Age of Religious Wars: 1547-1648Age of Religious Wars: 1547-1648

Two Schmalkaldic Wars in Empire, 1547-1555Two Schmalkaldic Wars in Empire, 1547-1555Civil Wars in France, 1562-1593 Civil Wars in France, 1562-1593 Dutch Revolt from Spain, 1566-1648Dutch Revolt from Spain, 1566-1648Anglo-Spanish Conflict – 1571 onwardAnglo-Spanish Conflict – 1571 onwardThirty Years’ War, 1618-1648Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648English Civil War (Puritan Rebellion), 1642-1648English Civil War (Puritan Rebellion), 1642-1648English Glorious Revolution, 1688-89English Glorious Revolution, 1688-89

Christian ApologeticsChristian ApologeticsStrategy 1: Point out the enormous secular Strategy 1: Point out the enormous secular components in all of the “wars of religion”components in all of the “wars of religion”Strategy 2: Point out the betrayal of Christian Strategy 2: Point out the betrayal of Christian principles involved in the motives of those who principles involved in the motives of those who engaged in “religious wars”engaged in “religious wars”

Mt. 26:52 – Jesus’ rebuke of Peter Mt. 26:52 – Jesus’ rebuke of Peter  "Put your sword back in its place," Jesus said to  "Put your sword back in its place," Jesus said to him, "for all who draw the sword will die by the him, "for all who draw the sword will die by the sword.sword.

John 18:36 – Jesus’ words to PilateJohn 18:36 – Jesus’ words to Pilate  Jesus said, "My kingdom is not of this world. If it Jesus said, "My kingdom is not of this world. If it

were, my servants would fight to prevent my were, my servants would fight to prevent my arrest by the Jews. But now my kingdom is from arrest by the Jews. But now my kingdom is from

another place."another place."

Age of Religious Wars: 1547-1648Age of Religious Wars: 1547-1648

Two Schmalkaldic Wars in Empire, 1547-Two Schmalkaldic Wars in Empire, 1547-15551555

Peace of Augsburg, 1555Peace of Augsburg, 1555Division of Hapsburg territories into Imperial Division of Hapsburg territories into Imperial & Spanish lands& Spanish lands

Age of Religious Wars: 1547-1648Age of Religious Wars: 1547-1648

Civil Wars in France, Civil Wars in France, 1562-1593: 1562-1593: 3-cornered 3-cornered conflict between Huguenots conflict between Huguenots (Bourbon), “Ultras” (Guise), (Bourbon), “Ultras” (Guise), “Politiques” (Valois)“Politiques” (Valois)

St. Bartholomew’s Day St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572Massacre, 1572

Charles IX

Catherine de Medici

3,000 killed in Paris; 10,000 elsewhere

Age of Religious Wars: 1547-1648Age of Religious Wars: 1547-1648

Civil Wars in France, Civil Wars in France, 1562-1593:1562-1593:

War of the Three Henries, War of the Three Henries, 1587-891587-89

Henry III, Henry, Duke of Henry III, Henry, Duke of Guise, Henry Bourbon, King of Guise, Henry Bourbon, King of NavarreNavarre

Henri of Guise

Henri III

Age of Religious Wars: 1547-1648Age of Religious Wars: 1547-1648Civil Wars in France, Civil Wars in France, 1562-1593:1562-1593:

War of the Three Henries, War of the Three Henries, 1587-891587-89

Henry III, Henry, Duke of Henry III, Henry, Duke of Guise, Henry Bourbon, King of Guise, Henry Bourbon, King of NavarreNavarre

Henry IV Henry IV Conversion to Catholic Conversion to Catholic Church [“Paris is well worth a Church [“Paris is well worth a mass”]mass”]Edict of Nantes, 1598 – Edict of Nantes, 1598 – limited tolerance for limited tolerance for HuguenotsHuguenots

Henri III

Age of Religious Wars: 1547-1648Age of Religious Wars: 1547-1648Dutch Revolt from Spain:Dutch Revolt from Spain:

Philip II’s contrast to CharlesPhilip II’s contrast to CharlesAlien outsiderAlien outsiderthreatens Dutch autonomy and threatens Dutch autonomy and prosperityprosperity

Castilian bureaucratsCastilian bureaucratsSidelining States-GeneralSidelining States-GeneralTaxes on tradeTaxes on trade

Reorganization of Church to Reorganization of Church to better combat Calvinismbetter combat CalvinismNobles’ Opposition led by Nobles’ Opposition led by William of Nassau, Prince of William of Nassau, Prince of Orange (aka, the Silent)Orange (aka, the Silent)

Amsterdam Stock Exchange

Assassinated in 1584

Assassinated in 1584

Dutch Revolt from Spain:Dutch Revolt from Spain:Duke of Alba’s “Council of Duke of Alba’s “Council of Blood” and the “Spanish Blood” and the “Spanish Fury” Fury”

in 1576 8,000 killed in sack in 1576 8,000 killed in sack of Antwerp by soldiers who of Antwerp by soldiers who hadn’t been paid in 2 yearshadn’t been paid in 2 yearsUnion of Brussels – Union of Brussels – religion laid aside as all religion laid aside as all Netherlands unite under Netherlands unite under Wm. the Silent vs. PhilipWm. the Silent vs. Philip

Duke of Parma “pacifies” Duke of Parma “pacifies” southern provincessouthern provincesCalvinist flee to northCalvinist flee to north

Division of the Netherlands, Division of the Netherlands, 15791579

Union of Arras (10 provinces)Union of Arras (10 provinces)Union of Utrecht (7 provinces)Union of Utrecht (7 provinces)

Division of the Netherlands, Division of the Netherlands, 15791579

Union of Arras (10 provinces)Union of Arras (10 provinces)Union of Utrecht (7 provinces)Union of Utrecht (7 provinces)Act of Abjuration (1581) Act of Abjuration (1581)

declaration of declaration of independenceindependenceearly statement of the early statement of the compact theory of gov’t.: compact theory of gov’t.: ”the people were not created ”the people were not created by God for the prince, but the by God for the prince, but the prince was made for the good prince was made for the good of the people.” of the people.” right of revolution when right of revolution when compact is brokencompact is broken

Dutch Revolt from Spain:Dutch Revolt from Spain:The Twelve Year Truce (1609-1621)The Twelve Year Truce (1609-1621)Eventual recognition of full independence Eventual recognition of full independence of the United Netherlands in the Peace of of the United Netherlands in the Peace of Westphalia, 1648Westphalia, 1648

Anglo-Spanish ConflictAnglo-Spanish Conflict Rivalry in the New WorldRivalry in the New World

• Drake’s raids on Spanish Drake’s raids on Spanish colonies (from 1571 on)colonies (from 1571 on)

• English efforts to capture English efforts to capture Spanish treasure shipsSpanish treasure ships

Elizabeth’s share of Drake’s Elizabeth’s share of Drake’s haul in 1581 was double her haul in 1581 was double her normal annual revenues for all normal annual revenues for all other sourcesother sources

Replica of Golden Hind

Sir Francis Drake

Anglo-Spanish ConflictAnglo-Spanish Conflict English intervention in English intervention in

the Dutch revoltthe Dutch revolt• In 1585, Robt. Dudley In 1585, Robt. Dudley

leads 6,000 man armyleads 6,000 man army• Dutch ships allowed use Dutch ships allowed use

of English ports of English ports

Anglo-Spanish ConflictAnglo-Spanish Conflict Religious crusade of Philip IIReligious crusade of Philip II

• Expels Moriscos & Maranos Expels Moriscos & Maranos from Spainfrom Spain

• Mediterranean crusade against Mediterranean crusade against TurksTurks

• Suppression of Calvinism in Suppression of Calvinism in NetherlandsNetherlands

• Intervention in France on Intervention in France on behalf of Guise and “Ultras”behalf of Guise and “Ultras”

• 3 Armadas to conquer England3 Armadas to conquer England

Mary, Queen of Scots•Queen at 1 week of age•Sent to France at age 6•Married François Valois, Dauphin•Queen of France, 1559-1560•Returned to Scotland, 1561•Clashes with John Knox•Implicated in murder of her 2nd •husband (and cousin), Henry Steward, Lord Darnley, 1567•Quickly re-married suspected murderer of Darnley, James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell•Deposed, defeated, escaped from island prison, fled to England, 1568•Imprisoned by Elizabeth•Implicated in Catholic plots•Executed - 1587

Mary’s execution Fotheringhay Castle, Feb. 1587

Mary’s sarcophagus

The tomb of Mary and The tomb of Mary and Elizabeth at Elizabeth at

Westminster Abbey.Westminster Abbey.

The Latin translates: The Latin translates: "Partners both in throne "Partners both in throne and grave, here rest we and grave, here rest we

two sisters, Elizabeth two sisters, Elizabeth and Mary, in the hope of and Mary, in the hope of one one

resurrection." resurrection."

HOUSE OF TUDORHOUSE OF TUDOR

I.I. JAMES VI OF SCOTLAND (1567-1625) JAMES VI OF SCOTLAND (1567-1625) BECOMES JAMES I OF ENGLAND (1603-BECOMES JAMES I OF ENGLAND (1603-

1625) 1625)

A. ABSOLUTIST CONVICTIONS: No A. ABSOLUTIST CONVICTIONS: No understanding of nor appreciation for understanding of nor appreciation for the dynamics of “Tudor absolutism” the dynamics of “Tudor absolutism”

TREW LAW OF FREE MONARCHY -- TREW LAW OF FREE MONARCHY -- “Kings are God’s Lieutenants on Earth.”“Kings are God’s Lieutenants on Earth.”

B. RELIGIOUS CONVICTIONS: 1. Anti-Puritan -- HAMPTON COURT PALACE CONFERENCE -- uncompromising defense of Anglican forms and organization and a threat to the Puritans to conform or be "harried from the land"

English PuritansEnglish Puritans Disciples of John CalvinDisciples of John Calvin

• Marian exiles (to Geneva)Marian exiles (to Geneva)• Returned following Mary’s deathReturned following Mary’s death• Objected to Elizabethan settlementObjected to Elizabethan settlement

Act of Uniformity of 1559Act of Uniformity of 1559 Act of Supremacy of 1559Act of Supremacy of 1559 Began to be called “Puritans” in 1564Began to be called “Puritans” in 1564 39 Articles of 156639 Articles of 1566 Agitation mounts in 1569Agitation mounts in 1569 First Puritan parish organized in 1572First Puritan parish organized in 1572 Elizabeth counterattacksElizabeth counterattacks Growth among the gentry and residents of LondonGrowth among the gentry and residents of London Became majority in the House of CommonsBecame majority in the House of Commons

2. ANTI-CATHOLIC -- GUY FAWKES & THE 2. ANTI-CATHOLIC -- GUY FAWKES & THE GUNPOWDER PLOT (Nov. 5, 1605) -- Catholic plot GUNPOWDER PLOT (Nov. 5, 1605) -- Catholic plot to blow up King and Parliamentto blow up King and Parliament

““Highlights” of James’ ReignHighlights” of James’ Reign Hampton Court Palace Conference, 1604Hampton Court Palace Conference, 1604

• ““No bishop, no king!” No bishop, no king!” (Book of Sports(Book of Sports, , 1618) 1618)

Gunpowder Plot, Nov. 5, 1605 Gunpowder Plot, Nov. 5, 1605 11stst permanent English settlement in New World – permanent English settlement in New World –

Jamestown, 1607Jamestown, 1607 ““Authorized” (a.k.a. KJV) translation of the Bible, Authorized” (a.k.a. KJV) translation of the Bible,

16111611 Peaceful foreign policyPeaceful foreign policy

• Treaty with Spain, 1604Treaty with Spain, 1604• Mediation of truce in Dutch revolt, 1608Mediation of truce in Dutch revolt, 1608• Delayed involvement in 30 Years’ War (Danish Delayed involvement in 30 Years’ War (Danish

phase)phase)

““Highlights” of James’ ReignHighlights” of James’ Reign

First Puritan migration to New England – First Puritan migration to New England – “Pilgrims/ Separatists”, 1620“Pilgrims/ Separatists”, 1620

Stormy relations with Parliaments (4 met during Stormy relations with Parliaments (4 met during reign)reign)• Addled Parliament of 1614 – deadlocked over Addled Parliament of 1614 – deadlocked over

grievances; passed no lawsgrievances; passed no laws• Protestations of 1621; James ripped page out of Protestations of 1621; James ripped page out of

H. of C. JournalH. of C. Journal

The Thirty Years War The Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648)(1618 – 1648)

BackgroundBackground• Religious conflict – breakdown of Peace of Augsburg Religious conflict – breakdown of Peace of Augsburg

Spread of Calvinism – Palatinate and Brandenburg Spread of Calvinism – Palatinate and Brandenburg (both electorates) have Calvinist rulers as well as (both electorates) have Calvinist rulers as well as other less important statesother less important states

Lutheran princes secularization of Church landsLutheran princes secularization of Church lands Aggressive “Counter Reformation” CatholicismAggressive “Counter Reformation” Catholicism

• Tensions in the Holy Roman Empire – Habsburg Tensions in the Holy Roman Empire – Habsburg centralization vs. “feudal particularism” of centralization vs. “feudal particularism” of princes/citiesprinces/cities

• Dynastic-nationalist considerations – territorial Dynastic-nationalist considerations – territorial ambitions of Danish and Swedish kings coalesce with ambitions of Danish and Swedish kings coalesce with the larger Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry lasting until the larger Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry lasting until 16591659

• After the first phase of the war, the chief After the first phase of the war, the chief combatants will be non-Germans, but all the combatants will be non-Germans, but all the fighting will occur on German soilfighting will occur on German soil

The Bohemian Phase The Bohemian Phase (1618 – 1625)(1618 – 1625)• Selection of Archduke Selection of Archduke

Ferdinand (nephew of Ferdinand (nephew of Emperor Matthias) as Emperor Matthias) as King of BohemiaKing of Bohemia

• Ferdinand’s campaign Ferdinand’s campaign against Protestants in against Protestants in Bohemia, revoking Bohemia, revoking toleration guaranteed by toleration guaranteed by his predecessorhis predecessor

• ““Defenestration of Defenestration of Prague” to protest Prague” to protest Ferdinand’s actionsFerdinand’s actions

• Deposing of Ferdinand Deposing of Ferdinand as king of Bohemia (just as king of Bohemia (just after he had been after he had been elected Emperor in elected Emperor in 1619) and selection of 1619) and selection of Frederick V of the Frederick V of the Palatinate, leader of the Palatinate, leader of the Protestant Union and Protestant Union and son-in-law of James I of son-in-law of James I of England, as King of England, as King of BohemiaBohemia

The Bohemian Phase (1618 – The Bohemian Phase (1618 – 1625)1625)• Ferdinand rallied Catholic Ferdinand rallied Catholic

League under leadership of League under leadership of Maximilian of BavariaMaximilian of Bavaria

• Defeat Frederick at Battle of Defeat Frederick at Battle of White Mountain, Nov. 1620White Mountain, Nov. 1620

Maximilian of Bavaria

The Bohemian Phase (1618 – The Bohemian Phase (1618 – 1625)1625)• Ferdinand rallied Catholic Ferdinand rallied Catholic

League under leadership of League under leadership of Maximilian of BavariaMaximilian of Bavaria

• Defeat Frederick at Battle of Defeat Frederick at Battle of White Mountain, Nov. 1620White Mountain, Nov. 1620

• Ferdinand takes land of Ferdinand takes land of Protestant nobles, declares Protestant nobles, declares Bohemia a hereditary kingdom, Bohemia a hereditary kingdom, and outlaws Protestantismand outlaws Protestantism

• Maximilian invades/takes most Maximilian invades/takes most of Palatinate of Palatinate

• Frederick flees to Netherlands Frederick flees to Netherlands which has been invaded by which has been invaded by Spanish ending the 12 Year Spanish ending the 12 Year TruceTruce

Maximilian of Bavaria

The Danish Phase (1625 – 1629)The Danish Phase (1625 – 1629) The Swedish Phase (1630 – 1635)The Swedish Phase (1630 – 1635) The Franco-Swedish Phase (1635 – 1648)The Franco-Swedish Phase (1635 – 1648) OutcomesOutcomes

• Peace of Westphalia (1648) – Empire’s Peace of Westphalia (1648) – Empire’s political fragmentation guaranteed in political fragmentation guaranteed in international lawinternational law

• Social and economic effects Social and economic effects 1/31/3rdrd of urban population 2/5ths of rural of urban population 2/5ths of rural

population died, mostly from famine population died, mostly from famine accompanying collapse of agricultural accompanying collapse of agricultural economyeconomy

Empire had 7-8,000,000 FEWER inhabitants Empire had 7-8,000,000 FEWER inhabitants in 1648 as in 1618in 1648 as in 1618

II. CHARLES I (1600-1649; II. CHARLES I (1600-1649; r. 1625-1649)r. 1625-1649)

II. CHARLES I (1600-1649; r. 1625-1649)II. CHARLES I (1600-1649; r. 1625-1649)

A. Political Dimensions: KING VS. PARLIAMENT A. Political Dimensions: KING VS. PARLIAMENT

1.1. Downward spiral in 1Downward spiral in 1stst 3 parliaments (1625-1629) 3 parliaments (1625-1629)a.a. Foreign policy: Disastrous intervention in 30 Years’ WarForeign policy: Disastrous intervention in 30 Years’ War

b.b. Religion: French marriage, relaxation of laws against Religion: French marriage, relaxation of laws against Catholics, promotion of non-Calvinist clergyCatholics, promotion of non-Calvinist clergy

c.c. Finances: Parl. refuses to grant revenues, king resorts to Finances: Parl. refuses to grant revenues, king resorts to forced loans/imprisonment of those who refuse to payforced loans/imprisonment of those who refuse to pay

d.d. Politics: attempt to impeach chief advisors, assassination Politics: attempt to impeach chief advisors, assassination of the Duke of Buckingham, passage of the Petition of of the Duke of Buckingham, passage of the Petition of Right, 1628Right, 1628

e.e. Resolutions condemning extra-Parliamentary taxation and Resolutions condemning extra-Parliamentary taxation and “innovations in religion”, 1629“innovations in religion”, 1629

II. CHARLES I (1600-1649; r. 1625-1649)II. CHARLES I (1600-1649; r. 1625-1649)

A. A. Political Dimensions: KING VS. PARLIAMENTPolitical Dimensions: KING VS. PARLIAMENT 1.1. Downward spiral in 1Downward spiral in 1stst 3 parliaments (1625- 3 parliaments (1625-

1629)1629)

2.2. Period of Personal Rule (Eleven Year Tyranny Period of Personal Rule (Eleven Year Tyranny -- 1629-1640) – Charles bids to establish a -- 1629-1640) – Charles bids to establish a Continental style absolutism; political Continental style absolutism; political grievances mountgrievances mount

a.a. Increasing resort to non-Parliamentary sources of Increasing resort to non-Parliamentary sources of revenuerevenue

b.b. Increasing encroachment on local governments Increasing encroachment on local governments

c.c. Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford was chief Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford was chief architectarchitect

A.A. Political Dimensions: KING VS. PARLIAMENTPolitical Dimensions: KING VS. PARLIAMENT

B.B. Religious Dimension Religious Dimension 1.1. Growing tensions between Puritans and Anglican Growing tensions between Puritans and Anglican

establishment (headed by King and Archbishop establishment (headed by King and Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud)of Canterbury, William Laud)

2.2. Attempt to introduce Book of Common Prayer in Attempt to introduce Book of Common Prayer in Scotland, 1637Scotland, 1637

1.1. Stool riot, 1637Stool riot, 1637

2.2. Scottish National Covenant, 1638Scottish National Covenant, 1638

3.3. 11stst Bishops’ War, 1639 Bishops’ War, 1639

4.4. 22ndnd Bishops’ War, 1640 Bishops’ War, 1640

1. Short Parliament (4/13 to 5-5/1640) -- forced by Bishops’ War; 1. Short Parliament (4/13 to 5-5/1640) -- forced by Bishops’ War; dissolved after only 3 weeks dissolved after only 3 weeks

following a barrage of criticism of king following a barrage of criticism of king

2. “Long Parliament” (11/3/1640 to 1660)2. “Long Parliament” (11/3/1640 to 1660)a. Dismantles apparatus of absolutism (1st phase: to 10/1641)

1)1) Triennial Act – Parl. must meet at least every 3 years Triennial Act – Parl. must meet at least every 3 years

2)2) Act of Dissolution – Long Parl. not to be dissolved w/o its Act of Dissolution – Long Parl. not to be dissolved w/o its own consentown consent

3)3) Tunnage and Poundage Act – limited king’s revenue to 2 Tunnage and Poundage Act – limited king’s revenue to 2 months at a time; abolished Ship Moneymonths at a time; abolished Ship Money

4)4) Abolish Court of Star Chamber and of High CommissionAbolish Court of Star Chamber and of High Commission

Revolutionary EraRevolutionary Era

1.1. ““Long Parliament” (11/3/1640 to 1660)Long Parliament” (11/3/1640 to 1660)a.a. Dismantles apparatus of absolutism (1Dismantles apparatus of absolutism (1stst

phase: to 10/1641)phase: to 10/1641)b.b. Parliament divides; Charles ties to exploit Parliament divides; Charles ties to exploit

breakdown of Puritan consensusbreakdown of Puritan consensus1)1) Issue of religious reformIssue of religious reform

a)a) Presbyterians (Root and Branch party) – want a Presbyterians (Root and Branch party) – want a “national church” organizationally“national church” organizationally

b)b) Independents – reject “national church” in favor Independents – reject “national church” in favor of total congregational autonomyof total congregational autonomy

2)2) Political issue: Grand Remonstrance: Nov. Political issue: Grand Remonstrance: Nov. 1641 1641 a)a) Parliament demands control of King’s ministersParliament demands control of King’s ministersb)b) Parliament demands control of the armyParliament demands control of the army

Revolutionary EraRevolutionary Era

3) Charles’ response3) Charles’ responsea)a) ““By God, not for an hour.”By God, not for an hour.”

b)b) Attempt to arrest Pym and other opposition Attempt to arrest Pym and other opposition leaders – Jan.4, 1642leaders – Jan.4, 1642

c)c) Charles and family leave London for Nottingham Charles and family leave London for Nottingham on Jan. 10on Jan. 10

d)d) Royalist party in Parliament sets up rival Royalist party in Parliament sets up rival parliament in Oxfordparliament in Oxford

Revolutionary EraRevolutionary Era

C. THE WAR -- Roundheads (London C. THE WAR -- Roundheads (London Parliament and its army) vs. Cavaliers Parliament and its army) vs. Cavaliers (King's army and Oxford Parliament) (King's army and Oxford Parliament)

CHARLES I AT BATTLE OF NASEBYJUNE 14, 1645

Oliver Cromwell

Cromwell and Army now in controlCromwell and Army now in control• Pride’s Purge (12/1648) – Col. Pride sent Pride’s Purge (12/1648) – Col. Pride sent

to “cleanse” Parliament; 150 to “cleanse” Parliament; 150 Presbyterian members barred from Presbyterian members barred from entering Westminsterentering Westminster

• The Rump – 53 Independents remain The Rump – 53 Independents remain after Pride’s Purgeafter Pride’s Purge

• Organized trial of Charles IOrganized trial of Charles I

““Final Solution” to Charles IFinal Solution” to Charles I

TRIAL& EXECUTION OF CHARLES IJAN. 30, 1649

Cromwell and Army now in controlCromwell and Army now in control• Pride’s Purge (12/1648) – Col. Pride sent to “cleanse” Pride’s Purge (12/1648) – Col. Pride sent to “cleanse”

Parliament; 150 Presbyterian members barred from entering Parliament; 150 Presbyterian members barred from entering WestminsterWestminster

• The Rump – 53 Independents remain after Pride’s PurgeThe Rump – 53 Independents remain after Pride’s Purge• Organized trial of Charles IOrganized trial of Charles I

• Restructured English governmentRestructured English government

““Final Solution” to Charles IFinal Solution” to Charles I

1.1. Abolition of the Monarchy Abolition of the Monarchy

2.2. Abolition of House of Lords Abolition of House of Lords

3.3. Proclamation of “THE COMMONWEALTH”Proclamation of “THE COMMONWEALTH”a)a) Republic in formRepublic in form

b)b) Military dictatorship in realityMilitary dictatorship in reality

4.4. ““Disestablishment” of CHURCH OF ENGLAND Disestablishment” of CHURCH OF ENGLAND • RELIGIOUS TOLERATION FOR ALL PROTESTANTSRELIGIOUS TOLERATION FOR ALL PROTESTANTS

Restructuring of GovernmentRestructuring of Government