Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua,

NY

Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua,

NY

TheWars ofReligion

(1560s-1648)

TheWars ofReligion

(1560s-1648)

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

Henri II was the last powerful Valois Dies in 1559 of a jousting wound

Three weak sons followed: Francis II Charles IX Henri III

Catherine de Medici controlled the sons: Was mother to the boys Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty Take care of the “protestant” problem

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War

There were two sides: Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in South Fighting for the royal inheritance

Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• ““...the streets and ways did resound with ...the streets and ways did resound with the noise of those that flocked to the the noise of those that flocked to the slaughter and plunder, and the complaints slaughter and plunder, and the complaints and doleful out-cries of dying men, and and doleful out-cries of dying men, and those that were nigh to danger were every those that were nigh to danger were every where heard. The carkasses of the slain where heard. The carkasses of the slain were thrown down from the windows, the were thrown down from the windows, the Courts & chambers of houses were full of Courts & chambers of houses were full of dead men, their dead bodies rolled in dirt dead men, their dead bodies rolled in dirt were dragged through the streets, bloud were dragged through the streets, bloud did flow in such abundance through the did flow in such abundance through the chanels of the streets, that full streams of chanels of the streets, that full streams of bloud did run down into the River: the bloud did run down into the River: the number of the slain men, women, even number of the slain men, women, even those that were great with child, and those that were great with child, and children also, was innumerable.”* children also, was innumerable.”*

* Jacques-Auguste de Thou's History of the Bloody Massacres of the Protestants in France in the year of our Lord, 1572 (London, 1674). The writer was a young man at the time of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, parts of which he witnessed. De Thou helped to draft the Edict of Nantes, which (briefly) granted toleration to the Huguenots in France. He goes on,

DetailsDetails

• 3 days of fighting and 3 days of fighting and 3,000. 10,000 at the end 3,000. 10,000 at the end of 6 weeks.of 6 weeks.

• Catherine de' Medici Catherine de' Medici received the received the congratulations of all the congratulations of all the Catholic powers, and Pope Catholic powers, and Pope Gregory XIII ordered Gregory XIII ordered bonfires lighted and the bonfires lighted and the singing of the singing of the Te DeumTe Deum. . Indeed, the Pope's joy was Indeed, the Pope's joy was so great that he so great that he commanded a gold medal commanded a gold medal to be minted, with the to be minted, with the inscription, "Slaughter inscription, "Slaughter [[stragesstrages] of the ] of the Huguenots." Huguenots."

• Huguenots now claimed Huguenots now claimed their right to resist their right to resist tyranical leaders.tyranical leaders.

• Going to bring about Going to bring about Constitutionalism.Constitutionalism.

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.

Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.

Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

CatholicLeagueCatholicLeague

ProtestantUnion

ProtestantUnion

CIVILWAR

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

Married in 1558 to then Queen of Scotts and dies in 1560. Dies of complications of an ear infection, an abscess. Her uncles were members of the Guise family.

• Charles IX dies in 1574.Charles IX dies in 1574.• Henry III takes the throne Henry III takes the throne

but does not produce an but does not produce an heir.heir.

• Catholic League:Catholic League:• Guises worry he won’t get Guises worry he won’t get

rid of Protestantism and rid of Protestantism and so they elicit the help of so they elicit the help of Philip II.Philip II.

• 1588 he has 2 of Guises 1588 he has 2 of Guises killed.killed.

• He is stabbed by a He is stabbed by a fanatical monk in 1589fanatical monk in 1589..

Wikipedia: Henry IVWikipedia: Henry IV• Henry IVHenry IV :(December 13, 1553-May 14, 1610) The :(December 13, 1553-May 14, 1610) The

first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty in France.first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty in France.• The Guises formed the Catholic league and solicited The Guises formed the Catholic league and solicited

the help of Philip II to overthrow Henry.the help of Philip II to overthrow Henry.• Converted from Huguenot to Catholic to become king Converted from Huguenot to Catholic to become king

of France. Involved in the Wars of Religion.of France. Involved in the Wars of Religion.• Edict of Nantes: guaranteed religious liberties to the Edict of Nantes: guaranteed religious liberties to the

Protestants and which ended the civil war.Protestants and which ended the civil war.• Began the selling of offices. ‘nobility of the robe’Began the selling of offices. ‘nobility of the robe’• One of the most popular French kings, both during and One of the most popular French kings, both during and

after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time. tolerance for the time.

• He was murdered by a fanatical Catholic, Francois He was murdered by a fanatical Catholic, Francois Ravaillac.Ravaillac.

Ended Spanish interference in France

Converted to Catholicism : Did this to compromise and make

peace Paris is worth a mass. This was an example of politique

[the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]

Fighting for the royal inheritance Henri le grand.

Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598: Granted religious rights to

Huguenots Did not grant religious freedom

for all

Henry IV of FranceHenry IV of France

Assassination of Henry IVAssassination of Henry IVby Ravaillacby Ravaillac

TheThirty Years

War (1618-1648)

TheThirty Years

War (1618-1648)

1618-16481618-1648

The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.

At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.

At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened.

Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. The Bohemians hated him. Ferdinand refused to tolerate

Protestants. Defenestration of Prague May, 1618 Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.

Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.

Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria.

Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.

The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Bohemian Phase

Bohemian Phase

Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy

Roman Empire. Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein

for the army. Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.

Edict of Restitution (1629): Restored to Catholics all lands lost since

1552. Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,

of their religious and political rights.

German princes feared Ferdinand he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

The Dutch Phase: 1625-1629The Dutch Phase: 1625-1629

Dutch Phase

Albrechtvon

Wallenstein

France & Sweden now get involved. Both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge. France provided support.

Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.

Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. Swedish advance was stopped.

German princes still feared Ferdinand II.

Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

Swedish Phase

GustavusAdolphus

France & Sweden switched roles.

All countries in Europe now participated.

This phase was most destructive! German towns decimated. Agriculture collapsed famine

resulted. 8 million dead 1/3 of the population

[from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]

Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648

Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

Political Provisions: Each Ger. prince became free from any kind

of control by the HR Emperor. The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became

officially independent so. part remained a Sp. possession.

Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace.

Sweden got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.

Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor Swiss Confederation.

Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.

Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Religious Provisions: Calvinists would have the same

privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.

The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

1688-1700

Many Protestants felt betrayed.

The pope denounced it.

Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!

For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

Nobody Was Happy!Nobody Was Happy!

What were the long-

range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?

What were the long-

range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?

Spain’s Catholic CrusadeSpain’s Catholic Crusade• Philip IIPhilip II

– Goal was to re-impose Goal was to re-impose Catholicism in EuropeCatholicism in Europe

El EscorialEl Escorial

Spain v. OttomansSpain v. Ottomans• Fight for control Fight for control

over the over the Mediterranean for Mediterranean for the Christians.the Christians.

• Battle of LepantoBattle of Lepanto– 1571 Victory over 1571 Victory over

the Ottomans.the Ottomans.– Beginning of Beginning of

Ottoman decline.Ottoman decline.

• Victory Victory restores restores religious fervor religious fervor in Catholics in Catholics reminiscent of reminiscent of the Crusades.the Crusades.

Dutch RevoltDutch Revolt• Inquisition had Inquisition had

been brought to been brought to the Protestant the Protestant NetherlandsNetherlands

• William I of William I of Orange leads 7 Orange leads 7 Protestant Protestant provinces against provinces against Spain.Spain.

• Northern Provinces Northern Provinces gain independence gain independence

• United Provinces of United Provinces of the Netherlands the Netherlands 15811581

• Southern Provinces Southern Provinces stay loyal to Spain stay loyal to Spain but economy is hurt but economy is hurt because the North because the North cut off trade routes.cut off trade routes.

Spain v. EnglandSpain v. England• Mary I (Philip’s Mary I (Philip’s

wife) tries to bring wife) tries to bring Catholic back in Catholic back in England.England.

• Elizabeth puts a Elizabeth puts a stop to that when stop to that when she comes to she comes to power.power.– She won’t marry She won’t marry

PhilipPhilip

• She helped the She helped the Dutch Revolt.Dutch Revolt.

• Philip seeks Philip seeks revenge and revenge and wants to re-wants to re-Catholicize Catholicize EnglandEngland

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada• Invades in 1588.Invades in 1588.• Armada is destroyed because Armada is destroyed because

of a storm and the better of a storm and the better armed English navy.armed English navy.

• Signals the fall of Spain and Signals the fall of Spain and the rise of England.the rise of England.

Post Thirty Years’ War Post Thirty Years’ War EuropeEurope

RecessionRecession• Causes:Causes:

• ResultsResults

Daily LifeDaily Life• Marriage and Marriage and

ChildrenChildren

• PeasantsPeasants