not necessarily designed to work in concert among scientific disciplines, e.g., the spatial and temporal scales of atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem monitoring should match.

Archiving should save data as close to smallest timestep as possible i.e., raw data or data product 0 (see below), taking into account storage capacity of NEON’s cyber infrastructure and transmission rates, and should be standardized for each measurement among all domains. Because this design is to support a measurement infrastructure, we encourage the archiving of all the raw data for future analyses that have yet to evolve.

A rigorous data assurance and control (QA/QC) strategy has to be in place at the inception of all NEON measurements to achieve a defensible scientific infrastructure at any scale. The QA/QC will occur at several places in the acquisition of data, i) adhere to a strict schedule of manual-- (and automated where possible) field maintenance and calibrations for all instrumentation, ii) incorporate a comprehensive suite of diagnostics and data quality flagging in the real time datastreams, so not only for the end-user, but to be used in real-time by data managers to effectively allocate human resources for repair and maintenance, and iii) to establish a centralized NEON QA/QC lab. The NEON QA/QC lab will be integral to long term data quality by establishing measurement protocols, calibrating sensors (e.g., temperature, PPFD, etc.), the fabrication, repair and maintenance of some instrument packages (eddy covariance, profile systems, aquatic arrays), conducting in-situ comparisons at 15% of the domains per year using a portable suite of sensors (e.g., eddy covariance and meteorological instrumentation), by making and disseminating gas standards (CO2, CH4, NOx, that needed for routine measurements at each domain. All calibrations and standards made by the NEON QA/QC lab will be traceable to NIST, ISO, WMO and/or other international standards where appropriate. Tower height and placement. The tower needs to be high enough to place the sensors well above the surrounding canopy, but not so high that the footprint during stable night-time conditions extends beyond the boundary of the ecosystem type of interest. Tower placement criteria at http://public.ornl.gov/ameriflux/measurement_standards_4.doc. That being said, we suggest 2 separate criteria for tower heights: i) a fixed tower-measurement height (Zm) of 4 or 5 m above all grasslands (or shrublands) where Zm > 4(Z-d), Z is the mean canopy height (m) and d is the zeroplane displacement height (m, rf. Monteith and Unsworth 1990), and ii) Zm ≈ 4(Z-d) over forested ecosystems. Care should be taken not to disturb plants, plant material or soils in the footprint and at the base of the tower. Tower should be erected such that mounted instruments can measure the representative environment in question. Micro-Climate/Canopy Array design. Quantifying the abiotic and biotic environment from the ground surface through to the top of the canopy is essential to answer many key scientific questions and to provide scales of variability allowing us to have higher confidence in scaling activities. However, it may very well be that the spatial variability of some below-canopy quantities will be large, and accuracy and precision will be hard to achieve. Hence, the same design for all sites will not be possible considering the wide range of structural attributes from one ecosystem to the next. So the design of the micro-climate/canopy array will need to be a combination of a few measurement approaches that will have to be decided on a site-by-site basis.

http://public.ornl.gov/ameriflux/measurement_standards_4.doc

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For short stature ecosystems (e.g., grasslands, shrublands, pinyon-juniper) 3-4 instrumented towers can be used that extend well above the canopy environment. Instruments should be placed to adequately measure the desired vertical gradient as well the processes that may contribute to the gradient at different temporal scales, e.g., diurnal processes in the euphotic zone close to mid-canopy. For tall stature forest canopies (open- and closed canopies, alike) it may not be practical to place 3-4 towers through the canopy to assess the upper canopy processes. In this case, a vertical profile of measurements through the canopy should be considered at one of the associated Basic BioMesoNet towers associated with the Advanced BioMesoNet tower. The Advanced BioMesoNet tower will already have profile system associated with it. Additional towers may also be constructed from the ground to below the canopy (not necessarily though it). A subset of all types of ecosystems will have the CENS shuttle and distributed network associated with a site. The shuttle and distributed systems will further assess the spatiotemporal variability of the desired quantities. Which sites will receive shuttles and distributed networks will be based on science questions and the ability to maintain these systems. Design of Temperature Measurements. We have to be able to detect small differences in temperature (i.e., < 0.1 ºC) within- and among environments to answer the scientific goals set out in the grand challenges and questions posed in the RFI responses. Hence, the level of precision and accuracy needed to attain a < 0.1 º C criterion has to be at least one order of magnitude smaller in scale, i.e., ±0.01 ºC. This can easily be achieved by platinum resistance thermometers (PRT or RTD’s) which are hold a stable calibration and are commonly used in a triple redundancy measurement design by climate researchers (e.g., NOAA Climate and Network Monitoring Program, WMO, and others). PRTs can be used in air, soil and water environments. We recommend their usage as the primary temperature sensor, and used in conjunction with the National Instruments Inc., CompactRio (Austin TX) data acquisition system, they do not need associated linearizers (added cost saving). Taken in concert, the cost benefit of PRTs is large over the use of thermocouples which have the added uncertainty of the need to maintain and account for the changes of temperature at the terminal strip where the data is acquired. PRTs should be connected according to manufacturer’s recommendation for using the 4-wire output to compensate for resistance changes in the cable All measurements of air temperature have to be taken in an aspirated radiation shield, except in areas where hoar frosting becomes a maintenance issue.

The need to place air temperature sensors on the Micro-Climate/Canopy array presented a unique problem. Profile systems on the Advanced BioMesoNet towers have associated with them IRGA or laser based measured of water vapor (absolute and relative humidity). We recommend vertical measurements of humidity also be made on the Micro-Climate/Canopy array. Placing a laser or IRGA to measure water vapor would be impractical. We recommend the use of the Viasala HMP 45c probe (Helsinki, Finland) for this application. This sensor can be calibrated and maintained by the NEON QA/QC lab, and measure air temperature and humidity simultaneously. In this way, NEON uses only 2 different types of temperature sensors, which will be calibrated and maintained in tandem. Wet and Dry Deposition. This measurement requires manual collection and analysis of deposition periodically (daily-monthly), and is time consuming for any technician. Considering the large time requirements, this would place a large time constraint for tower technicians and FSUs. A Nation Atmospheric Deposition Network (NADP, http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/) already exists with reasonably good spatial and temporal coverage. It is our suggestions that NEON partner with

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NADP, and only deploy wet/Dry collectors at NEON sites that require additional spatial coverage or as per specific scientific questions deem necessary. Other sensors conspicuously not present in the arrays are, Sap Flow sensors, Top-of tower mounted mobile digital cameras, and Soil Heat flux sensors. Costing does not include auxiliary power supplies or signal conditioning, data loggers, mounting, connectors and housing for the datalogger, any lightening protection for each individual signal cable, any components of the super structure, re. towers, shuttles etc

2. Specification of Product Levels for NEON FIU

Product Definition. A product is defined in this context as a collection of data that has been processed to a degree that will render it as a reasonable representation of physical environmental variables, with documentation that is complete enough to provide researchers with all the information they need to use the data, and with standards-based, uniform file formats and metadata. Product Level Definition. We define discrete product levels beginning at zero, with each level designed to support a class of research activities that may be associated with a set of processes, time scales, or space scales inherent to the product level. In general, product levels are sequential in complexity, with some degree of upstream dependencies implied by the product definition at a given level. Level 0 products are essentially the “raw” data, but we recommend that enough ancillary information be provided to user to allow quality screening and processing, including transformations into appropriate physical units. Product Levels Level 0: A. Considered as raw data from selected tower instruments collected at low frequency, (e.g., basic meteorological sensors, air temperature, relative humidity, dielectric constant from the soil water sensor, etc.) with no corrections applied, for use as abiotic variables in all studies. Time scales are ~1Hz or dependent on the time constant of the sensor (e.g., aquatic nutrient sondes). B. Raw high frequency data from selected tower instruments, e.g., sonic anemometers and gas analyzers, with no corrections applied, for use in turbulence, energy budget, and flux methodology studies. Time scales are ~10Hz. Level 1: A. Time averaged data directly estimated from the level 0 products from each sensor, e.g., meteorological, scalar gas concentrations, or nutrient samplers at an aggregated time scale e.g., 30-min. These data will contain gaps due to a variety of issues. Can include first-order descriptive statistics, e.g., mean, median, SD, variance, skewness, kurtosis, sample size, etc. B. Other first-order (moment) composite datasets at an aggregated time scale, 30-min., For example level 1A can be air temperature measured from each height through the plant canopy, level 1B is the time-average air temperature averaged through the whole profile.. Can include first-order descriptive statistics, e.g., mean, median, SD, variance, skewness, kurtosis, sample size, etc.

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Level 2: A. Derived, first-and second-order (moments) ecophysiological and canopy physical variables and rate constants that can be derived from the combination of Level 1 products and based on well established formulations. Uncertainty estimates are provided, which depend on assumptions about underlying bias in measurement and modeling methodologies. They can also include descriptive statistics, e.g., sample size, etc. Examples may include, Q10 temperature response in respiration, aerodynamic conductance, bulk canopy conductance, virtual temperature, potential temperature, density of air, heat capacity of air, saturation of vapor pressure, molar volume of air, light compensation point for carbon and water exchange, height integrated biological temperature or heat storage, zero plane displacement, etc. Level 3: A. Second-order (moments), 30-min scalar flux estimates (CO2, H2O, Sensible heat) from eddy covariance that contain all the appropriate unit conversions and corrections (high-frequency corrections, WPL corrections, Schotanus corrections, etc.) based on the combination of Level 0, 1 and 2 level products. Eddy covariance dataset over developed plant canopies includes both the turbulent exchange and the storage fluxes i.e., the scalar rate of change integrated vertically through the plant canopy. Level 3 products may also include other eddy covariance derived products, such as shear stresses, footprint source area estimation, integral timescales, peak spectral frequency, stability parameter, velocity deposition rates and quantities, etc. Level 3 products include a description of uncertainty and data quality flagging based on sensor performance (internal QA flag) and derived QA from turbulent statistics. Level 4: A. Disaggregated net ecosystem fluxes into total respiration and net photosynthesis. Statistical, mechanistic or process-based models may be used in deriving these quantities. Though, it is suggested that the approach is based on neural network regression (e.g. Hagen et al. 2006 and Richardson et al. in press). Comprehensive uncertainty information is provided. B. Using Level 4A disaggregated products, a gap filled, complete 30-min time series of net ecosystem fluxes are provided, along with description of the uncertainties. C. Canopy physical state variables and rate constants that can be based on inversion of a simple process model (e.g. Sacks et al. 2006 and Braswell et al. 2005). Level 5: A. Spatially extrapolated datasets based on remotely sensed data on land cover and seasonality. Product Categories. Data products will fall generally into three broad categories, meteorology, derived first- and second order (moment) quantities, and fluxes. These classifications are for convenience and all data types will be treated more or less equally, except for example that flux data are derived from level 0 products, while meteorology are initially processed to level 1. Products. [we have to decide if products will be available as individual variables or as suites of variables, grouped by category, time step, or level] Metadata. We recommend a machine-readable metadata document such as EML, or ecological markup language http://knb.ecoinformatics.org/software/eml/eml-2.0.1/ to accompany all data

http://knb.ecoinformatics.org/software/eml/eml-2.0.1/

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products. The data products and metadata would also benefit from services or software tools for parsing the metadata, written in commonly used scripting languages like Perl or Matlab. Filename structure. We suggest incorporating a filename nomenclature that can track each sensor, product level, and derived quantity in conjunction with a dynamic electronic metadata file. For example, WWXXYYYZ_A.csv, where WW is the domain name, XX is the tower identification, YY is the sensor identification or derived quantity, Z the measurement height, and A the product level.

3. Air temperature and humidity

General Notes • Part of Basic and advanced BioMesoNet towers, • Part of Basic BioMesoNet tower, Advanced BioMesoNet tower (profile system), Soil, Aquatic and

Micro-Climate/Canopy arrays • Primary recommendation is to use the PRT for all applications, except those that require air

temperature and humidity measurements not in the presence of other water vapor profile estimates, e.g., IRGA or laser.

• PRT can be custom made for aquatic applications. • Redundancy in temperature measurements is easy and is a good QA/QC procedure. A aspirated

PRT alongside a combination air temperature/RH sensor provides excellent longterm data quality. Hardware Alternatives Alternative #1

Temperature only, Platinum Resistance Thermometer (PRT or RTD)

Alternative #2: Temperature and Humidity (HMP45c)

Alternative #3: Humidity only (Chilled Mirror)

Life expectancy 10 years (for replacement) Power requirements 12 to 24 volts DC (or 120 VAC when using the heater). Units ºC Consumption < 4 mA @ 12 VDC < 4 mA @ 12 VDC 40 W @ 120 VAC Consumption For aspirated shield

Fan: Bigger power draw, heated probed, prevents condensation on sensor, greater reliability and stability, but higher initial cost, 100 mAmps Aspirated shield varies, for the Met One shield, 120 VAC = 20 Watts, or at 12 VDC = 250 mA

Hardware interface a linearizer may be required (4-wire ohm measurement, or 2 wire mV.

2 voltage diff, 1 ref voltage, 1-2 grounds)

120 VAC, 2 wire voltage diff, additional qa/qc (mirror cleaning) flags can be set.

Cost-Sensor $305, model 810, Omega Engineering Inc. Stamford CT

$600.00 Vaisala Inc (available from Campbell Scientific Inc, Logan UT)

Edgetech Inc., chilled mirror, $4100.00

Cost-Aspirated Shields

Shield 1 (recommended), RM Young, Traverse City, MI, model 43408 w/ sensor mount, $1000.00 ea. Shield 2, Met One Inc, Grants Pass, OR, model

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076B, $750.00 w/ 120’ of cable, Cabling and connectors are an additional cost.

Packaging challenges Aspiration, shielding, and additional custom shielding heavy Accessories Tower mounting hardware which may incorporate booms. Standardized

connectors. Military connectors, MILSPEC: but takes up space in panel)? Recommendation: place a large bulkhead panel on the outside of the data acquisition box. Calibration: HM141 indicator can be used to calibrate Vaisala HMP45 series sensors.

System health parameters

Built in diagnostics (future capability, not available yet), analog sensors either work or don’t. Need to have some status on whether the sensor is connected (may generate data which looks semi-sensible)

Accuracy Temp: 0.03 ºC, This can be achievable with in house calibration standards

Temp: 0.05 ºC, humidity: < 5% This can be achievable with in house calibration standards

Frequency of measurement

Scan frequency (execution interval) once every 5 sec. Preferably the raw data (= scanned raw data) to be stored at NEON central archive, for calibration purposes.

Temporal resolution of archival datasets

Statistical description archived every 15-min, 30-min, and 24 h, which includes, mean, min, max, variance, SD, skewness, and kurtosis

Other Issues: • On the Advance BioMesoNet towers, the temperature, relative humidity and CO2 need to be measured at the same heights. • Temperature measurements have to be aspirated

Interface (if any: type, purpose)

Serial or calibrated voltage current.

Meta data S/N, calibration and maintenance records Remote tasking capability

No tasking of instrument itself, but the platform should still be taskable

Serial or pulse

Upgrade capability and mechanisms

Not necessary if the sensors are calibrated/adjusted

Replacement.

Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensors need to be tested and calibrated at least once a year with a NIST traceable standard Redundancy tests with paired temperature sensor can be done in the datastream Plausibility tests can be done in the datastream. Use of roving standards or portable QA/QC system should visit periodically, every 1-2 y. In house calibration lab can be established to assure QA/QC of these sensors. ALT5 can have mirror cleaning flags set All gauge types need uniform lab calibrations preformed once a year

QA/QC • Sensors need to be tested and calibrated at least once a year with a NIST traceable standard

• Redundancy tests with paired temperature sensor can be done in the datastream

• Plausibility tests can be done in the datastream. • Use of roving standards or portable QA/QC system

should visit periodically, every 1-2 y. • In house calibration lab can be established to assure

• Sensors need to be tested and calibrated at least once a year with a NIST traceable standard

• can have mirror cleaning flags set

• plausibility and redundancy tests

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QA/QC of these sensors.

Location of security (protocols)

Installation, Operations, Maintenance

Replacement. Replacement.

Installation Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-processing for calibration, error correction. RFID preferred so that the IDs of the hardware can be read and stored in hand-held. Careful of placement for exposure as per standard meteorological practice.

Testing, in-field test harnesses

Not required

Maintenance Aspiration fans and shields should be checked twice a month and kept clean. Fan maintenance. Twice a month, or monthly redundancy check Mandatory Annual calibration, may be adjusted for different environments.

mirror needs to be periodically cleaned

Failure (MTBF, Mean time to repair, Service interval)

Aspirated shield- Service interval = 2 years to service fan (replace the fan regardless of whether it’s broken)

Interoperability yes

4. Atmospheric Pressure

General Notes • Part of Basic and Advanced BioMesoNet towers,

Hardware Life expectancy 10 years (for replacement) Power requirements 12 to 24 volts DC. Units Static (not dynamic) KPa Consumption <= 30 mAmps Hardware interface RS 232, RS 485, voltage output. Cost $1000, $250 static pressure port. Triple redundancy = $2500 (not required for

our application), $600 version would work if the temperature is controlled. Recommended CS105: Vaisala PTB220 Barometric Pressure Sensor

Packaging challenges May need to be heated (for analog) Accessories Standardized connectors. Military connectors (MILSPEC: but takes up space in

panel)? Because of maintenance and number of sensors, recommend MILSPEC. Recommendation: specify a limited set of MILSPEC connector types (3 wire, vs 5 wire, etc)


Built in diagnostics (future capability, not available yet), analog sensors either work or don’t. Need to have some status on whether the sensor is connected (may generate data which looks semi-sensible)

Accuracy 1.5 millibar Frequency of Scan frequency (execution interval) once every 1 min.

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measurement Preferably the raw data (= scanned raw data) to be stored at NEON central archive, for calibration purposes.



Other Issues: Analog sensors may be sensitive to temperature and may need to be warmed in colder environments (i.e., Alaska). If the CO2 closed-path IRGA is going to be climate controlled, then collocation with the IRGA may be desirable. Static pressure port is something to consider. If we are going to use atmospheric pressure to calculate other quantities, such as molar volume, then the physical co-location with the closed-path IRGA may be important if the IRGA is mounted on very tall towers.

Software Interface (if any: type, purpose)


Meta data support Not necessary if the sensors are calibrated/adjusted Meta data Remote tasking capability

No tasking of instrument itself, but the platform should still be taskable.


Replacement.

QA/QC Plausibility checks, redundancy checks Location of security (protocols)

Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-

processing for calibration, error correction. RFID preferred so that the IDs of the hardware can be read and stored in hand-held.


Not required.

Maintenance Annual calibration/check, may be adjusted for different environments. Cleaning of the pressure port.


Way to repair is to replace the part

Interoperability Swappable and interchangeable?

Yes

5. Precipitation-rain gauge

General Notes • Part of Basic and advanced BioMesoNet towers, • Prefer a non-mechanical instrument. • Probably have a tipping bucket rain gauge for all sites. • Heated buckets are problematic unless you have line power, but you can save power by turning off

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the heater when its use is not required. • $6K rain gauge on high end, measures weight of water, empties it regularly. $400 on low eng. • Acoustics to measure precip: measures 6 parms • Measurement frequency should be greater if interested in intensity and erosion rate. • National Weather Service standard is 8 inch for tipping bucket rain gauge.

Hardware Alternatives Alternative #1 (tipping

rain bucket) w/ add on heater for snow

Alternative #2: $2500 acoustic device, measures 6 parms, low maintenance

Alternative #3: siphoning tipping bucket

Life expectancy 10 years (for replacement)

Power requirements 12 to 24 volts DC (or 120 VAC when using the heater).

Units mm Consumption ~ 5 amp max Hardware interface If we wish to have

accurate data, RS 232, RS 485, voltage output.

Cost met one heater $1300 $2500 $1300 Packaging challenges 1 single-ended pulse

signal, 2 grounds, plus switching signals for heater.

Accessories Tower mounting hardware which may incorporate booms. **needs a wind screen around the circumference of the sensor to prevent re-suspension of rain our of the sensor during windy conditions


Accuracy 0.1 mm Frequency of measurement

Pulse counting or control porting



Other Issues: no snow measurement, possibly lower accuracy, and not able to measure lateral precipitation

Other Issues Rain gauges need to be above the canopy and not influenced by any tower structures Rain gauges need to have dampeners mounted around the knive-edge of the collector to maintain high accuracy, i.e., avoid blowing precipitation out of the collector by winds measurement heights, Z (m): needs to vary dependent on vegetation height and adequate fetch. For vegetative canopies < 1.5 m, measurement height should be 4 m For vegetative canopies > 1.5 m, measurement height should be 8z0 above d,

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where z0 is the aerodynamic roughness length (m) and d is the zero plane displacement height (m).

Software Alternatives Alternative #1: Tipping

rain Alternative #2: Acoustic

Alternative #3: all weather precip single load cell


Pulse when it tips Serial Serial or pulse

Meta data support Not necessary if the sensors are calibrated/adjusted


Meta data Remote tasking capability

none none none


Replacement. Replacement. Replacement.

QA/QC All gauge types need uniform lab calibrations preformed once a year Location of security (protocols)

Plausibility tests, redundancy tests

Installation, Operations, Maintenance Alternatives Alternative #1: Tipping

rain Alternative #2: Acoustic

Alternative #3: all weather precip single load cell

Installation Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-processing for calibration, error correction. RFID preferred so that the IDs of the hardware can be read and stored in hand-held. Careful of placement for exposure as per standard met practice.


Not required.

Maintenance Need to clean debris that may have fallen into the bucket. Annual calibration/check, may be adjusted for different environments.

Wiping dust off acoustic sensor. No other maintenance is needed.

Need to clean debris that may have fallen into the bucket. Choosing/dealing with the correct type of antifreeze that is non-toxic and non-disruptive to the environment. Disposal issue. Replace diluted antifreeze.



Yes Yes Yes

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6. Precipitation-snow pillows

General Notes • Not part of any system at this time • Prefer a non-mechanical instrument. • new technologies may be available by the time of build-out,

http://www.wsl.ch/staff/manfred.staehli/snowpower/publications.ehtml • Snow pillow technology shouldbe in concert with measurements criteria used by NRCS SNOTEL

http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ • Not needed at all sites

Hardware Life expectancy 10 years (for replacement) Power requirements Units units of weight, grams Need conversion to get water equivant, temperature is

needed as well. Consumption Hardware interface . Cost $9000 ea, 4 are needed per site Packaging challenges Accessories System health parameters

Accuracy Frequency of measurement

Pulse counting



Other Issues: no sure of the accuracy Other Issues Software Interface (if any: type, purpose)

Meta data support Meta data Remote tasking capability


Replacement.

QA/QC Location of security (protocols)


processing for calibration, error correction. RFID preferred so that the IDs of the hardware can be read and stored in hand-held. Careful of placement for exposure as per standard met practice.

http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/

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Not required.

Maintenance Need to clean debris that may have fallen into the bucket. Annual calibration/check, may be adjusted for different environments. Wiping dust off acoustic sensor.



Yes

Data Products Level 1 Level other

7. Precipitation-snow depth

General Notes • Not part of any system at this time • Prefer a non-mechanical instrument. • For snow depth, sonic depth transducer (may only be needed at ½ the sites).

Hardware Alternatives sonic snow depth sensor

Life expectancy 10 years (for replacement) Power requirements 9 to 14 volts DC Units mm Consumption ~ 250 mA max Hardware interface SDI-12, Serial or pulse (4 wire) Cost Model SR50-L, $1200 plus booms and mounting

Other ultra-sonic snow depth sensor (SNOTEL)$ 950 plus booms and mounting Packaging challenges , requires an external temperature compensation, needs to have independent

view angle to snow cover, which means it must be mounted securely away from any tower structures (i.e. Booms)

Accessories System health parameters

Plausibility and redundancy tests

Accuracy ±1 cm or 0.4% odf the distance to tagrget (whichever is larger). 0.1 mm precision


1 s



Other Issues: One point measurement, may need more measurements to get a precise

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spatial average. Caution should be used to ensure that its placement is not in a n area where snow normally drifts

Other Issues snow depth gauges need to be above themax snow depth and not influenced by any tower structures


SDI-12, Serial ASCII, or pulse

Meta data support Not necessary if the sensors are calibrated/adjusted Meta data Remote tasking capability

Addressable only


Replacement.

QA/QC Location of security (protocols)




Not required.

Maintenance Need to clean debris that may have fallen into the bucket. Annual calibration/check, may be adjusted for different environments. Annual transducer replacements and quality checks



Yes

8. Wind speed and direction (2D, ultrasonic)

General Notes • Part of Basic and advanced BioMesoNet towers, • It may be preferable to have a second, or analog style anemometer for wind speed and

direction. We will have some redundancy that can be used as a data quality check by having data from the 3-d anemometer

• Should report both corrected for declination and not-corrected. Hardware Alternatives Alternative #1 (ultrasonic) Alternative #2 (ultrasonic) Life expectancy 10 years (for replacement) 15 – 20 years Power requirements 9 to 30 VDC 9 to 30 VDC (@ 3A), and 24 vdc or

16

vac for heater option Units Wind speed = m s-1

Wind direction = degrees Though we have to be uniform in our reporting of wind direction whether it includes magnetic declination or not (since magnetic declination changes each year).

Consumption 40 mA 40 mA, more with heater Hardware interface SDI-12, serial, 4 wire, 1 single ended

measure, power, reference voltage, and shield

RS422, or analog 0-5 vdc or 4-20 mA

Cost Gill 28 2-d sonic $1200 Gill wind observer II $3000 Packaging challenges Mounting needs to be free of flow distortions from the tower or other booms

and sensors. Accessories boom and mounting. Heater for de-icing System health parameters

Outputs data quality checks

Accuracy Units mounted lower in the canopy must be able to measure lower wind speed. 0.2 m/sec. ± 0.135 m/sec. (0.3 m/sec for lower cost version) This unit output resolution for direction ±1º , accuracy is ±2% of the reading, precision is ±0.01 m s-1

Wind direction, accuracy ±2º, precision ±1 Wind velocity accuracy ±2%, precision ±0.01 m s-1,


Scan frequency (execution interval) once every 1 sec (internally measures at 40 Hz and outputs 1 Hz data). Preferably the raw data (= scanned raw data) to be stored at NEON central archive, for calibration purposes.



Other Issues: Want to have low profile instrument to minimize bird nesting, etc. With ultrasonic versions, probably need to look at heated ones. Nation Buoy Center about to deploy FAA approved ones throughout.

Software Alternatives Alternative #1 (ultrasonic) Alternative #2 (mechanical:

spinning cup and vane) Interface (if any: type, purpose)

Serial Analog or serial.

Meta data support Not necessary if the sensors are calibrated/adjusted


No sleeping.


Replacement.

QA/QC Data quality flagging available Location of security (protocols)

Alternatives Alternative #1 (ultrasonic) Alternative #2 (mechanical:

17

spinning cup and vane) Installation Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-



Not required. Not required.

Maintenance Annual offset check, can be done in field.

Bearing replacement, at least annual.


Replace rather than repair. Replace rather than repair.


Yes Yes

9. Above Canopy Incoming, reflected, total & diffuse solar radiation

General Notes • Part of Basic BioMesoNet tower, Advanced BioMesoNet tower (profile system), Aquatic and

canopy arrays • Recommended rigorous calibration and maintenance schedule • Hemispheric view of the sky. • By the time build-out occurs Kipp and Zonen will have some new robust sensors that may be good

alternatives to ALT 2, • Heated sensor prevents dew or frost accumulation, leading to potentially longer lifespan/ less

problems, but higher power consumption •

Hardware Alternatives Alternative #1 (lower

cost pyranometer) Alternative #2 (2 band short and long u/w and d/w sensor: radiometer)

Delta-T: measures diffuse, total, and sunshine duration

Life expectancy Probably 5 - 10 years (if water gets into sensor, degrades more rapidly), but potential lifetime is long…

Power requirements 5-15 VDC 5-15 VDC Units μmol m-2 s-1 W m-2 W m-2 Consumption With heater 12-15 VDC

~ 1,5 A max With heater 12-15 VDC ~ 1,5

A max Hardware interface RS-232 4 pairs of dfferenttial

0-5 volt channels plus, grounding, plus 12 VDC heater

RS-232

18

Cost K+Z PAR-lite $375 K+Z CNR-1 $5100 Delta-t SPN-1 $5100 Packaging challenges

Boom and mounting hardware


none

Accuracy Temperature dependency 0.2% C-1

CM3 Accuracy < 10% for daily sums

Accuracy ±5% Precision 0.6 W m-2


< 0.1 s ~ 18 ms < 200ms


1 second for level 0

Other Issues: Regular maintenance: cleaning of the sensors. Software Alternatives Alternative #1 (lower


Delta-T: gives diffuse, total, and sunshine duration


Analog Analog Analog or serial. Calibration and config software optional.

Meta data support Calibration constants, serial #, date of install, calibration constants.

Remote tasking capability


Replacement. Replacement. Replacement.

QA/QC Its response to PPFD needs to be checked regularly. This can be done annually with in-house calibration facilities and periodically with site visits with portable standards.

Factory recalibration every 2 years


Installation, Operations, Maintenance Alternatives Alternative #1 (lower


Delta-T: gives diffuse, total, and sunshine duration

Installation Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-processing for calibration, error correction. RFID preferred so that the IDs of the hardware can be read and stored in hand-held. Careful of placement for exposure as per standard met practice. Proper leveling especially important.


Maintenance Cleaning and maintenance of domes

Cleaning of the acrylic surface, bird-proof

Cleaning of the acrylic surface, bird-proof domes,

19

domes, replacement of dessicants.

replacement of dessicants.


Annual Calibrations


Yes Yes Yes

Data Products Level 1 Level other

10. Net radiation

General Notes • Part of Alternative #1 Part of Advanced BioMesoNet tower, Alternative #2 part of Basic

BioMesoNet tower, • Net radiation can be calculated with a pyranometer and pyrgeometer or measured directly with a

one-sensor system, cf. the description of the Kipp and Zonen CNR-1 above.. Multisensor systems exist that can be programmed to output net radiation + a number of other variables (i.e., solar radiation, net far infrared radiation, soil temperature, and sky temperature).

• Heated sensor prevents dew or frost accumulation, leading to potentially longer lifespan/ less problems, but higher power consumption.

Hardware Alternatives Alternative #1- multiple sensors-

up/down facing pyranometers + pyrgeometers-

Alternative #2 – net radiometer- (single sensor)

Life expectancy Probably 5 - 10 years (if water gets into sensor, degrades more rapidly), but potential lifetime is long…

Power requirements no power required Consumption Hardware interface various 2 diff voltages and grounding Cost K+Z Pyranometers

CMP6 CMP11 CMP22 K+Z Pyrgeometers CG4 Eppley Pyrgeometer PIR $5200 Eppley Pyranometer PSP $5200

K+Z NR lite $1200

Packaging challenges

Heacy to mount with heaters, extra support needed for booms

Accessories heaters System health

20

parameters Accuracy ±10% for daily totals Frequency of measurement

Other Issues: Advantage: albedo, solar radiation, net far infrared radiation, soil temperature, sky temperature, and net total radiation can be calculated. Has a heater- prevents dew and frost accumulation Damage possible from birds pecking at the domes- spikes or artificial snakes can be used to avoid this.

Can be affected by dew/ condensation

Software Alternatives Alternative #1- pyranometers +

pyrgeometers- Alternative #2 – net radiometer


Analog Analog

Meta data support Remote tasking capability


Possible to upgrade and recalibrate

Installation, Operations, Maintenance Alternatives Alternative #1- pyranometers +

pyrgeometers- Alternative #2 – net radiometer

Installation Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-processing for calibration, error correction. RFID preferred so that the IDs of the hardware can be read and stored in hand-held. Proper leveling especially important. Orient toward south in northern hemisphere and above any obstructions; usually mounted about 2 m above ground or above the plant canopy


Maintenance Cleaning and maintenance of domes Cleaning and maintenance of domes for domed; sensor surfaces for non-domed; Occasional replacement of wind shield (every 3- 6 months) and desiccant (check monthly) for Q 7.1.


Factory calibration every two years


21

11. Soil moisture

General Notes • Part of Soil Array • Number of measurement depths in the soil profile with be dependant on accessibility (depth to

bedrock/parent material), and number of soil horizons, but 3 depths likely insufficient. Recommend 6 measurement levels, 10, 20, 50, 70, 1 m, 2m. Go deeper than a meter, to 2 m. Upper active profiles will require more sensors to estimate soil properties, compared to those found at the lower horizons. It may be instructive to place sensors on a logarithmic scale.

• Different types of soils will have site specific calibration requirements and equations (mixing models), so important to keep the raw data.

• In rocky soils, must be aware that rock is treated as “0” and integrated into the measurement with both FDR and Scintek

Hardware Alternatives Alternative #1 (FDR CS616) Alternative #2 (Scintek

Environsmart) Life expectancy >4 years >4 years Power requirements 12 VDC 4 – 15 VDC Consumption Needs pulsed 65 mA @ 12 VDC signal

to activate/enable, 45 mA when quinesscent

15 mAmp - 150 mAmp when measuring

Hardware interface Period averaging, serial stream. SDI12 = serial standard (Developed by Campbell Scientific). Can be installed in a wireless network/NIMS system

Contains logic that pre-processes the data before sending it over to the data logger.

Cost $160 per sensor. $1000 + $200 per sensor per level. 6 profiler: $1868.

Packaging challenges Need access to soil profile, need a siol pit and well designed access.

Just auger a hole and stuff it in. Manual auger (may still be difficult in rocky soil).

Accessories Need to have temperature sensor at same depth for calibration.

Need a installation kit (tube, auger) (there’s one which costs $4500, one time fee).


Accuracy ±2.5 % of VWC 5 sig digits in percentage (resolution), ± 1%


15 – 30 mins. Instruments are scanning more often than 15 – 30 mins. Down to every minute if desired. Scanned and averaged.

Ditto


30 minute and/or hourly means

Other Issues: Can be deployed in a horizontal array. Once you get above a certain % VWC (~85%), unreliable. Gives you free water, not frozen. May destroy sensor

only measures free water, not frozen. No need to calibrate for various types of soils. Easily removed and replaced, easily redeployed.

22

in the process of redeployment because excavation required. Conversion of the dialectric constant to soil water content will have to be determined for each soil type.


Analog. Serial. Analog or serial.

Meta data support Soil info obtained from installation (complete profiling of soils at all sites: contact Natural Resources Conservation Services).

Soil info obtained from installation (complete profiling of soils at all sites: contact Soil Conservation services).


Can be tasked (from the platform end) so that sampling frequency should be higher when raining.

Want taskability (from the platform end) so that sampling frequency should be higher when raining.


Highly invasive. Replacement is possible.

QA/QC Site specific calibration, prior to deployment. Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Dig a pit! Careful refilling of soil pit or

other access design is critical to avoid preferential flow. Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-processing for calibration, error correction. RFID preferred so that the IDs of the hardware can be read and stored in hand-held.

Small core. Careful refilling critical to avoid preferential flow.


Not required. Easy.

Maintenance Not possible.

Sensor replacement possible.


Total failure. Prone to lightning failure. Replace rather than repair. Prone to lightning failure. Periodic replacement of desiccants, annual.


No Yes

Data Products Level 0 30 minute or 1 hour soil moisture contents for each probe depth and array. Level 1 30 minute or 1 hour mean site soil moisture content by depth Level 2 30 minute or 1 hour mean site soil moisture content by depth, corrected for soil

texture, rock content.

23

12. Soil temperature

General Notes • Part of Soil Array • Number of measurement depths in the soil profile with be dependant on accessibility (depth to

bedrock/parent material), and number of soil horizons, but 3 depths likely insufficient. Recommend 6 measurement levels, 10, 20, 50, 70, 1 m, 2m. Go deeper than a meter, to 2 m. Upper active profiles will require more sensors to estimate soil properties, compared to those found at the lower horizons. It may be instructive to place sensors on a logarithmic scale.

Hardware Alternatives Alternative #1 (thermocouple array) Alternative #2 (thermistor array) Life expectancy 10 year + 10 year + Power requirements 12 VDC, taken from logger voltage

differential

Consumption Negligible Negligible Hardware interface Analog to logger Analog to logger Cost $400 for multiple TC (6 sensors 75’

long) Campbell CS108-L $160

Packaging challenges Installed via invasive and labor intensive soil pit; after pit is dug, sensors are installed horizontally into the walls of the soil pit. Or sensors can be fabricated on plastic rods for easy insertion, but freeze/thaw will push sensors out over time and must be re-inserted. Either method must be made soil moisture proof and exposed wires must be made animal proof.

Installed via invasive and labor intensive soil pit; after pit is dug, sensors are installed horizontally into the walls of the soil pit. Exposed wires must be made animal proof.

Accessories Profile harness on which sensors are mounted.

Profile harness on which sensors are mounted.


Accuracy ±0.1 ºC with accurate reference temperature at the measurement location, i.e., datalogger, Type T Copper-Constantine

±0.2-0.3 ºC


30-min to time mesh with eddy covariance data stream

30-min to time mesh with eddy covariance data stream



Other Issues: Need to shield/bury exposed wires from solar radiation to avoid signal contamination

Need to shield/bury exposed wires from solar radiation to avoid signal contamination

Software Interface (if any: Analog, passive sensor Analog, passive sensor

24

type, purpose) Meta data support Soil info obtained from installation

(complete profiling of soils at all sites: contact Natural Resources Conservation Services).

Soil info obtained from installation (complete profiling of soils at all sites: contact Natural Resources Conservation Services).


Can be used in a wireless remote network/NIMS

Can be used in a wireless remote network/NIMS


NA NA

QA/QC Plausibility tests, redundancy tests Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Co-located with soil moisture. Insert a

probe that is pounded into the ground (an option as opposed to having to dig a pit.) Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-processing for calibration, error correction. RFID preferred so that the IDs of the hardware can be read and stored in hand-held.

Co-located with soil moisture. Insert a probe that is pounded into the ground (an option as opposed to having to dig a pit.) Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-processing for calibration, error correction. RFID preferred so that the IDs of the hardware can be read and stored in hand-held.


Digital volt meter. Digital volt meter.

Maintenance Not possible. Not possible. Failure (MTBF, Mean time to repair, Service interval)

Total failure. Prone to lightning failure.

Total failure. Prone to lightning failure.

Interoperability NA NA Swappable and interchangeable?

May be interchangeable if sensors are housed within a rod.

May be interchangeable if sensors are housed within a rod.

Data Products Level 0 30 minute or 1 hour soil moisture contents for each probe depth and array. Level 1 30 minute or 1 hour mean site soil moisture content by depth Level 2 30 minute or 1 hour mean site soil moisture content by depth, corrected for soil

texture, rock content.

13. Soil CO2 respiration

General Notes • Part of Soil Array • Chambers can be associated with below ground CO2 profiles, and in association with soil

moisture and temperature. • New, lower power consumption instrument may be available from Li-Cor at the time of build-

out (from the Li-8100) • Do not work under snow

Hardware Automated soil respiration system

25

Life expectancy 10 years Power requirements 12 V DC or 120-240 V AC. Consumption 2.5 amp for LI-COR 8100 (system) + 8150 (multiplexer)+16 chambers, 2.2amp

for 4 chambers. Hardware interface 802.11b from the LI-8100 control box. Data output = raw data + processed data.

8100 box comes with data logger integrated as a system. Some other things which you can plug into the 8100 data logger: soil moisture + temp at each collar if desired.

Cost Console = $13K, Multiplexer (supports up to 16 chambers) = $15 - $20K, Chambers = $5500 each


• May be prone to animal damage. • Measurement collars upon which the chambers sit may move over time

(freeze/thaw). • Roots are initially severed in the collars during installation, but grow

back (1 month to 1 year). • Must be chained down or somehow attached permanently to the ground

(water proof boxes are a theft risk). • Exposed hoses need to be shielded from UV damage (solar tape).

Accessories Soil thermistors and water content sensors for each chamber, Vaisala soil CO2 profile sensors (see following section).


Manual checking that nothing has fallen on the chamber. 8100: data gets flagged if chamber is not closed or other anomalies.

Accuracy Internal IRGA has accuracy of ±1.5 % of the concentration measurements Frequency of measurement

1 or more measurement per hour per chamber. Dependent on the number of chambers used (typically 5-min are needed to measure each chamber)


Raw data of changing CO2 concentration in each chamber, logged every minute for 3-10 minutes. Statistical description archived every hour, which includes, mean, min, max, variance, SD, skewness, and kurtosis

Other Issues: Should consider site specific experimental studies of with or without vegetation, or combination of both if applicable. Prefer vegetation free spot. (Issue of ecosystem gas exchange vs. soil exchange.) In situations where ground vegetation can be measured without hampering chamber closure, ecosystem structure should be maintained in a subset of chambers. Removal of herbaceous growth can alter root dynamics. Chamber deployment from multiplexer: radius limit of 15 m.


Serial or wireless

Meta data support Collar ID, Chamber ID, date, time, geolocation, vegetation / ground cover (associated with each chamber), soil chemistry, soil texture, root mass, litter mass.


Yes.


Software upgrades likely from time to time, requires a two-way interface (e.g. wireless, PCMCIA card). Replace components.

QA/QC Site specific measurement specifications (i.e. length of measurement time) can be adjusted as needed. However, fluxes are determined from raw during post

26

processing so measurement time can be altered on a site specific basis without changing individual systems in the field. Plausibility tests Can use standard addition of known concentration and rates to determine active chamber volume (See work by P. Crill)

Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Co-located with soil moisture. Sampling design needs to be examined,

geostatistical considerations to be taken into account. Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-processing for calibration, error correction. RFID preferred so that the IDs of the hardware can be read and stored in hand-held.


NA

Maintenance Weekly inspections of chamber lids. Gas analyzer calibration can be built in, checked automatically. Filters need to be changed periodically every 6 months as a starting point. Maintenance schedule will mirror that of CO2 flux system. Check for animal damage. Leak checks critical.


Typical turn-around repair from 2 – 4 weeks.


Yes

Data Products Level 0 Internal chamber CO2 concentrations over measurement interval, concomitant

soil temperature/soil moisture, and possibly the soil CO2 concentration data from the soil CO2 profile system.

Level 1 Soil CO2 flux by chamber, concomitant soil temperature/soil moisture, and possibly the soil CO2 concentration data from the soil CO2 profile system.

Level 2 Site mean soil CO2 flux, concomitant soil temperature/soil moisture, and possibly the soil CO2 concentration data from the soil CO2 profile system. Soil CO2 profile data can also be used to compute fluxes based on diffusion constants.

14. Soil CO2 profile system

General Notes • Part of Soil Array • Soil CO2 profile sensors can be logged through soil respiration system

Hardware Automated soil respiration system Life expectancy 5-10 years Power requirements 12 V DC or 120-240 V AC. (powered from soil respiration system) Consumption Max 0.3 amp, 3.5 W Hardware interface Chamber sensor interface of soil respiration system Cost Viasala model GMP343, $2500 each (3 levels, 3 arrays) = $22,500

27


Exposed wires need to be shielded from UV damage (solar tape).

Accessories Soil water sheath (prevents liquid water from entering measurement cell, but allows gas diffusion, Gore-Tex type membrane).


NA

Accuracy ±2.5% of concentration (0-4000ppm) Frequency of measurement

1 or more measurement per hour per array


Raw data of CO2 concentration in soil profile. Statistical description archived every hour, which includes, mean, min, max, variance, SD, skewness, and kurtosis

Other Issues: Sensors will need to be shielded from particulate soil entering measurement cell. Not applicable in saturated soils


Analog

Meta data support Similar to soil chambers: probe ID, date, time, depth, vegetation / ground cover (associated with each chamber), soil chemistry, soil texture.


Yes.


Software upgrades likely from time to time, requires a two-way interface (e.g. wireless, PCMCIA card). Replace components.

QA/QC Plausibly and redundancy tests Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Co-located with soil respiration. Sampling design needs to be examined,

geostatistical considerations to be taken into account. Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-processing for calibration, error correction. RFID preferred so that the IDs of the hardware can be read and stored in hand-held.


NA

Maintenance Yearly calibration. Failure (MTBF, Mean time to repair, Service interval)


Interoperability NA Swappable and interchangeable?

Yes

Data Products Level 0 Raw data of CO2 concentration from each soil sensor. Level 1 30-min or hourly mean of soil CO2 concentration data by depth. Level 2 Site mean soil CO2 flux computed from soil diffusion constants, soil CO2

concentration and ground level atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

28

15. Soil water potential

General Notes • Part of Soil Array • These sensors cannot be frozen, so it is difficult to make year round measurements in areas with

season frozen soil. Can develop functional relationships between soil water potential and changes in soil water content. This may be a practical alternative to sites that cannot support year round measures.

Hardware water matrix potential sensor Life expectancy ~4 y Power requirements Requires a heat source and 12 VDC power supply Consumption 50 mA per sensor Hardware interface Cost 229-L $155.00 each, 8-channel excitation $268.00 each Packaging challenges

Needs current regulator, separate device



Other Issues: Fussy equipment System health parameters

NA

Accuracy ±2.5% of concentration (0-4000ppm) Frequency of measurement

1 or more measurement per hour per array


Raw data of CO2 concentration in soil profile. Statistical description archived every hour, which includes, mean, min, max, variance, SD, skewness, and kurtosis

Other Issues: Sensors will need to be shielded from particulate soil entering measurement cell. Not applicable in saturated soils


Analog, voltage differential

Meta data support NA Remote tasking capability

unknown


Replace components.

QA/QC Plausibly and redundancy tests Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Co-located with soil respiration. Sampling design needs to be examined,

geostatistical considerations to be taken into account. See manual Testing, in-field test harnesses

NA

Maintenance Yearly calibration.

29



Interoperability NA Swappable and interchangeable?

Yes

Data Products Level 0 Raw data from each soil sensor. Level 1 30-min or hourly mean data by depth.

16. Root & mycorrhizae phenology

General Notes • Part of Soil Array

Hardware Automated Mini-rhizotron (series of tubes with a robotic camera traveling down a vertical shaft) Life expectancy Tubes >= 8 years

Motor drive: unknown units Power requirements Low powered DC. Consumption Ask Hamilton Hardware interface USB (provides images + position information) Cost Camera system: $800 – $900

$2000 - $5000 per unit total Packaging challenges

Freeze and thaws, animals that disturb the tubes. Lag time for installation for it to recover.


Implicit from image analysis. Should have some feedback from robotic system about whether motor is running properly. Applies to all robotic systems.

Accuracy Unknown, partially depends on the work of the FSU Frequency of measurement

Every 2 weeks, or more frequently TBD


Other Issues: Provide some pan/tilt for camera Software Interface (if any: type, purpose)

Digital USB image, two way interface

Meta data support Specification location of camera, scan time, date time Remote tasking capability

Yes.


Replace components.

QA/QC Automated controls, or universal training of FSUs Location of security (protocols)


30

Installation Co-located with soil moisture. Requires it own core to be dug. Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-processing for calibration, error correction. RFID preferred so that the IDs of the hardware can be read and stored in hand-held.


Maintenance Lubrication of tracks, parts, cleaning of lenses. Dessicants. Failure (MTBF, Mean time to repair, Service interval)

TBD


Yes

17. Soil NO3 and O2 profile

General Notes • Part of Soil Array • No easy, automated means of measure

Hardware Life expectancy Power requirements Consumption Hardware interface Cost Packaging challenges



Other Issues: System health parameters



Other Issues: Software Interface (if any: type, purpose)

Meta data support

31



QA/QC Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Testing, in-field test harnesses

Maintenance Failure (MTBF, Mean time to repair, Service interval)


Data Products Level 0 Level 1 Level 2

18. Soil pH

General Notes • Part of Soil Array • Quality of measurement depends largely on the amount of soil water. Question the utility of this

measure. • It may be just as easy and more accurate if the FSU measures pH monthly..

Hardware Life expectancy 2 y Power requirements Consumption unknown Hardware interface Analog, differential voltage Cost $300, Campbell Scientific CSIM-11 pH Probe Packaging challenges


none

Accuracy ±0.1 pH unit Frequency of measurement

continuous

Other Issues: Needs to be calibrated periodically, making installation in the soil profile questionable


32






19. Eddy covariance of CO2 and H2O

General Notes • Integral to the Advanced BioMesoNet Tower • Needs active control of temperature, pressure and flow for stable output • EXTENSIVE CALIBRATION and MAINTENANCE– see appended notes

Hardware Life expectancy >5 year Power requirements 110V AC Units e-6mole/mole and e-3 mole/mole (CO2 and H2O relative to dry air) Consumption TBD Hardware interface Serial or analog Cost ~$15K for Infra-red gas analyzer (IRGA), + pressure, flow, and temp

control, +calibration system, ~60K each w/o 3-d sonic anemometer (see elsewhere), a 3 gas scalar (CO2, H2O, CH4) CRDS will likely be available and cost competitive.

Packaging challenges Temperature stability, pressure and flow control, calibration Weatherproof enclosure designed for on-tower deployment

Accessories Pressure/flow control, calibration valves, calibration gas, regulators for compressed gases. Source of CO2-free air or constant CO2 reference gas Bypass pump


Pressure, flow temperature, “ready-light” status, data quality flagging from IRGA


10Hz (slow frequency for ‘housekeeping’ data)


10Hz (housekeeping data averaged to integration periods for cal and flux measurement.

33

Status saved as time series of the transitions Other Issues: Record valve status Interface (if any: type, purpose)

Serial or analog Analog setpoints for pressure and flow control, Analog output from pressure and flow controller and temperature Relay control for calibration valves on/off

Meta data Needs extensive meta data, to start, http://public.ornl.gov/ameriflux/sop.shtml Remote tasking capability

Instrument can be programmed, Most useful remote tasking would be actuation of calibration valves via data logger and modification of pressure/flow setpoints


Replace analyzer, upgrade software

QA/QC Flux diagnostics include analysis of spectra and cospectra, lagged covariances Location of security (protocols)

various

Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation • 2 options: analyzer inside building at base of tower – does not require

weatherproof housing, but variable inlet length between different installations must be accounted for (changing lag and differences in attenuation)

• Or locate analyzer in a weatherproof enclosure that is located a fixed distance from anemometer at all installations. Requires more rigorous temperature control (heat and cool) and good weathertight enclosure, and will be a little harder to install and service


NO

Maintenance Replace inlet filter periodically, service the source of CO2-free air for reference cell, or replace reference gas, annual cleaning or replacement of inlet lines – adjust frequency depending on performance of water vapor signals Check and adjust pressure and flowmeter offsets and calibration Periodic replacement of calibration gas


Interoperability Yes Swappable and interchangeable?

Yes

Data Products Level 0 Raw time series of high frequency data Level 1 Computed (~ 30-min) fluxes, diagnostic spectra/co-spectra for evaluating Level higher Integrated fluxes at daily, seasonal annual times, partitioned NEE,GEE, R

Model based filled data sets

34

3-d Wind velocities for flux measurements – Sonic anemometer

General Notes

• Integral to the Advanced BioMesoNet Tower • 3-d sonic anemometer together with fast-response concentration analyzers is the heart of flux

measurement capability Hardware Life expectancy Multiple years Power requirements 12-24VDC Units m/s and ºC Consumption 1.2 W @ 20 Hz measurement Hardware interface ATI connects via single cable with serial data line, power and control (e.g. reset

lines)

T control

Open face filter near sonic anemometer

MFC MFC

~1% CO2

IRGA P

ballastPcon

PBypass pump requireIf sample flow alone is Not adequate to maintain Turbulent flow and short delay time Include manual adjust to split between Sample and bypass

C NO NC

35

CSAT-3 has separate power, digital (and analog of used) cables to the electronics box and a cable connecting electronics box to sensor head

Cost ~$10,500.00 Packaging challenges Needs shipping case provided by manufacturer Accessories ATI-zeroing hood System health parameters

Working/not working CSAT includes diagnostic flags with output data

Accuracy ±0.5 mm s-1 for wind velocities, and ±0.25 ºC for sonic temperature Frequency of measurement

10 Hz


10 Hz

Other Issues: Needs rain package installed by manufacturer Software Meta data Instrument ID, direction and tilt orientation Remote tasking capability

Has two way communication for controlling communications and some options for data processing


Via factory upgrade and swapping units

QA/QC Various data quality flags Location of security (protocols)

various

Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Mounting boom must be rigid enough not to flex, oriented in upwind direction

from tower, Consider wake effects and obstruction by tower Need to be able to level the anemometer. Boom attachment designed to allow tilt correction by adjustment points on a mounting plate – Align boom to mounting fixture on the ground and affix to mounting plate that has been aligned


Serial communication cable and laptop to directly read the data stream and communicate with on-board processor

Maintenance ATI has been nearly maintenance free for periods of several years at a time. C-SAT has required periodic service to keep transducer heads hydrophobic and several rounds of factory service during a 4-year installation at tropical site. User installable wicks necessary to operate CSAT in rainy environments.


Depends on manufacturer: <= 1 year for C-SAT to 2-3 year for ATI Though different users have different experience

Interoperability ATI sends data as standard serial data stream – C-SAT uses Campbell’s transmission protocol

Swappable and interchangeable?

ATI electronics and sensor head are integrated and can be replaced as a unit C-SAT has separate electronics box and sensor head that need to paired

Data Products Level 0 3- components of wind vector, sonic temperature Level 1 Computed wind speed, direction, and variances and temperature mean and

variance Level 2 Computed momentum and heat fluxes

Sensible heat fluxes Other scalar fluxes when data are merged with other concentration observations

36

20. CO2 Concentration Profile, Li-Cor IRGA version

General Notes • Integral to the Advanced BioMesoNet Tower, though may not be needed for profile

measurements over short stature ecosystems, i.e., grasslands, but still need some measure of high accuracy CO2,

• By the time build out occurs, other multi-species, high accuracy laser-based sensors will be available that will require much less maintenance and calibration materials, i.e., the Piccarro sensor,

• See data accompanying detailed notes, • Accuracy of CO2 is limited by water corrections in near-infra red gas analyzers (IRGA), must

dry the sample before the IRGA, or accept added uncertainty in the CO2 results, water corrections are not as large an issue/uncertainty with laser-based measurements.

Hardware Life expectancy Of order 10 years Power requirements 12 - 24V DC for analyzer

power convert required to generate supply for pressure, flow, and temperature control

Units e-6mole CO2/mole air; (e-3 mole H2O/mole air) Consumption ~ 0.3 A @ 12 VDC Hardware interface Analog voltage or serial Cost ~$20,000 for entire system, including $3000 for the analyzer plus $7000

for additional components required for high-accuracy measurements, plus $10,000 for ~ 1 mo. salary and benefits for assembly.

Packaging issues Maintain stable temperature around analyzer and constant pressure and flow deliver calibration gases

Accessories System health and status parameters,

Cell Pressure and temperature, flow rates through the system, automated leak checking. Data system has control of solenoid valves and set points for any pressure and flow control, record the valve status, make provision for manual override (or site accessible software interface) to toggle valves during maintenance and testing. Data system has to record valve status

Accuracy Strive for 0.1 ppm accuracy/resolution to allow comparison across network and to get the measurement uncertainty to be less than the anticipated signal in regional gradients, needs to be used in conjunction with an automated calibration system (see data sheet)


0.5 to 0.2 Hz


Save 60 -90 s average and standard deviation tied to profile switching time 2.5 min sampling from each level, discard the initial minute

Other Issues: Profile not practical in short stature vegetation, reduce or eliminate the profile levels as required Standard installation in tall canopy would be from ~0.3 m to top of tower, levels collocated with Tair/RH sensors. Inlets require filter, which can be periodically changed – must be able to reach the inlet To get best accuracy for CO2, water is removed by Nafion dryers

37

Software Collect raw data on analyzer signal, housekeeping parameters, and valve status. Use simple algorithm to distinguish calibration from sample, collect the calibration data, and the sample data for each profile level. Calculate calibration curve from the calibration data and apply it to the sample data Interface (if any: type, purpose)

Analog or digital outputs

Meta data Identity and concentrations of calibration standards Instrument program settings


None for instrument, but calibration and profile valves can be operated remotely via the data logger Set points for Active pressure and flow control could be set remotely


Instrument is programmable

QA/QC Values of calibration constants should not deviate significantly from norm. Signal variances within normal ranges Monitor calibration sequence to verify that duration is long enough to get a stable signal – routinely check the raw time series during cal cycle to observe the time response to switching Check that pressure and flow are within specification, temperature is constant Data consistency checks – is vertical gradient consistent with conditions, compare seasonal results to global means for the latitude of site Long term archive (surveillance) cylinder measured and compared to laboratory assigned value Automated leak checks to detect positive pressure leaks to ambient and leaks of calibration gas through solenoid valves Empirical determination of temperature and pressure sensitivities


Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation • Mounting booms for inlet and filter holder, secure tubing to tower,

mount hub box for profile selection midway on tower • Inlets should be co-located with profile temperature measurements and

located within aspirated radiation shields Testing, in-field test harnesses

Accessible interface to data system, or manual override for valves switches and indicator LED lights.

Maintenance • Very large amount of time to keep these systems running, ~ 1 FTE for 4-6 complete systems!

• Filter change about 1/month, but frequency can be adjusted up or down as required for dustier or cleaner conditions, use 47 mm 3 um polypro to filter.

• Monthly check on integrity of selection valves (leak check), it is possible to desing automated leak checks that can run daily or weekly

• Manually leak check (as a double check to other automated checks) plumbing connections at installation and periodically by breathing on them – watch for CO2 spikes. Pressure test

• Replace desiccants as needed, replace nafion dryer – nominal annual to biannual schedule but may need adjustment according to level of

38

contaminants in local air (VOC) • Check and adjust pressure and flow zero and span • Pump diaphragms should be replaced at 6-month interval



All components can be swapped out

Data Products Level 1 Concentrations vs time and height Level other Computed storage term d/dt (integral of concentration profile) Detailed notes CO2 Concentration Profile Measurement

• Objective. Concentration profile from ground level to above canopy. Profile can be used with transport models to invert for CO2 source and sink from soil and heights within the canopy. The time rate of change integrated through the vertical profile provides the CO2 storage in canopy. Required measurement accuracy should be ~ 0.1 ppm CO2 so the network-wide CO2 measurements will provide high-accuracy, high precision CO2 concentrations that can be inverted to infer regional CO2 fluxes. Need the 0.1 ppm accuracy to detect small gradients

o The profile concentration instrument is better for making the absolute accuracy CO2 measurement because it operates at a low flow rate that is easier to calibrate. The CO2 flux instrument is operated at a high flow that would consume excessive standard, and for flux only relative calibration is necessary.

• Inlet filter, use high-surface area filter capsules to increase time to clog, but will have to make the filter accessible for periodic changing. Filter essential to keep dirt and dust out of the inlet lines. Accumulated dirt will affect sample concentrations, and can damage the equipment and analyzer.

• Inlet selection hub. Manifold with solenoid valves to select which inlet is being sampled. Valve opening is controlled by data system. Aim for 2 minute per level. The desired time per level defines the criteria for volume sample flow through the cell. Need to flush the inlet tubing and analyzer cell at least 3 times before keeping data. Second bypass pump that flushes the lines not being sampled reduces the transition time between levels

• Sample/calibration selection valve (solenoid controlled by data system to select sample or calibration mode

• Two alternatives are suggested here. Single-beam IRGA or Cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS). A third option of using 2-channel IRGA would offer enhanced signal to noise ratio, but with additional complexity of supplying reference gas and better temperature control and is probably not a good tradeoff

Requirements for IRGA Calibration standards (3 (Hi, med, lo ~350,400,450) to span the range of expected concentration, plus an archive standard (375 ppm) at about ambient concentration, (where ppm = part per million = e-6mole CO2/mole air). .

39

o H, M L are certified standards, accurate to better than 0.1 ppm o Archive is a traceable standard with known uncertainty o H, M, L standards are checked several times per day o Archive is analyzed about 1(or more)/week, to monitor long-term drift, and

provide continuity over changes in the working standards. Optimize between frequent measurement of the archive and its duration.

o Each standard is controlled by an on/off solenoid valve • Mass flow controller – It is possible to set up with manually adjusted flow control, but

matching the sample and calibration flows over long intervals is more reliable with active flow control. By using an upstream pump and venting the analyzer to atmosphere pressure will be reasonably stable and only vary with ambient pressure. The effect of ambient pressure on the signal can be accounted for by calibration, though using active pressure control to hold cell pressure constant would reduce the frequency of calibrations necessary and remove a source of uncertainty in the computed concentration.

• Analyzer o The Licor 840 includes intenal temperature control, but improved stability and

absence of artifacts due to temperature gradients is achieved by enclosing the analyzer with some degree of temperature control. External elements including flow controllers and dryers should be in the temperature controlled enclosure. (Minco heaters and controllers are good choices – set to above ambient)

• Pump must be high quality, and inert to CO2. Upstream pump must not leak. Fittings and seals around the pump head are critical.

• Save the raw absorbance values, and construct calibration polynomial for each calibration sequence C= aV^2 + bV +c is adequate (licor polynomial is needed for operating over very wide concentration ranges in excess of what this analyzer will observe. We want high accuracy for the concentrations above the canopy that will likely be within 20 ppm of ambient concentration 380-390 currently.

• Very high concentration near the ground surface do not need to be captured quite as accurately, so it is OK that they will exceed the range spanned by standards.

• Also need to save the cell pressure and temperature for use in the calibration calculation, and as quality flag

• Record signal at something less than 1Hz, save 1 minute average at end of each sample interval. QA check would be verify that signal had stabilized by this point in the sequence. Save the raw data and 'post'-process to compute concentrations and dV/dt at time of each sample interval

CRDS option • New developments: Picarro (http://picarro.com/crds/literature.shtml) has recently

introduced a CO2 analyzer based on cavity ring-down laser absorption. Cost is competitive with non-dispersive broad-band absorption, particularly when including the required temperature and pressure/flow control on the NDIR analyzer. By fitting absorption spectra the laser absorption spectrometer is linear and stable. The number of calibration gases and their frequency can be reduced. CRDS can be configured for additional gases (CO and CH4 would be ideal additions) besides CO2 and water for a moderate incremental cost.

I

http://picarro.com/crds/literature.shtml

40

21. CO2 Concentration Profile, CRDS version

General Notes • Integral to the Advanced BioMesoNet Tower, though may not be needed for profile

measurements over short stature ecosystems, ie.e, grasslands, but still need some measure of high accuracy CO2,

• See data accompanying data sheet (above) • CRDS (Piccarro Inc.) would measure both CO2 (<0.05 ppm accuracy) and H2O @ 0.5 to 0.2 Hz • Can do other gas concentrations, for example CO ±10 ppb, and CH4 ±0.1 ppb • Minimal maintenance requirements

Hardware Life expectancy New product – not known Power requirements 110V AC, Units e-6mole CO2/mole air; e-3 mole H2O/mole air Consumption Hardware interface Serial Cost ~$35,000 for analyzer with multi-channel capability, (at time of build out

the Piccarro CRDS will be a much better option Packaging challenges Essentially self contained, suitable for installation in a building

Would need a climate controlled shelter if no building available Accessories System health parameters

Spectral fits, pressure, flow, and temperature outputs

Accuracy Strive for 0.1 ppm accuracy/resolution for CO2 to allow comparison across network and to get the measurement uncertainty to be less than the anticipated signal in regional gradients, needs to be used in conjunction with an automated calibration system (see data sheet)


0.5 to 0.2 Hz


Save 60 -90 s average and standard deviation tied to profile switching time 2.5 min sampling from each level, discard the initial minute

Other Issues: Profile not practical in short stature vegetation, reduce or eliminate the profile levels as required Standard installation in tall canopy would be from ~0.3 m to top of tower, levels collocated with Tair/RH sensors. Inlets require filter, which can be periodically changed – must be able to reach the inlet

Software Analyzer computes concentrations from spectral fits including pressure temperature and water terms. Output may require adjustment based on results from calibration checks Interface (if any: type, purpose)

Serial or USB port or TCP and others

Meta data Identity and concentrations of calibration standard (see measurement strategy) Instrument program settings


Internet interface allows full control via remote access

Upgrade capability Instrument is programmable

41

and mechanisms QA/QC Periodic check of surveillance standard should be within specification (0.l ppm)

Spectral fitting should provide goodness of fit parameters and residuals Laser power, temperature, pressure and flows Data consistency checks – is vertical gradient consistent with conditions, compare seasonal results to global means for the latitude of site, Automated leak checks to detect negative pressure leaks from ambient and leaks of calibration gas through solenoid valves


Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation • Mounting booms for inlet and filter holder, secure tubing to tower,

mount hub box for profile selection midway on tower • Inlets should be co-located with profile temperature measurements

located in radiation shields; inlet flow rates can act to quasi-aspirate the temperature sensors as well.


Not required

Maintenance Filter change about 1/month, but frequency can be adjusted up or down as required for dustier or cleaner conditions. Annual check on integrity of selection valves (leak check) Leak check plumbing connections at installation and periodically by breathing on them – watch for CO2 spikes. Check pressure and flow zero and span



Exchange entire unit

Data Products Level 1 Concentrations vs time and height Level other Computed storage term d/dt (integral of concentration profile)

42

22. Nitrogen oxides

General Notes

• Part of the Advanced BioMesoNet Tower, atmospheric Chemistry package • NO NO2 NOx • Most feasible configuration based on commercially available analyzers will be a two-

channel instrument that measures NO and total nitrogen oxides (NOy) • Need to be sensitive to concentrations of ppt to 10s of ppt to resolve low levels of NO at

night, which is relevant to quantifying soil NO emissions, yet have upper limits of 100s of ppb to not miss data during plume events or near urban centers and industrial sources

Temperature control

Analyzer

H M L A

C

NO

NC

N 3-way valve, 1 2-way NO outlets joined in common to bypass pump ~2 slpm

P

Pnafion

c

nafion

dessicant

P

T

RH/T ~100sccm

option here to do active pressure control ~1100 mbar

Back pressure regulator to match tank pressure

43

Hardware Life expectancy ~10 year Power requirements 110 VAC Units ppt or ppb, accuracy, 0-50 ppb min range 0-20 ppm max range Consumption 345 W Hardware interface Analog or digital

4 analog outputs, range in voltages, 8 status outputs, 6 control inputs

Cost Teledyne, model 200E ~10.7k w/ zero span values no charge Ethernet option 63A

Packaging challenges Mount NOy converter on tower with capability to deliver calibration gas, and replace particle filters. Analyzer housed in climate controlled shelter

Accessories Teflon filters in Teflon housing to remove particles from sample streams System health parameters

System housekeeping including temp, flow, pressure included in serial data stream, Converter temperature,

Accuracy Lowest detectable limit, .4 ppb, or linearity, 1% full range, precision = 0.5 % of reading


Several seconds according to measurement cycle of the instrument , which is user definable 1 Hz


Save averages, variances, and other moments over integration intervals of several minutes

Other Issues: Calibration Software Interface (if any: type, purpose)

Serial data cable, power, setpoint and signal to flowcontrollers, power and signal to flowmeters, switched relay for valve control

Meta data Instruemnt ID, service record, ID and concentrations of calibration gas. Calibration of flowmeters


Remote tasking of calibration. Depending on instrument version there may be bidirectional communication


Replacement. Check if instrument processor can be upgraded (replace a PROM or CPU board)

QA/QC At night NO is titrated away by O3 when there are no local sources of nitric oxide, the NO concentration will go to zero, making an independent check of the analyzer zeroing. However, if there are combustion sources or active soil NO emission this will not hold Calibration cycles, daily rates.


Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Converter box and calibration valves in some enclosure mounted on tower Testing, in-field test harnesses

Not needed

Maintenance Pump service, checking pressure and flows, filter replacement Failure (MTBF, Mean time to repair, Service interval)

Monthly checks of parameters not available from collected data. Semiannual pump service, and check of flowmeter calibration

Interoperability Yes

44


Yes

Data Products Level 0 Concentration time series Level higher Estimate NO2 from NO, Ozone and radiation data photochemical model

Compute NOx/NOy ratios based on predicted NOx -> an index of pollution aging

Detailed notes NO and NOy Measurements • Base on standard addition. Low concentration absolute standards not stable, standard addition accounts for interferences and matrix effects • Requires accurate flow measurement and control of the sample and calibration gas • Deliver small volume of higher concentration (of order 5 ppm) standard to the inlet • Several sccm into ~1 LPM • Use shutoff valve adjacent to flow controller • Calibration depends on flow measurement accuracy, if accuracy, stability, and reliability of analyzer internal flowmeters are not adequate, will need to include separate high quality flowmeters external and independent to the analyze • Standard calibration sequence is to open the shutoff valve and set the setpoint for flowcontroller, calgas flows to the 3-way solenoid valve near the inlet and is vented, to flush the line. • After suitable delay to purge the tubing the 3-way valve is activated to direct standard gas into the sample stream. Meanwhile the efficiency calibration gas is being purged • At end of NO cal the other 3-way valve is opened to add efficiency cal to the sample stream. To check linearity, the flowcontroller setpoint can be changed to deliver different volumes of calibration gas • Need to ensure that sample flow is stable through the analysis cycle • Duration of calibration long enough to get a stable signal • Shutoff sample flow and set the setpoint to 0 at end. Mass flow controller will not act as a positive shutoff so a separate valve is required. • Calculate the concentration added by computing the dilution factor from the flowmeter measurement. Gain is computed from added concentration divided by the difference in signal between ambient sample and cal. Best to interpolate the ambient baseline between just before cal gas turned on and after it is off and calibration gas purged from system • G= ΔC/ΔVolt ppt/V. Compute concentration as Camb = G x Vamb. • Note that if serial data is taken, the instrument will report in concentration units. The gain is used as a correction factor and Concentration replaces Voltage in the equations • Conversion efficiency is determined by comparing the expected concentration for the NPN cal to its computed concentration from cylinder concentration and dilution factor. • NPN calgas accuracy is not as good as for NO, so efficiency could appear to different from 1. The efficiency check should not change over time, or as a function of concentration and other conditions

45

• Calibrate with NO to determine instrument response factor, and with an oxidized nitrogen to determine conversion efficiency (propyl nitrate has been widely available in compressed gas form; • Scott-Marin provides reliable high quality calibration standards for NO and nPropyl nitrate in balance N2. regulators need to be suitable for reactive gases, stainless steel and Teflon • Sample lines of Teflon • Teflon solenoid valves • Potential vendors include ThermoEnvironmental, and Teledyne-API • API has done a better job of building an instrument that is suitable for low-level ambient measurements. Key features of improvement include steady flows through the system not pulsed flow as the detector cycles from NO to NOy modes, and minimization of inlet material. The nitric acid component of total NOy sticks to surfaces. The surface area that sample sees before reaching the converter needs to be as little as possible • Flow control element located in the converter control box so that the pressure drop is near the inlet and not back at the instrument, sample lines then are at low pressure, and volume flow is high (giving a shorter residence time) • Must record the O3 concentrations during the NO calibration. Regress the NO calibration coefficient on O3 concentration to define a correction for NO that reacts in the inlet line with O3 to generate NO2 and is not measured • Filter the sample after the NOy converter and after split for NO/NOy • Sample stream passes through some fitting for adding the calibration gas and ensuring good mixing before the split • The NO/NOy measurement ought to be coordinated with some of the recent EPA initiatives (Ncore sites) There is added value to both networks by ensuring measurement compatibility • Specification here is for 2-mode instrument. With a minimal change to plumbing so that the NO sample line split again to go directly to analyzer, or passed through a photolytic converter, and some reprogramming of the instruments processor to cycle through 3 modes one could do NO, NO2 and NOy all with one instrument. • Alternatively, the NO2 photolysis module could be included and controlled by external data system, with the status recorded in collected data to distinguish NO and NO2 channels. A third calibration gas with NO2 would be added to quantify the NO2 conversion efficiency.

46

23. O3 concentration

General Notes • Part of the Advanced BioMesoNet Tower, • Based on commercial ambient ozone analyzers – follow protocol for state and EPA

monitoring, to allow comparability to regional and historical data Hardware Life expectancy 10 yr Power requirements AC line power Units ppb Consumption 350 W Hardware interface Analog or digital (RS232, TCP, status relays)

Ethernet option for the analyzers , no cost, Option 63A Data acquisition rate, 1 Hz max.

Cost ~$7.6k, Teledyne 400E 0-100 ppb or to 0-10 ppm Packaging challenges Some climate control – need to place in an environment where the analyzer

won’t exceed 50C internal temp Zero and span valving for the calibrator (option 50A),

Analyzer

MFC

NO

MFC

C C

MFM MFM

Air, With dryer

NO in N2 nPN in N2

P

There will be an ozone scrubber here

47

Calibrator can be in mAmps or Voltage Accessories Ozone calibration instrument shared among regional sites System health parameters

Status indicators, serial data stream includes temperature, pressure, flow rates

Accuracy 1 ppb Frequency of measurement

Instrument has a 20 second time constant for its measurement cycle


1 to 5 min avg. or slower


Serial cable or TCP connection <Teledyne Calibrator has automated programmed Zero dollar option Ethernet connection (63A), 12 digital I/O control (24 total)

Meta data Instrument ID, maintenance/calibration records Remote tasking capability

NO


Replace

QA/QC System housekeeping, consistency checks, analyzer configured to flag conditions outside of selected operating parameters ( flow, temp out range, etc, lamp failure, and so on) Model 700E Mass flow calibrator+/- 1% full scale w/ O3 generator (option 1A and 2A) max output 6 ppm @ 1 lpm calibrated by Teledyne Inc. 15K


Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Sample delivery manifold with high volume bypass flow

Decide if making a single measurement above canopy or a vertical profile from above canopy to ground level. Operate sample manifold below ambient pressure will avoid condensation in the sample tubing Filtered inlet to keep particles out of sample line and detector optics Need to be able to replace the filter about monthly Flowrates, runs off of a critical flow orifice @ ~ 800 ml min-1


No harness needed

Maintenance Monthly check of lamp output signals, clean optics as required, adjust lamp current – lamp replacement interval is 1/several years Internal scrubber check and replace Calibrator- frequency of maintenance


Several years, service interval: see maintenance

Interoperability Yes Swappable and interchangeable?

Yes

Data Products

48

Level 0 Concentration time series Level 1 Means, variances and other moments Detailed notes O3 Measurements • Dual cell UV photometer approach is best for stability and least sensitive to lamp and optics

degradation • Need to have a calibration program using a common ozone calibrator system that can rove

among a regional group of sites. Calibrator is an ozone analyzer with an added module with Hg-vapor lamp to generate ozone and a feedback loop to set and maintain a specific concentration

• Calibrate by delivering known ozone concentrations to the inlets. Strive for quarterly calibration visits and do intercomparison to nearby state/federal programs. May reduce frequency based on experience and what state monitoring protocols are.

• If doing a profile need an inlet selection manifold and pressure controlled bypass flow • Important to deliver sample to the analyzer at a constant pressure, not necessary to operate at

atmospheric pressure

24. Airborne Particulates

General Notes • Part of the Advanced BioMesoNet Tower • Filters have to be collected by an FSU and then analyzed.

Hardware Life expectancy Power requirements Consumption Hardware interface Cost Sioutas Cascade Impactor, http://www.skcinc.com/prod/225-370.asp Packaging challenges






49







25. Wet and Dry Deposition

General Notes • Part of Advanced BioMesoNet Tower • Filters have to be collected by an FSU and then analyzed. • Dry dep of, SO4, NO3, NH4, SO2, HNO3 • Wet dep of, NH4, NO3, o-PO4, SO2, Cl, Ca, Mg, K, and pH • Recommend NEON use data from the Nation atmospheric Deposition Network (NADP)

and only deploy wet/dry deposition collectors to fill in spatial areas not represented by the network. http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/

Hardware Life expectancy 7 y Power requirements Consumption Hardware interface Cost $7370, Aerochem Metrics Model 301 Wet/Dry Precipitation Collector Packaging challenges



50











26. Leaf wetness profile

General Notes • Part of advanced BioMesoNet Tower • Needs to be co-located with other profile measurements, such as the temperature profile.

Hardware Life expectancy 2 y Power requirements 2.5 VDC @ 2 mA to 5 VDC @ 7 mA Consumption unknown Hardware interface Cost Campbell model 237-L, 80 each plus calbing = 248 ea. Decagon model LWS,

$120 ea. w/o cabling Packaging May have to be periodically painted

51

challenges Tower mounting to mimic the angle of a leaf Accessories System health parameters

none

Accuracy Based on a histogram measurement Frequency of measurement

1 every 10-min

Other Issues: Can be switched on just before the measurement takes place. Otherwise it will consume power.




Replace is necceassary





27. Biological temperature profile

General Notes • Part of advanced BioMesoNet Tower • Surface/skin Infra-Red Temperature,

Hardware Life expectancy 3-5 Power requirements Consumption Hardware interface Cost Apogee IRR-P, $720 Packaging

52

challenges Accessories System health parameters

Accuracy ~ 0.2 ºC, precision ~0.1 ºC Frequency of measurement

Response time < 1 s

Other Issues: Have to measure body temperature and target temperature System health parameters




2 sets of differential voltages



QA/QC Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Need booms to mount on tower and point ot representative biomass Testing, in-field test harnesses

Maintenance Lens needs to be checked monthly and cleaned with DI or alcohol accordingly Failure (MTBF, Mean time to repair, Service interval)



28. Sondes

General Notes • Part of the aquatic array, includes turbidity, pH, dissolved O, chlorophyll, • YSI 6600 EDS and V2-4 can be fitted with optical turbidity and optical DO (ROX) all optical

sensors include built in wipers to reduce biofouling. The rapid pulse membrane based DO

53

sensor can be used on the EDS with a wiper to reduce biofouling. The V2-4 requires the ROX sensor to measure DO. The V2-4 should be considered due to two extra optical ports which allow greater flexibility for future sensors to be potentially added to the monitoring program.

• Both YSI sondes can be fitted with vented or non vented depth sensors • The YSI ROX DO sensor allows the user to choose between a single point DO calibration

(Saturation) or a two point cal Zero DO and Saturation. • YSI ROX DO probes have a micro-processor onboard and store there calibration data in the

probe. • YSI sondes and optical sensors come with 2 year electrical warranty, additional partial cost

warranty for 5 years on all sensors except pH • YSI sensors have user adjustable sampling periods. • Hydrolab Warranty: 2 years FULL Coverage, all parts, including sensors. Additional FULL

warranty can be purchased • Hydrolab: can be fitted with vented or non vented depth sensors • Hydrolab DS5 also available, compared to DS5X: no central brush, less expensive, longer

battery life. used on most applications other than those with heavy fouling • Hydrolab LDO technology: virtually no maintenance, annual change sensor cap, no tools

required, constant adjustment and correction (QA/QC) for shifts in the sensor. LDO is by Hach, Hach method specifically mentioned in the Optical DO approval by EPA

• Hydrolab Chlorophyll Fluorometer by Turner Designs, the experts in fluorometry • Hydrolab: Ready to operate out of the box, all sensors and batteries installed. • Hydrolab: Number of rotations of central brush user adjustable

Hardware Alternatives Hydrolab DS5X YSI 6600 EDS YSI 6600 V2-4 Life expectancy approx 13 years >10 years >10 years Power requirements 8 C-cell batteries, any

external 12VDC source or external 120VAC

8 C-Cell batteries External 12 Volt or AC power with adapter

8 C-Cell batteries External 12 Volt or AC power with adapter

Consumption battery consumption: with all sensors, 15 minute intervals: 60 days (typical)

~ 80 days with two optical sensors, 15 min interval.

~ 60 days with four optical sensors 15 interval.

Hardware interface RS-232, SDI-12, RS-485 RS-232, SDI-12 RS-232, SDI-12 Internal Memory 120,000 measurements 150,000 data sets 150,000 data sets Operating Temp -5 to 50 0C -5 to 50 0C -5 to 50 0C Dimensions 8.9cm OD, 58.4 cm

length 8.9 cmOD, 49.8cm length no depth sensor, 59.4 cm length w/ depth sensor

8.9 cmOD, 49.8cm length no depth sensor, 59.4 cm length w/ depth sensor

Weight ~3.35 kg 3.18 kg 3.18 kg Cost ~$4950 includes temp

sensor internal battery pack and internal memory

~$5600 includes temp/cond sensor

~$6200 includes temp/cond sensor

Ports has sufficient number and type of ports for temperature, LDO, pH, ORP, conductivity,

2 optical, cond/temp, pH/ORP, rapid pulse DO, depth optional Optical choices:

4 optical, Cond/temp, pH/ORP, depth optional Optical choices: Optical DO

54

turbidity and chlorophyll sensors (space to add depth also)

DO Turbidity Chlorophyll Blue Green Algae

Turbidity Chlorophyll Blue Green Algae

Packaging challenges Accessories +Brush to clean sensors

+internal battery +internal memory +PC software +bail

EDS wiper brush (2) Conductivity cell brush. Manual Eco-Watch software Spares kit, tools, o-rings and grease pack.

Conductivity cell brush Manual Eco-Watch software Spares kit- tools, o-rings and grease pack.

Biofouling system + Central brush for LDO, pH, Turbidity and Chlorophyll +Central bush, number of rotations user adjustable

Central wiper for DO and pH/ORP, mounts on turbidity probe.

Central wiper for pH/ORP, integrated on the optical DO sensor. In addition each optical sensor has its own wiping system.


Will not accept bad calibrations (ie if value is outside of reasonable window)

Out of range alarm for all sensors during calibration. Plus calibration coefficients and date /time are logged of each cal.

Out of range alarm for all sensors during calibration. Plus calibration coefficients and date /time are logged at each cal.


user adjustable: +5 seconds to 24 hours for unattended logging +attended use, data updated every second

User adjustable, 1.0 seconds to 24 hours for Unattended Mode. Attended or Discrete sampling 0.5 seconds

User adjustable, 1.0 seconds to 24 hours for Unattended Mode. Attended or Discrete sampling 0.5 seconds.


Other Issues: Software Alternatives Interface (if any: type, purpose)

Eco-Watch , Streamline http://www.riocean.com/

SAME

Meta data Internally logged and downloadable QA records.

SAME



Firmware updates available free at the Hach Environmental website

Firmware updates available free at the YSI website.

Firmware updates available free at the YSI website.

QA/QC .+ Will not accept bad calibrations (ie if value is outside of reasonable window) + LDO sensor readjusts

- Sonde records all calibration history and cal constants which can be down-loaded. - Patented EDS wiper

Sonde records all calibration history and sensor coefficients which can be down-loaded.

55

for changes, drift/fouling each second it is on + Autolog feature + no sensor constants, sensors interchangeable + Central bush, number of rotations user adjustable

system minimizes fouling drift. - Integrates with Streamline software, providing the customer with QA reports on calibrations, data analysis, and other QC related functions.

Optical DO sensor has two point calibration, and stores its calibration internally making field transfer possible without recalibration. - Integrates with Streamline software, providing the customer with QA reports on calibrations, data analysis, and other QC related functions.


Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation + Typical installations

use a drilled 4”PVC pipe to protect from debris in flowing water, not req’d for wells, lakes etc + can be mounted at any angle + can be used to depths of 225m, all sensors

- Typical installations use a drilled 4”PVC pipe to protect from debris. ---Can be mounted at any angle. -Compatible with the YSI Profiling Buoy

Typical installations use a drilled 4”PVC pipe to protect from debris. Can be mounted at any angle. -Compatible with the YSI Profiling Buoy


Maintenance +Replace brush annually depending on use +Replace turbidity wiper pad monthly (typical) +Replace LDO sensor cap annually +Replace batteries as required +Replenish pH reference solution, typ: quarterly

Replace brush annually depending on use Replace wiping pads for optical sensors monthly. Replace Rapid Pulse DO membrane monthly. Replace batteries as needed.

Replace brush annually depending on use Replace wiping pads for optical sensors monthly Replace optical DO membrane yearly. Note: membrane comes with factory calibration. Replace batteries as needed.



+ no sensor constants, sensors interchangeable

All sensors are field replaceable without sonde disassembly.

All sensors are field replaceable without sonde disassembly

Data Products Level 0 Level 1

56

29. Water level

General Notes • CBS/CBL bubbler does not require a stilling well. Air pressure generate by internal,

maintenance-free, micro piston pump with integral valve function – does not need an external gas supply. No electronics touch the water, bubble tube is inexpensive if damaged

• Kalesto Radar sensor mounts above the water so it is not prone to biofouling or at risk or damage from flooding. Less accurate than other sensors and will require locating sites near an bridge or other overhang, or constructing one at the site.

• Thalimedes Shaft Encoder often used in existing gauges houses which are next to the river or body of water

• Pressure/Level sensor: Includes a built-in microcontroller for temperature compensation, force-of-gravity correction and compensation density changes. Available in 5 different measuring ranges, most sites should fit 0-5m range.

• Many other brands and technologies available that should possibly be considered: ISCO, Druck, Stevens, in-situ, many other brands listed on Campbell website. Features are generally similar.

Hardware Alternatives OTT CBS

Bubbler Sensor OTT CBL Bubbler Sensor & Logger

OTT Kalesto Radar Level Sensor

OTT Thalimedes Shaft Encoder (Float & Counterweight) Sensor and or logger

OTT PS 1 Pressure/Level and Temperature Sensor

Life expectancy 12 years 12 years 12 years 15 years Power requirements 10-30 volt DC 12 volt DC 1.5V – C cell

battery 8.5 to 30V DC

Units cm, mm, ft ft, mm ft, m m, ft, in, bar, psi Consumption 25 ma hr/day <1uA – standby

<500mA - active 15 months at 1-hour interval

<450pA – sleep <4mA - active

Hardware interface SDI-12, 4-20 mA SDI-12, RS485 RS232, Infrared, SDI-12

4-20 mA signal, or SDI-12

Cost CBS $2500 CBL $3400

$3250 $1100 $1000

Packaging challenges Dimensions 23X10X6 cm 6.3” OD X 22” 9.6”X1.85” 17X2cm plus

cable Accessories • EPS50

Bubble chamber for mounting in riverbed

• Measuring tube including connector

Integrated lightning protection

Optional installation kit for 4” well-pipes

desiccant assembly

System health

57

parameters Internal memory CBL – 30,000

measurements n/a measurements in separate logger

30,000 measurements

n/a measurements in separate logger

Accuracy 0.005ft +/- 0.12 ft +/- 0.007ft 0.005% of range but this needs to be verified

Resolution 0.003ft 0.01ft +/- 0.01 ft 0.005% of range Range 0-50 ft 5-99ft 200ft 0-5,10, 20, 40 or

100m Max depth 33ft ~80 ft 200ft Cable length 150 ft max 10ft standard up

to 3000ft available

200 ft (SDI-12) 100m max for SDI-12 interface 500m max for 4-20mA


1 min – 24 hr 17 sec (40 values creating mean value)

1 min to 24 hrs 1 min – 24 hr


QAQC No drift, automatic zero-point compensation before each measurement

Averages reading to produce a mean value

Other Issues: Bubble tube can be cut to appropriate length for each site Biofouling is not a common problem, bubble system works to purge line automatically. If biofouling occurs, causing constriction of bubble line – false high readings can occur

Does not contact water so no biofouling issues

logger or SDI-12 output Uses non-contact IR reader to download logged data Biofouling is a major concern for float based shaft encoders. Growth on the float can affect readings.

Must specify interface either 4-20mA signal or SDI-12, SDI-12 has a max cable lenth of 100m Biofouling can be greatly reduced by installing sensor above stream bottom



Upgrade capability

58

and mechanisms QA/QC . Location of security (protocols)

Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Requires stilling

well installation, shielded tube and kevlar line included with sensor. The tube needs to be protected, typically done in metal or PVC pipe

Can be attached to anything overhanging water – requires at least 3 ft horizontal clearance Must be at least 5ft above maximum water level

Surface mounting or well (4” or larger) Requires protection from precipitation

Sensor can be installed on stream bottom or mounted on a raised platform to reduce sediment buildup. Must be positioned below lowest expected water level. Cable is typically installed as-is but can be encased in protective pipe


Maintenance None, No desiccant to change

Annual, clean None Desiccant dryer, typical maintenance 4x/year



Yes Yes Yes Yes

30. Pressure Transducers

General Notes • in-situ Level TROLL series water level sensors combine a high accuracy pressure transducer with

an internal data logger in a sub 1” titanium or stainless steel housing. • Level TROLL series sensors are available as gauged (vented) units (500 and 700 only) or as

absolute (non-vented) units (300, 500, 700). Gauged units compensate for barometric pressure changes in real time. Absolute units must have data post-processed to adjust for changes in barometric pressure—this is accomplished via a software wizard and a barometric pressure sensor.

• Level TROLL series sensors perform automatic correction for temperature, water density, and gravitational acceleration.

• Level TROLL series sensors offer a guaranteed battery life specification. Sensors do not consume internal battery power when connected to another device such as a datalogger or telemetry system.

• Level TROLL sensors have been validated by the USGS HIF to meet or exceed their stated accuracy and range specifications.

59

Hardware Alternatives In-Situ Level

TROLL 300 In-Situ Level TROLL 500 In-Situ Level

TROLL 700 Life expectancy 2 Million individual

readings 2 Million individual readings

2 Million individual readings

Power requirements Internal 3.6V Lithium battery 8 to 36 VDC External power

Internal 3.6V Lithium battery 8 to 36 VDC External power


Units psi, KPa, mm, cm, m, in, ft

psi, KPa, mm, cm, m, in, ft psi, KPa, mm, cm, m, in, ft

Consumption < 4 mA reading 12 µA sleep

< 4 mA reading 12 µA sleep


Hardware interface Modbus SDI-12 4-20 mA scalable

Modbus SDI-12 4-20 mA scalable


Cost $595 $999 $1499 Packaging challenges

Dimensions 9” L x 0.82” OD (22.9 cm L x 20.8 mm OD)

8.5” L x 0.72” OD (21.6 cm L x 18.3 mm OD)

8.5” L x 0.72” OD (21.6 cm L x 18.3 mm OD)

Accessories Backshell hanger, download cable

Desiccant, cable Desiccant, cable


Internal diagnostics reported to user. Alarm indicators.



Internal memory 50,000 data points 100,000 data points 350,000 data points Accuracy 0.2% full scale at

15° C 0.05% full scale at 15° C 0.05% full scale at 15° C

Resolution 0.01% full scale 0.005% full scale 0.005% full scale Range 3 ranges

0 – 10.9 m 0 – 60.1 m 0 – 200.7 m

6 ranges 0 – 3.5 m 0 – 11 m 0 – 21 m 0 – 70 m 0 – 210 m 0 – 351 m

6 ranges 0 – 3.5 m 0 – 11 m 0 – 21 m 0 – 70 m 0 – 210 m 0 – 351 m

Max depth 400 m burst 1050 m burst 1050 m burst Cable length 1200 m Modbus

1200 m 4 – 20 mA 60 m SDI-12

1200 m Modbus 1200 m 4 – 20 mA 60 m SDI-12

1200 m Modbus 1200 m 4 – 20 mA 60 m SDI-12


1 reading per second fastest reading rate

2 readings per second fastest reading rate



QAQC Instrument log notes Instrument log notes Instrument log notes

60

Other Issues: Pressure sensor is stainless steel. Low biofouling susceptibility

Pressure sensor is titanium. Low biofouling susceptibility



PC or Windows Mobile handheld for programming instrument and downloading data




Full telemetry support via satellite, RF, or wireless modem




Automatic firmware and software updates via software utility



QA/QC . Location of security (protocols)

31. Aquatic Autosampler

General Notes • 6712FR: contains a built in refrigerator and heater to keep samples at EPA recommended 40C even if

air temps drop to -200F o Contains ISCO’s 6712 controller allowing user to select different programming modes

including event based sampling • ISCO 6712 is also available in a compact version ISCO 6712c: same features as 6712 but smaller

(45cm OD X 70 cm) and has only 5 different bottle configurations including 24X500ml sequential • ISCO Avalanche: Also available with the 6712 controller but packaged into a portable refrigeration

system. Runs off battery or VAC power. Fewer sampling configurations • American Sigma: Can be equipped with similar features as ISCO products, very little information

available Hardware Alternatives ISCO 6712FR ISCO Avalanche ISCO 6712 Life expectancy 7-10 years 7-10 years 7-10 years Power requirements 120VAC, 60Hz; or

240VAC, 50Hz (specify)

12V DC, 6 Amps (from external battery) or 87 to 264 VAC, 47 to 63 Hz, 2 Amps

12V DC

Consumption 3.5 amps 2 amps 30 ma Hardware interface SDI-12 SDI-12 SDI-12 Cost $5557 $4500 $2879 Packaging challenges Large and heavy Large and heavy but on a Large

61

wheeled cart Dimensions 125X66X66cm 78X36X60 cm 68.6 cm OD X 51cm Weight 73kg 35 kg 15 kg Accessories Automatic

refrigeration and heating Suction line strainer

Power saving Refrigeration system – remains on standby until first sample then works for at least 48 hours off 12v deep cycle battery. Suction line strainer

Bottom of unit can be packed with 30lbs of ice Suction line strainer

Tubing Vinyl or Teflon; 3/8” ID 1 to 30 m length

Vinyl or Teflon ID 0.375” Vinyl or Teflon; 3/8” ID 1 to 30 m length


Pump tube alarm, Tests for RAM, ROM, pump display, and distributor



Operating temperatures

0 to 49 0C 0 to 50 0C 0 to 49 0C

Sampling configuration

11 different glass and plastic bottle configurations ranging from 24X 1L to 1X5.5 gallon

4 different sampling configurations including 14X950ml sequential


Sampling accuracy +/-5ml or +/-5% average volume

+/-5ml or +/-5% average volume


Maximum suction lift 28 ft (without secondary pump)

28 ft (without secondary pump

28 ft (without secondary pump

Sampling modes Time, Flow, Non uniform time, Random Sample Interval, Event pacing

Time, Flow, Non uniform time, Random Sample Interval, Event pacing



1 min to 100 hours 1 min to 100 hours 1 min to 100 hours


Other Issues: user selected purge cycles before and after every sample to clean suction line

user selected purge cycles before and after every sample to clean suction line



Flowlink, Terminal Emulation




yes yes yes


yes yes yes

QA/QC Location of security

62

(protocols) Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Testing, in-field test harnesses

Maintenance Replace pump tube approximately every 1,000,000 pump counts Routine cleaning of suction line if needed

Replace pump tube approximately every 1,000,000 pump counts Routine cleaning of suction line if needed



3 year service schedule

3 year service schedule 3 year service schedule

Interoperability ISCO water level sensors can plug directly into autosampler to trigger flow/stage based sampling

ISCO water level sensors can plug directly into autosampler to trigger flow/stage based sampling



yes yes yes

32. Water Temperature

General Notes • Both system use thermistors to convert resistance into temperature • Hydrolab sensor 30k ohm Thermistor • YSI sensor 2252 ohm Thermistor • Both sensors provide compensation for other temperature dependent parameters • Biofouling is not a concern for either sensor

Hardware Alternatives Hydrolab Thermistor (inc in sonde) YSI 6560 (Cond/temp sensor) Life expectancy 13 years Three years plus Power requirements powered by main sonde unit Internal, supplied by sonde. Units degrees C, F or K 0C, 0F, 0K Consumption Hardware interface Analog Cost included in base $ of instrument $450.00 included in purchase of

either 6600 EDS or 6600V2-4 Sonde

Packaging challenges None Accessories Temperature and Conductivity are a

combined sensor. System health parameters

Circuitry has default outputs when sensor is removed

Accuracy 0.10 C +/- 0.15 0C

63

Resolution 0.01 C 0.01 0C Range -5 to +50C -5 to 60 0C Frequency of measurement

as required User controlled, default settings is 4 second sample period.



Ecowatch, “Steamline” , or can be used with any terminal program..

Meta data Logs calibration history and calibration constants internally which can be downloaded.


Can be controlled by external data loggers or modems


User upgradeable firmware as needed from the YSI website. Free service.

QA/QC No field calibration required Downloadable GLP / Calibration file Location of security (protocols)

?

Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation not required, installed at factory User installed. Testing, in-field test harnesses

Can be connected to terminal emulators, Eco-Watch, or 650 field terminal.

Maintenance no field calibration required Simple Cleaning

Yearly o-ring replacement.


1 year warranty.

Interoperability YES Swappable and interchangeable?

Yes YES, No sonde disassembly required.


33. Turbidity

General Notes • Integrated wiper system on YSI 6136 can be used to clean the DO and pH sensor head if using

the flat-glass sensor. Available on 6600EDS V2, 6600 V2-4 sonde has wipeable PH also and a self cleaning optical DO sensor.

• Hydrolab has wiped turbidity, user adjustable from 1-9 wipes Hardware Alternatives Hydrolab YSI 6136

64

Life expectancy 6 years 5 years plus Power requirements powered by main sonde unit powered by main sonde unit Units NTU NTU Consumption Sonde calculates for each use. Hardware interface Analog Cost $1450 $1,680 Packaging challenges None Accessories Wiper cleans turbidity sensor to

prevent biofouling Includes a wiper system to prevent biofouling, two wipers included.


Calibration coefficients stored for QC review.

Accuracy 1% up to 100 NTU 3% from 100-400 NTU 5% from 400-3000 NTU

+/- 2% or 0.3 NTU whichever is >

Resolution 0.1 NTU from 0-400 NTU 1 NTU for >400 NTU,

0.1 NTU

Range 0-3000 NTU 0 to 1000 NTU Frequency of measurement

as required Sonde samples for 12 seconds then records averaged value. Averaging time is user adjustable.


Other Issues: Requires optical port on Sonde Software: Interface (if any: type, purpose)

Eco-Watch, Streamline, or terminal

Meta data Logs all cal data, in downloadable text format.



QA/QC Downloadable QA records, GLP file Location of security (protocols)

Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation not required, installed at factory User installed to sondes optical port. Testing, in-field test harnesses

Maintenance Calibration Change wiper as required Simple Cleaning

Calibration, 1, 2, or 3 pt calibrations user choice. Wiper pad replacement recommended every 30 days.


2 year warranty, prorated to 5 years. Life expectancy 5 years or greater.


yes YES. No sonde disassembly required.

65

34. ORP

General Notes • ORP sensor from YSI only available in combo ORP/pH sensor – 6565 or 6566. This combo

sensor is available with a glass bulb w/ guard or a flat glass sensor that can be wiped to prevent biofouling. It is also available as the 6566 which is a guardless glass bulb which can also be wiped

Hardware Alternatives Hydrolab ORP YSI 6565 or 6566 Life expectancy 10 years 3-5 years plus Power requirements powered by main sonde unit powered by main sonde unit Units mV Data displayed in milli-volts. Consumption Sonde calculates at each use. Hardware interface Analog Cost $300 $320.00 Packaging challenges N/A Accessories PH probe storage bottle. System health parameters

Sonde logs PH milli-volts raw data. Also stores cal data in GLP file.

Accuracy +/-20mV +/- 20mV Resolution 1 mV 0.1mV Range -999 to +999 mV -999 to 999mV Frequency of measurement

as required 4 second sample period, user adjustable time constant.



Analog signal to sonde electronics

Meta data GLP file Remote tasking capability

Can be controlled by external data logger or serial commands.


User upgradeable firmware, free service from YSI website.

QA/QC . GLP QA file logged by sonde Location of security (protocols)


Maintenance Calibration Simple Cleaning

Calibration, 1,2,or 3 point. Calibration frequency every 30 days.


1 year operational life minimum

66


yes YES, No sonde disassembly required.

35. pH

General Notes • pH sensor from YSI is available as an individual sensor 6561, but this is redundant as the ORP

is only available in a combo ORP/pH. No difference in accuracy between stand-alone pH and combo pH/ORP sensor. This combo sensor is available with a glass bulb w/ guard or a flat glass sensor that can be wiped to prevent biofouling. It is also available as the 6566 which is a guardless glass bulb which can also be wiped

• YSI is currently developing a new pH/ORP probe with a hemispherical glass bulb that contains more electrolyte for longer deployment and new system to reduce static electrical interference during calibration. This new probe will fit existing pH port and have comparable cost – available very soon

• Hydrolab sensor has a user replenishable reference reservoir. Benefits: increase accuracy and minimizes repair cost and down time

Hardware Alternatives Hydrolab YSI YSI 6565 or 6566 Life expectancy 6 years 3-5 years plus Power requirements powered by main sonde unit powered by main sonde unit Units pH Units PH units 2 to 14, Consumption Sonde calculates at each use. Hardware interface Analog Cost $475 $340.00 Packaging challenges Can be stand-alone pH or combo with

ORP Accessories Storage bottle with KCL. System health parameters

YES, Sonde logs calibration data and stores raw milli-volts as well as PH units.

Accuracy +/-0.2 units +/- 0.2 unit Resolution 0.01 unit 0.01 unit Range 0-14 pH units 0 to 14 Frequency of measurement

as required Default time is 4 seconds averaged. User can change this time.



Eco-Watch, Streamline, or any Terminal emulation program.

Meta data GLP and QA data stored. Remote tasking capability

Can be controlled by remote data loggers or modems.

67


User upgradeable firmware from YSI website, Free service.

QA/QC User replenishable reference reservoir ensures highest accuracy on a continuous basis

Downloadable GLP/ Calibration file.



Maintenance Calibration Replenish reference reservoir Simple Cleaning

Yearly o-ring replacement.


1 year warranty, life expectancy >1 year.


yes YES. Field Replaceable

36. Dissolved Oxygen

General Notes • YSI 6562 – membrane based but can be wiped on the 6600EDS to prevent biofouling. • YSI ROX – optical system is less prone to biofouling, more durable sensor, contains built in

wiping system, requires optical port • Hydrolab LDO technology: virtually no maintenance, annual change sensor cap, no tools

required, constant adjustment and correction (QA/QC) for shifts in the sensor. Hardware Alternatives Hach LDO Hach DO YSI ROX YSI 6562 DO Life expectancy 6 years 6 years 5 years plus 3 to 5 years Power requirements powered by main

sonde unit powered by main sonde unit

powered by main sonde unit

powered by main sonde unit

Units mg/L or % saturation

mg/L or % saturation

% or mg/L % or mg/L

Consumption Calculated by sonde at use.

Calculated by sonde at use

Hardware interface RS-232 Analog Cost $1300 $500 $1,500.00 $510.00 Packaging challenges Integral wiper

built into probe. Can come with EDS wiper system or without

Accessories Integrated wiping system, spare wiper.

Optional EDS wiper system on EDS sonde

68


Wiper system on DS5X cleans DO sensor to prevent biofouling

Wiper system on DS5X cleans DO sensor to prevent biofouling

Calibration constants and DO gain calculated at each calibration. GLP file stored.

DO charge, and Gain calculated at each calibration. GLP file stored.

Accuracy +/-0.1mg/L for <8mg/L +/-0.2mg/L for >8mg/L

+/-0.2mg/L for <20mg/L +/-0.6mg/L for >20mg/L

+/- 1% or 0.1 mg/L whichever is >

+/- 2% or 0.2 mg/L whichever is >

Resolution 0.01 mg/L 0.01 mg/L 0.01 mg/L 0.01 mg/L Range 0-20 mg/L 0-50 mg/L 0 to 50 mg/L 0 to 50 mg/L Frequency of measurement

as required as required DO measurement takes place after the wiper has parked. Total sample period is 12 seconds. User adjustable.

DO measurement takes place after a 60 second DO warm-up. Note: user can shorten or lengthen warm-up time


Other Issues: Requires optical port. Optical DO probes have proven to be more robust in the field and require less- frequent servicing They experience little or no drift when kept clean which is why the ROX has its own wiper.

Biofouling is a major concern if membrane based DO is used without a wiper system Electrodes become oxidized over time and require resurfacing Membrane and O-ring need periodic replacing


Eco-Watch, Streamline, Terminal emulator

SAME

Meta data Logs calibration history and constants which can be downloaded.

SAME


YES YES


User upgradeable firmware from YSI website

SAME

69

QA/QC . Hydrolab LDO has autocorrect function with ea measurement

Downloadable calibration file

SAME


Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation not required,

installed at factory

not required, installed at factory

User installed User installed.


Maintenance Calibration Replace sensor cap (1x/year) no tools required Simple Cleaning

Calibration Replace membrane and electrolyte Simple Cleaning

Clean wiper and replace wiper pad as needed. Can be calibrated in saturated air or water. Can also be calibrated with a one or two point DO calibration. Membrane replacement once a year.

Membrane replacement when necessary, typically every 2 to 4 weeks. Electrode resurfacing when necessary O-ring replacement on membrane monthly.


Monthly wiper pad replacement recommended

Membrane damage, biofouling, Membrane and o-ring replacement monthly.


yes yes Field Replaceable Field Replaceable

37. Conductivity

General Notes • Hydrolab conductivity has an open design cell, all smooth surfaces, easy to clean • YSI sensor is partnered with temperature sensor

Hardware Alternatives Hydrolab YSI 6560 Cond and Temp Life expectancy 8 years 3 to 5 years Power requirements powered by main sonde unit powered by main sonde unit Units mS/cm mS/cm, and us/cm Consumption Sonde calculates at each use. Hardware interface Analog Cost $375 $450.00 included in purchase of

70

either 6600 EDS or 6600V2-4 Sonde

Packaging challenges None Accessories Combo with temp thermistor System health parameters

Calibration coefficients generated at time of calibration

Accuracy +/-0.5% of reading +/- 0.001 mS/cm +/- 0.5% plus .001mS/cm Resolution 4 digits .001 to .1 mS/cm (range dependent) Range 0-100 mS/cm 0 to 100 mS/cm Frequency of measurement

as required User controlled, default setting is a 4 second average



Eco-Watch, Steamline, or terminal emulator



Can be controlled by external data loggers or modem.


User upgradeable firmware as needed from the YSI website, free service.


Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation not required, installed at factory User installed Testing, in-field test harnesses

Maintenance Calibration Simple Cleaning

Occasional cleaning of ports with brush



yes Field Replaceable

38. Chloride Ion Conc

General Notes • YSI 6882 – not designed for lengthy unattended deployment, requires frequent calibration

checks and maintenance at least weekly calibration, poor accuracy even when calibrated, expensive calibration solutions. NOT AVAILABLE ON 6600 EDS or 6600 V2-4 sondes!

Hardware

71

Alternatives Hydrolab ISE YSI 6882 Life expectancy 90 day warranty life 1 year. Power requirements Units mg L-1 Consumption Hardware interface Cost Packaging challenges Accessories System health parameters

Accuracy +/- 15% or 5 mg L-1 whichever is > Resolution 0.001 to 1 mg L-1 (range dependent) Range 0 to 1000 mg L-1 Frequency of measurement


Other Issues: ? Software Interface (if any: type, purpose)




Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation User Installed. Testing, in-field test harnesses

Maintenance Monthly wiper pad replacement. Calibration one, two or three point.


Monthly service and calibration recommended.


YES


72

39. Nitrate Ion Conc

General Notes • NOT AVAILABLE ON 6600 EDS or 6600 V2-4 sondes!

Hardware Alternatives Hydrolab ISE YSI 6884 Life expectancy 3 months to 1 year. Power requirements ? Units mg L-1 Consumption Hardware interface Cost Packaging challenges Accessories System health parameters



Other Issues: ? Software Interface (if any: type, purpose)




Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Testing, in-field test harnesses



Data Products

73

Level 0 Level 1

40. Ammonia/Ammonium Ion Conc

General Notes • NOT AVAILABLE ON 6600 EDS or 6600 V2-4 sondes!

Hardware Alternatives Hydrolab ISE YSI 6883 Life expectancy 3 months to 1 year Power requirements ? Units mg L-1 Consumption Hardware interface Cost Packaging challenges Accessories System health parameters







Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Testing, in-field test harnesses

Maintenance Unknown how often the need How to calibrate under a large range of in0situ conditions.

Failure (MTBF, Mean

74

time to repair, Service interval) Interoperability Swappable and interchangeable?


41. Chlorophyll a

General Notes • YSI 6025 requires an optical port • YSI sensor measures total fluorescence so grab samples and post processing is required to get

actual chlorophyll a • Hydrolab sensor is available with solid Secondary Standards to provide a quick and simple

method to verify sensor’s stability over time. • Hydrolab sensor has 3 auto-selected gain ranges for low, medium, and high sensitivity • In most streams and small rivers water column Chlorophyll a levels will be very low, majority

of photosynthetic activity is benthic • PAM flourimeter can be used to spot-check maximum gross photosynthetic activity • designed for terrestrial use but potential technology for future consideration

Hardware Alternatives Hydrolab Chlorophyll a YSI 6025 Life expectancy 6 years 5 years plus Power requirements powered by main sonde unit powered by main sonde unit Units ug/L μg L-1 and RFU in % (Relative

Fluorescent Units) Consumption Sonde calculates at each use. Hardware interface Analog Cost $2450 $3240 Packaging challenges None Accessories Wiper system on DS5X cleans

chlorophyll sensor to prevent biofouling

Includes a wiper system to prevent biofouling


Solid Secondary Standards to provide a quick and simple method to verify sensor’s stability over time. Solid Secondary Standards: A pocket size “tool” which can be set to a fixed value. After the sonde has been in use, you can take this “tool” and check to see if there has been any drift of the sensor. It is simple to use and takes about 30 seconds.

Sensor generates calibration constants which are logged in the GLP file. QA records can be downloaded for historical record.

Accuracy +/- 3% for signal equivalents of 1ppb Not specified. The probe also uses

75

rhodamine WT dye or higher using a rhodamine sensor

Rhodamine WT dye for its two point calibration. Accuracy dependent on lab analysis to determine Chl A and then post processing of sonde data. See http://www.act-us.info/ for a detailed report of YSI Chl technology. See Cal Tips document for more information on calibration

Resolution 0.01 ug/L 0.1 μg L-1, 0.1% FS Range 0.03 to 500 ug/L 0 to 400 μg L-1 Frequency of measurement

as required


Other Issues: Requires Optical port on Sonde Software Interface (if any: type, purpose)



Can be controlled by external data loggers or modem.


QA/QC Solid Secondary Standards to provide a quick and simple method to verify sensor’s stability over time.

Downloadable GLP and calibration file.



Maintenance calibration Simple Cleaning

Wiper replacement every 30 days. Calibration 1 or 2 point, user choice.


Requires periodic cleaning of the wiper and pad replacement.

Interoperability YES Swappable and interchangeable?

yes Field Replaceable


http://www.act-us.info/

76

42. Water photosynthetic photon flux density

General Notes • LI-COR Biosciences. Model LI-192SA. Product was first introduced in 1973. • For measurement of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) in air or under water. • Measures number of photons in the 400-700 nm waveband incident per unit time on a

unit surface; expressed as micromoles per meter squared per second (µmol m-2 s-1). • Hemispherical field of view and cosine corrected. • 1 year warranty. With extended warranty option • LI-COR is certified to ISO 9001:2000 quality system.

Hardware Life expectancy Designed for discrete profile measurements. Long term submersed

deployments may reduce sensor output. Power requirements

No external power required. Silicon photodiode produces microampere current when exposed to radiation in the 400-700 nm waveband.

Units µmol m-2 s-1 Consumption N/A (no power consumption). Hardware interface

Analog microampere current. Output of sensor is typically 4 µA per 1000 µmol m-2 s-1. Cable termination is a ‘BNC’ connector. For conversion to bare lead 2-wire microampere current use pn 2200 Adaptor. For conversion to 2-wire millivolt signal, use pn 2291.

Cost Please contact LI-COR for a current price quotation prior to purchase. Prices & specifications subject to change without notice. LI-192SA requires (1) underwater cable (pn 2222UWB) per sensor. Available in 5 standard lengths (3,10, 30, 50 & 100 meters). Termination of underwater cable at datalogging end is a ‘BNC’ connector. A ‘millivolt’ adaptor may be required if data acquisition system cannot measure microampere current. This adaptor provides roughly a 0 to +5 mV signal to represent 0 to 1000 µmol m-2 s-1.

2007 LIST PRICES

LI-192SA Underwater Quantum Sensor, $620 2291, Millivolt Adaptor, $32 2200, BNC to Bare lead, Adaptor, $18 2222UWB-3, Underwater Cable, 3m, $300 2222UWB-10, Underwater Cable, 10m, $345 2222UWB-30, Underwater Cable, 30m, $410 2222UWB-50, Underwater Cable, 50m, $550 2222UWB-100, Underwater Cable, 100m, $790 2009S, Lowering Frame (if required for application), $135. 100L Lubricant (lubricates & displaces water in connectors), $12

Packaging For long-term immersion or use in heavily ionic water, it is necessary to

77

challenges provide electrical insulation between the underwater sensor(s) and the lowering frame (or mounting structure) to prevent galvanic corrosion.

Accessories LI-COR Model 2222UWB underwater cable is required. millivolt adaptors, underwater lowering frame and BNC to 2-wire adaptors are also available.


None.

Accuracy Absolute calibration +/-5% in air traceable to NIST. Resolution Limited by data acquisition system’s analog to digital converter resolution.

Output of sensor is typically 4 µA per 1000 µmol m-2 s-1. Range Maximum deviation of 1% up to 10,000 µmol m-2 s-1. Frequency of measurement

Function of application and sampling rate of data acquisition system.


Measurement units (flux density) are expressed as micromoles per second per meter squared (µmol m-2 s-1).

Other Issues: All photodiode based sensors (from all manufacturers) produce a current as the result of photons striking the silicon. The best circuit for measuring a photodiode is one that has a zero input impedance (i.e. a transimpedance amplifier). Maintaining a zero input impedance prevents the photodiode from reaching a biased condition (~ 0.45 volts and up) and self conducting. Once the photodiode starts to self conduct the measurements become nonlinear. As long as extremely wide dynamic response is not required a simple resistor (millivolt adapter; pn 2291) can be placed across the photodiode so that the current generated by the photodiode is converted to a voltage across that resistor according to Ohms Law (E=I*R). For widest dynamic range and lowest signal to noise, a circuit that measures current directly will produce the best results.

Software Alternatives Interface (if any: type, purpose)

N/A

Meta data N/A Remote tasking capability

N/A


N/A

QA/QC N/A Location of security (protocols)

N/A

Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation http://ftp.licor.com/env/Radiation_Sensors/Manual/UWSensors_Manual.pdfTesting, in-field test harnesses

http://ftp.licor.com/env/Radiation_Sensors/Manual/UWSensors_Manual.pdf



78

Maintenance Factory recalibration recommended every 2 years Recommended monthly inspection and cleaning if necessary to reduce biofouling or mineral buildup http://ftp.licor.com/env/Radiation_Sensors/Manual/UWSensors_Manual.pdf


Factory recalibration recommended once every 2 years to validate sensor output. Continuous submersion, mineral content, salinity, turbidity, and algae growth, can affect the function of the light collecting diffuser and degrade performance.

Interoperability LI-192SA Sensors output a microampere signal which may not be compatible with all data acquisition systems. An external transimpedance amplifier or millivolt converter (resistor assembly) may be required in order to provide a compatible analog signal.


Yes. However, after factory recalibration or swapping sensors a new calibration multiplier will need to be entered into the data acquisition system software to convert microampere output into engineering units (µmol m-2 s-1). http://www.licor.com/env/Products/Sensors/calconstant.jsp

43. Incident UV

General Notes • Part of Aquatic array • At the time of build out, there may be other less expensive units available

Hardware Life expectancy > 5y Power requirements Consumption Hardware interface Cost K+Z CUV 4 radiometer, $2878.00 Packaging challenges

Higher precision and accuracy if ventilated


Accuracy <1% Frequency of measurement




Other Issues: Software


http://www.licor.com/env/Products/Sensors/calconstant.jsp

79




QA/QC Plausibility and redundancy tests Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Testing, in-field test harnesses

Maintenance Annual factory re-calibration and desiccant replacement Failure (MTBF, Mean time to repair, Service interval)


44. Water Temperature

General Notes • 107-L: Utilizes a thermistor designed for measuring temperatures in a variety of media with an

operating range of -35 to 500C • Numerous options for thermocouples and thermistors available from Omega. Recommend

either the Type T Thermocouple or the TJ36-44004 thermistor. Thermistor is more accurate (+/- 0.10C) than thermocouple (+/- 0.50C). Many different probe configurations are available through Omega. Omega does

Hardware Alternatives 107-L (Campbell Scientific) Life expectancy ~5-10 Power requirements 2.5 V Units C F Consumption Milli-Amps Hardware interface Analog Cost Sensor: $78

Cable: $0.36/ft Packaging challenges Accessories System health parameters

Accuracy <+/- 0.20C (-24 to 480C) Resolution Range -35 to 500C Max depth 50ft Max cable length 1000ft

80

Thermistor Interchangeability Error

+/- 0.20C (00C to 600C)


10 seconds


Other Issues: Can require different configurations in electronically noisy environments, especially if a long lead line is needed





Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Does not require protective housing. Should be installed below the lowest

expected water level. Testing, in-field test harnesses

Maintenance Calibration is unnecessary for most applications, if needed a one-point calibration can be performed Monthly inspection to remove debris


One year warranty


No


45. Discrete Discharge Measuring Equipment

General Notes • Mechanical meters: Two versions of the USGS-spec mechanical meter: Pygmy (for measuring

smaller streams) and AA Price (medium streams and up). Both units can be used with a wading rod in wadeable streams. The AA price can be operated from a boat or bridge for larger streams with additional accessories. The AA price can also be fitted with different bucket wheels for measuring in ice or slush conditions. Both units can be interfaced with digital “click” counters or can be operated using headphones and a stopwatch.

81

• Electro-magnetic: No moving parts, quick measurements, utilizes fixed point averaging to provide more accuracy in a fast reading. Can be used in wading and cable or bridge applications

• Both Mechanical and Electromagnetic flow meters require manual measurements of depth and velocity along a cross-section. Depth and flow measurements are then converted into discharge

• Moving boat Acoustic – Doppler: Acoustic Doppler units are quickly becoming the choice method for measuring stream discharge. There are several advantages to the method: Speed, accuracy, safety, and data. Unit is simply pulled across stream/river using a pulley or from a bridge. Measures both velocity and water level simultaneously to provide a complete discharge measurement. Eliminates many potential sources of human error. Not designed for highly turbulent water or sites where rocks or debris protrude above water surface.

• RDI moving boat ADCP: StreamPro is a much smaller unit and is designed for smaller streams and rivers. Rio Grande is designed for larger rivers and is more accurate but is also more expensive and is not as well suited for smaller streams.

• Sontek for other acoustic Doppler technology Hardware Alternatives Mechanical Electro-

magnetic: Flo-mate 2000

Acoustic-Doppler StreamPro ADCP

Acoustic-Doppler Rio Grande 1200kHz and 600kHz

Life expectancy ~10-20 years ~15 years First generation units still in use.

First generation units still in use.

Power requirements None for the meter itself, but accessories used to count the number of rotations require batteries

2 D-cell or external 120V 1W, or 220 1W

8 AA Batteries 12volt batteries

Units # of rotations/time (ft/sec or m/sec can then be calculated using a simple rating)

Ft/sec, m/sec Ft/sec, m/sec Ft/sec, m/sec

Consumption 25-30 hours ON time

10-12 hours 6-8hours

Hardware interface Streamed to PDA Streamed to Laptop Cost ~$700 for meter

additional cost for headphones or digital counter and wading rod or cable/bridge equipment

~$2500 $15,000- $21,000 depending on unit configuration

$23,000-$32,000 depending on unit

Packaging challenges Units are well packaged but fragile. Accessories can be very large and

Units are well packed but must be treated with care.


82

heavy Dimensions Accessories Extra pivots and

machine oil are needed for both units. Many other accessories exist for measuring discharge in different conditions

Internal memory can be used to record velocity readings Comes with carrying case, 20ft of cable Requires top-set wading rod for wadeable streams or a suspension cable kit for non-wadeable streams and rivers

Comes with a PDA, transportation container, float, electronics and software. Other options are available.

Comes with a transportation container, electronics and software. Other options are available.


Mechanical spin test to check for friction

Low battery indicator, comm. Error indicators

Built in tests verify proper operation. Low battery indicator as well.

Built in tests verify proper operation. Battery level can be monitored.

Accuracy +/- 5% for skilled measurer

+/- 2% of reading plus +/-0.05ft/sec

+/- .2cm/s depth accuracy +/- 1cm

+/-0.25cm/s depth accuracy +/- 0.5 cm

Resolution ~ +/- 0.01ft/sec 0.01 ft/sec .1 cm/s .1cm/s Measurement range AA 0.5 ft/sec – 27

ft/sec Pygmy 0.25 ft/sec – 3 ft/sec

-0.5 to 20 ft/sec

+/-7.2M/s +/- 20M/S

Min depth ~4cm 15cm (>30cm is ideal)

Max depth 100ft 13.5’ with upgrade

1200kHz (20M) 600kHz (75M)


0 – 720C -5– 450C -4– 400C


1Hz output (utilizing broadband signal processing) 1 measurement per second

Up to 40Hz with upgrade 40 measurements per second

QAQC Spin test, visual inspection

Calibrate to 0 velocity

No calibration required. USGS

No calibration required. USGS has

83

Can set velocity to be a time based average

has specific QA/QC procedures.

specific QA/QC procedures.



WinRiver WinRiver



Sensor and cable can be replaced on disconnect equipped models

The unit can be upgrade to work in a wide variety of environments.

The unit can be upgrade to work in a wide variety of environments.


Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Typical

installation uses a cable line across channel with a pulley to pull ADCP across stream

Typical installation uses a cable line across channel with a pulley to pull ADCP across stream


Maintenance Routine oiling, spin test before every measurement, cleaning if necessary, pivot pin replacement when necessary

Routine 0 calibration Battery change when necessary Recommend a 2 year factory calibration

No maintenance required




yes Yes, sensor and cable can be replaced if

84

unit is equipped with disconnect feature

46. Water Level

General Notes • CBS/CBL bubbler does not require a stilling well. Air pressure generate by internal,

maintenance-free, micro piston pump with integral valve function – does not need an external gas supply. No electronics touch the water, bubble tube is inexpensive if damaged

• Kalesto Radar sensor mounts above the water so it is not prone to biofouling or at risk or damage from flooding. Less accurate than other sensors and will require locating sites near an bridge or other overhang, or constructing one at the site.

• Thalimedes Shaft Encoder often used in existing gauges houses which are next to the river or body of water

• Pressure/Level sensor: Includes a built-in microcontroller for temperature compensation, force-of-gravity correction and compensation density changes. Available in 5 different measuring ranges, most sites should fit 0-5m range.

• Many other brands and technologies available that should possibly be considered: ISCO, Druck, Stevens, In-situ, many other brands listed on Campbell website. Features are generally comparable.

Hardware Alternatives OTT CBS

Bubbler Sensor OTT CBL Bubbler Sensor & Logger

OTT Kalesto Radar Level Sensor

OTT Thalimedes Shaft Encoder (Float & Counterweight) Sensor and or logger

OTT PS 1 Pressure/Level and Temperature Sensor

Life expectancy 12 years 12 years 12 years 15 years Power requirements 10-30 volt DC 12 volt DC 1.5V – C cell

battery 8.5 to 30V DC

Units cm, mm, ft ft, mm ft, m m, ft, in, bar, psi Consumption 25 ma hr/day <1uA – standby

<500mA - active 15 months at 1-hour interval

<450pA – sleep <4mA - active

Hardware interface SDI-12, 4-20 mA SDI-12, RS485 RS232, Infrared, SDI-12

4-20 mA signal, or SDI-12

Cost CBS $2500 CBL $3400

$3250 $1100 $1000

Packaging challenges Dimensions 23X10X6 cm 6.3” OD X 22” 9.6”X1.85” 17X2cm plus

cable Accessories • EPS50

Bubble Integrated lightning

Optional installation kit for

desiccant assembly

85

chamber for mounting in riverbed

• Measuring tube including connector

protection

4” well-pipes


Internal memory CBL – 30,000 measurements


30,000 measurements


Accuracy 0.005ft +/- 0.12 ft +/- 0.007ft 0.005 % of range but this needs to be verified

Resolution 0.003ft 0.01ft +/- 0.01 ft 0.005% of range Range 0-50 ft 5-99ft 200ft 0-5,10, 20, 40 or

100m Max depth 33ft ~80 ft 200ft Cable length 150 ft max 10ft standard up

to 3000ft available

200 ft (SDI-12) 100m max for SDI-12 interface 500m max for 4-20mA


1 min – 24 hr 17 sec (40 values creating mean value)

1 min to 24 hrs 1 min – 24 hr


QAQC No drift, automatic zero-point compensation before each measurement

Averages reading to produce a mean value

Other Issues: Bubble tube can be cut to appropriate length for each site Biofouling is not a common problem, bubble system works to purge line automatically. If biofouling occurs, causing constriction of bubble line – false high readings can

Does not contact water so no biofouling issues

logger or SDI-12 output Uses non-contact IR reader to download logged data Biofouling is a major concern for float based shaft encoders. Growth on the float can affect readings.

Must specify interface either 4-20mA signal or SDI-12, SDI-12 has a max cable lenth of 100m Biofouling can be greatly reduced by installing sensor above stream bottom

86

occur Software Interface (if any: type, purpose)




Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Requires stilling

well installation, shielded tube and kevlar line included with sensor. The tube needs to be protected, typically done in metal or PVC pipe

Can be attached to anything overhanging water – requires at least 3 ft horizontal clearance Must be at least 5ft above maximum water level

Surface mounting or well (4” or larger) Requires protection from precipitation

Sensor can be installed on stream bottom or mounted on a raised platform to reduce sediment buildup. Must be positioned below lowest expected water level. Cable is typically installed as-is but can be encased in protective pipe


Maintenance None, No desiccant to change

Annual, clean None Desiccant dryer, typical maintenance 4x/year



Yes Yes Yes Yes

47. In-situ Brand Pressure Transducers

General Notes • In-Situ Level TROLL series water level sensors combine a high accuracy pressure transducer with an

internal data logger in a sub 1” titanium or stainless steel housing. • Level TROLL series sensors are available as gauged (vented) units (500 and 700 only) or as absolute

87

(non-vented) units (300, 500, 700). Gauged units compensate for barometric pressure changes in real time. Absolute units must have data post-processed to adjust for changes in barometric pressure—this is accomplished via a software wizard and a barometric pressure sensor.

• Level TROLL series sensors perform automatic correction for temperature, water density, and gravitational acceleration.

• Level TROLL series sensors offer a guaranteed battery life specification. Sensors do not consume internal battery power when connected to another device such as a datalogger or telemetry system.

• Level TROLL sensors have been validated by the USGS HIF to meet or exceed their stated accuracy and range specifications.

Hardware Alternatives In-Situ Level TROLL

300 In-Situ Level TROLL 500

In-Situ Level TROLL 700

Life expectancy 2 Million individual readings



Power requirements Internal 3.6V Lithium battery 8 to 36 VDC External power



Units psi, KPa, mm, cm, m, in, ft

psi, KPa, mm, cm, m, in, ft psi, KPa, mm, cm, m, in, ft

Consumption < 4 mA reading 12 µA sleep



Hardware interface Modbus SDI-12 4-20 mA scalable



Cost $595 $999 $1499 Packaging challenges

Dimensions 9” L x 0.82” OD (22.9 cm L x 20.8 mm OD)

8.5” L x 0.72” OD (21.6 cm L x 18.3 mm OD)

8.5” L x 0.72” OD (21.6 cm L x 18.3 mm OD)

Accessories Backshell hanger, download cable

Desiccant, cable Desiccant, cable





Internal memory 50,000 data points 100,000 data points 350,000 data points Accuracy 0.2% full scale at 15° C 0.05% full scale at 15° C 0.05% full scale at 15° C Resolution 0.01% full scale 0.005% full scale 0.005% full scale Range 3 ranges

0 – 10.9 m 0 – 60.1 m 0 – 200.7 m

6 ranges 0 – 3.5 m 0 – 11 m 0 – 21 m 0 – 70 m 0 – 210 m 0 – 351 m

6 ranges 0 – 3.5 m 0 – 11 m 0 – 21 m 0 – 70 m 0 – 210 m 0 – 351 m

Max depth 400 m burst 1050 m burst 1050 m burst Cable length 1200 m Modbus 1200 m Modbus 1200 m Modbus

88

1200 m 4 – 20 mA 60 m SDI-12

1200 m 4 – 20 mA 60 m SDI-12

1200 m 4 – 20 mA 60 m SDI-12


1 reading per second fastest reading rate




QAQC Instrument log notes Instrument log notes Instrument log notes Other Issues: Pressure sensor is

stainless steel. Low biofouling susceptibility
















Installation Typical installation is in

a stilling well or directly in a stream with a PVC or galvanized steel pipe. Must be positioned below lowest expected water level. Level data can be reported in depth, referenced to a surface level elevation or to an installed stream staff gage.

Typical installation is in a stilling well or directly in a stream with a PVC or galvanized steel pipe. Must be positioned below lowest expected water level. Level data can be reported in depth, referenced to a surface level elevation or to an installed stream staff gage.

Typical installation is in a stilling well or directly in a stream with a PVC or galvanized steel pipe. Must be positioned below lowest expected water level. Level data can be reported in depth, referenced to a surface level elevation or to an installed stream staff gage.


Maintenance Clean as needed, no desiccant, recommend yearly factory recalibration

Clean as needed, large desiccant replacement min 2x year, recommend yearly factory recalibration

Clean as needed, large desiccant replacement min 2x year, recommend yearly factory recalibration

89


Typical 5 working days for repair. Optional plan available for 24 hour replacement. Recommend yearly factory recalibration

Typical 5 working days for repair. Optional plan available for 24 hour replacement Recommend yearly factory recalibration

Typical 5 working days for repair. Optional plan available for 24 hour replacement Recommend yearly factory recalibration

Interoperability Fully compatible with ISCO samplers, dataloggers, etc. via SDI-12 connection. Modbus allows connection to SCADA and PLC systems.

Fully compatible with ISCO samplers, dataloggers, etc. via SDI-12 connection. Modbus allows connection to SCADA and PLC systems.

Fully compatible with ISCO samplers, dataloggers, etc. via SDI-12 connection. Modbus allows connection to SCADA and PLC systems.


Yes Yes Yes

48. Autosampler

General Notes • 6712FR: contains a built in refrigerator and heater to keep samples at EPA recommended 40C even if

air temps drop to -200F o Contains ISCO’s 6712 controller allowing user to select different programming modes

including event based sampling • ISCO 6712 is also available in a compact version ISCO 6712c: same features as 6712 but smaller

(45cm OD X 70 cm) and has only 5 different bottle configurations including 24X500ml sequential • ISCO Avalanche: Also available with the 6712 controller but packaged into a portable refrigeration

system. Runs off battery or VAC power. Fewer sampling configurations • American Sigma: Can be equipped with similar features as ISCO products, very little information

available Hardware Alternatives ISCO 6712FR ISCO Avalanche ISCO 6712 Life expectancy 7-10 years 7-10 years 7-10 years Power requirements 120VAC, 60Hz; or

240VAC, 50Hz (specify)

12V DC, 6 Amps (from external battery) or 87 to 264 VAC, 47 to 63 Hz, 2 Amps

12V DC

Consumption 3.5 amps 2 amps 30 ma Hardware interface SDI-12 SDI-12 SDI-12 Cost $5557 $4500 $2879 Packaging challenges Large and heavy Large and heavy but on a Large

90

wheeled cart Dimensions 125X66X66cm 78X36X60 cm 68.6 cm OD X 51cm Weight 73kg 35 kg 15 kg Accessories Automatic refrigeration

and heating Suction line strainer

Power saving Refrigeration system – remains on standby until first sample then works for at least 48 hours off 12v deep cycle battery. Suction line strainer

Bottom of unit can be packed with 30lbs of ice Suction line strainer

Tubing Vinyl or Teflon; 3/8” ID 1 to 30 m length

Vinyl or Teflon ID 0.375” Vinyl or Teflon; 3/8” ID 1 to 30 m length






0 to 49 0C 0 to 50 0C 0 to 49 0C

Sampling configuration


4 different sampling configurations including 14X950ml sequential


Sampling accuracy +/-5ml or +/-5% average volume



Maximum suction lift 28 ft (without secondary pump)

28 ft (without secondary pump 28 ft (without secondary pump

Sampling modes Time, Flow, Non uniform time, Random Sample Interval, Event pacing




1 min to 100 hours 1 min to 100 hours 1 min to 100 hours


Other Issues: user selected purge cycles before and after every sample to clean suction line








yes yes yes


yes yes yes

QA/QC Location of security

91

(protocols) Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Testing, in-field test harnesses

Maintenance Replace pump tube approximately every 1,000,000 pump counts Routine cleaning of suction line if needed




3 year service schedule 3 year service schedule 3 year service schedule

Interoperability ISCO water level sensors can plug directly into autosampler to trigger flow/stage based sampling




yes yes yes

49. Discrete Discharge Measuring Equipment

General Notes • Mechanical meters: Two versions of the USGS-spec mechanical meter: Pygmy (for measuring

smaller streams) and AA Price (medium streams and up). Both units can be used with a wading rod in wadeable streams. The AA price can be operated from a boat or bridge for larger streams with additional accessories. The AA price can also be fitted with different bucket wheels for measuring in ice or slush conditions. Both units can be interfaced with digital “click” counters or can be operated using headphones and a stopwatch.

• Electro-magnetic: No moving parts, quick measurements, utilizes fixed point averaging to provide more accuracy in a fast reading. Can be used in wading and cable or bridge applications

• Both Mechanical and Electromagnetic flow meters require manual measurements of depth and velocity along a cross-section. Depth and flow measurements are then converted into discharge

• Moving boat Acoustic – Doppler: Acoustic Doppler units are quickly becoming the choice method for measuring stream discharge. There are several advantages to the method: Speed, accuracy, safety, and data. Unit is simply pulled across stream/river using a pulley or from a bridge. Measures both velocity and water level simultaneously to provide a complete discharge measurement. Eliminates many potential sources of human error. Not designed for highly turbulent water or sites where rocks or debris protrude above water surface.

• RDI moving boat ADCP: StreamPro is a much smaller unit and is designed for smaller streams and rivers. Rio Grande is designed for larger rivers and is more accurate but is also more expensive and is not as well suited for smaller streams.

• Sontek for other acoustic Doppler technology Hardware Alternatives Mechanical Electro-

magnetic: Acoustic-Doppler StreamPro ADCP

Acoustic-Doppler

92

Flo-mate 2000

Rio Grande 1200kHz and 600kHz

Life expectancy ~10-20 years ~15 years First generation units still in use.

First generation units still in use.

Power requirements

None for the meter itself, but accessories used to count the number of rotations require batteries

2 D-cell or external 120V 1W, or 220 1W

8 AA Batteries 12volt batteries

Units # of rotations/time (ft/sec or m/sec can then be calculated using a simple rating)

Ft/sec, m/sec Ft/sec, m/sec Ft/sec, m/sec

Consumption 25-30 hours ON time

10-12 hours 6-8hours

Hardware interface Streamed to PDA Streamed to Laptop Cost ~$700 for meter

additional cost for headphones or digital counter and wading rod or cable/bridge equipment

~$2500 $15,000- $21,000 depending on unit configuration

$23,000-$32,000 depending on unit


Units are well packaged but fragile. Accessories can be very large and heavy



Dimensions Accessories Extra pivots and

machine oil are needed for both units. Many other accessories exist for measuring discharge in different conditions

Internal memory can be used to record velocity readings Comes with carrying case, 20ft of cable Requires top-set wading rod for wadeable streams or a

Comes with a PDA, transportation container, float, electronics and software. Other options are available.

Comes with a transportation container, electronics and software. Other options are available.

93

suspension cable kit for non-wadeable streams and rivers


Mechanical spin test to check for friction

Low battery indicator, comm. Error indicators

Built in tests verify proper operation. Low battery indicator as well.

Built in tests verify proper operation. Battery level can be monitored.

Accuracy +/- 5% for skilled measurer

+/- 2% of reading plus +/-0.05ft/sec

+/- .2cm/s depth accuracy +/- 1cm

+/-0.25cm/s depth accuracy +/- 0.5 cm

Resolution ~ +/- 0.01ft/sec 0.01 ft/sec .1 cm/s .1cm/s Measurement range AA 0.5 ft/sec – 27

ft/sec Pygmy 0.25 ft/sec – 3 ft/sec

-0.5 to 20 ft/sec

+/-7.2M/s +/- 20M/S

Min depth ~4cm 15cm (>30cm is ideal)

Max depth 100ft 13.5’ with upgrade 1200kHz (20M) 600kHz (75M)


0 – 720C -5– 450C -4– 400C


1Hz output (utilizing broadband signal processing) 1 measurement per second

Up to 40Hz with upgrade 40 measurements per second

QAQC Spin test, visual inspection

Calibrate to 0 velocity Can set velocity to be a time based average

No calibration required. USGS has specific QA/QC procedures.

No calibration required. USGS has specific QA/QC procedures.



WinRiver WinRiver


Upgrade capability Sensor and The unit can be The unit can be

94

and mechanisms cable can be replaced on disconnect equipped models

upgrade to work in a wide variety of environments.

upgrade to work in a wide variety of environments.


Installation, Operations, Maintenance Installation Typical installation

uses a cable line across channel with a pulley to pull ADCP across stream

Typical installation uses a cable line across channel with a pulley to pull ADCP across stream


Maintenance Routine oiling, spin test before every measurement, cleaning if necessary, pivot pin replacement when necessary

Routine 0 calibration Battery change when necessary Recommend a 2 year factory calibration





yes Yes, sensor and cable can be replaced if unit is equipped with disconnect feature

50. Aerosol and particulates

General Notes • Part of an atmospheric chemistry package for the advanced BioMesoNet towers, • The HSLAS-II measures particulate range 0.06-1.0 μm, alternatively can use the LAS-X sensor

95

(which is identical to the HSLAS but the particulate range is 0.09-7.5 μm) Hardware Alternatives Alternative #1

HSLAS-II Alternative #2: NOAA-Passive cavity spectrometer probe (PCASP), http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/aero/instrumentation/pcasp100.html

Life expectancy 10 years (for replacement) Power requirements

120-240 VAC 50/60 Hz

Units Particulate concentration and size distribution Consumption 200W > 250 W Hardware interface

Completely digital and programmable output

Analog and digital outputs, based on older technology

Cost-Sensor $35,000, model HSLAS, Particle Measurement Systems Inc. Boulder CO, 303-443-7100

$140,000.00 Research Electro-Optics, Inc. Boulder, Colorado 80301 Phone:(303) 938-1960


Additional pumping and plumbing will be required (included in Price)

Accessories Filter packs, pump replacement parts System health parameters

Built in diagnostics Manual/visual data quality checks, (future capability, not available yet), Need to have some status on whether the sensor is connected (may generate data which looks semi-sensible)

Accuracy Size resolution <5% (typically 2.5% for particles at 0.1 microns)

unknown


Scan frequency (execution interval) once every 5 sec. Preferably the raw data (= scanned raw data) to be stored at NEON central archive, for calibration purposes.



Other Issues: User configures up to 100 particle size channels

User selects flow rate from 10-100 ml min-1

unknown



Meta data S/N, calibration and maintenance records Remote tasking No tasking of instrument itself, but the platform should

96

capability still be taskable Upgrade capability and mechanisms


Replacement.


• plausibility and redundancy tests • Factory calibration is NIST traceable


Password lock


10-30 C, 0-95% Rh, non-condensing internal environment, sea level to 4 km

Daily, weekly and monthly tasks

Installation Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-processing for calibration, error correction. Careful of placement for exposure as per standard meteorological practice.


Not required



51. Atmospheric Optical Depth

General Notes • Part of an atmospheric chemistry package for the advanced BioMesoNet towers, • Ref, http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Publications/GrayLit/016_IMPROVEeqReview/ IMPROVEeqReview.htm

Hardware Alternatives Alternative #1

CIMEL Automatic sun tracking photometer, CE 318 (AERONET standard)

Alternative #2: Eppley NIP and SMT-3 tracker

Life expectancy 10 years (for replacement) Power requirements

240 VAC 50/60 Hz

Units μmol m-2 s-1 Consumption 200W > 250 W Hardware interface

Voltage analog outputs

Cost-Sensor $45,000, CIMEL $47,500 (13, 500+ 34, 000) the Eppley Laboratory,

http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Publications/GrayLit/016_IMPROVEeqReview/

97

electronique, Paris FR, 00.33.(1).43.48.79.33

Newport, RI Phone 401)-847-1020


Heavy items, have to have strong and robust mounting (not included)

Accessories 5 filter or 8 filter packs, either 440, 670, 870, 936 and 1020 nm, or 440, 670, 870,870, 870, 936 and 1020 nm


Manual/visual data quality checks, (future capability, not available yet), Need to have some status on whether the sensor is connected (may generate data which looks semi-sensible)

Accuracy Size resolution <5% (typically 2.5% for particles at 0.1 microns)

unknown


Scan frequency (execution interval) once every 1 min.


Statistical description archived every 1 hour

Other Issues: unknown Interface (if any: type, purpose)

calibrated voltage current.

Meta data S/N, calibration and maintenance records Remote tasking capability

No tasking of instrument itself, but the platform should still be taskable


Replacement.


• plausibility and redundancy tests • Factory calibration is NIST traceable


none


Heavy, will need substantial secure mounting

Installation Hardware (e.g. cables, platform, sensors) should be bar-coded to do any post-processing for calibration, error correction. Careful of placement for exposure as per standard meteorological practice.


Not required



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International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1995. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland, 101 pp. Loescher, HW, BE Law, L Mahrt, DY Hollinger, J. L. Campbell, and S. C. Wofsy, 2006. Uncertainties in- and interpretation of carbon flux estimates using the eddy covariance technique. J. Geophys. Res., 111, DS1S90, doi:10.1029/2005JD006932. Loescher, HW, T Ocheltree, B Tanner, E Swiatek, B Dano, J Wong, G Zimmerman, J Campbell, C Stock, L Jacobsen, Y Shiga, J Kollas, J Liburdy, and BE Law, 2005. Comparison of temperature and wind statistics in contrasting environments among different sonic anemometer-thermometers. Agric. For. Meteorol., 133, 119-139. Leuning, R, and MJ Judd, 1996. The relative merits of open- and closed-path analyzers for measurement of eddy fluxes. Global Change Biol., 2, 241-253. Monteith, JL, and MH Unsworth, 1990. Principles of Environmental Physics. Edward Arnold Publishers, New York. pp. 291. Ocheltree, TO, and HW Loescher, 2007. Design of the AmeriFlux portable eddy-covariance system and uncertainty analysis of carbon measurements. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. In press Pearcy, RW, J Ehleringer, HA Mooney, and PW Rundel, 1998. Plant Physiological Ecology; Field Methods and Instrumentation. Chapman and Hall, New York, 457 pp. Reece, CF, 1996. Evaluation of a line heat dissipation sensor for measuring soil matric potential. J. Soil Sci. Soc Am., 60, 1022-1028. Sacks, WJ, DS Schimel, RK Monson, and BH Braswell. 2006. Model-data synthesis of diurnal and seasonal CO2 fluxes at Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 240-259. The State Climatologist 1985. Publication of the American Association of State Climatologists; Height and exposure standards for sensors on automated weather stations. Vol. 9, No. 4. WMO 1983. Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of observation. World Meteorological Organization. No. 8 5th edition, Geneva Switzerland.

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