TheWars ofReligion

(1559-1648)

TheWars ofReligion

(1559-1648)

I. Renewed Religious StruggleI. Renewed Religious Struggle

• 11stst half of the 16 half of the 16thth c the religious c the religious struggles had been Lutherans gaining struggles had been Lutherans gaining freedoms in Germany (central Europe)freedoms in Germany (central Europe)

• 22ndnd half became about Calvinist gaining half became about Calvinist gaining freedoms in France, the Netherlands, freedoms in France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland (Western England, and Scotland (Western Europe)Europe)

II. Hapsburg – Valois WarsII. Hapsburg – Valois Wars1519-15591519-1559

• Fought between Francis I (Valois) and Fought between Francis I (Valois) and Charles V (HRE, King of Spain, King of Charles V (HRE, King of Spain, King of Austria)Austria)

• Occurred b/c Francis wanted a better Occurred b/c Francis wanted a better balance of power – he helped the balance of power – he helped the protestant princes in N. Germany, protestant princes in N. Germany, League of SchmalkaldenLeague of Schmalkalden

II. Hapsburg – Valois WarsII. Hapsburg – Valois Wars1519-15591519-1559

• Not considered a holy war because both Not considered a holy war because both were Catholic were Catholic

• Ended with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis Ended with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559in 1559

• Outcome of the War:Outcome of the War:– Prevented HRE from gaining too much power in Prevented HRE from gaining too much power in

GermanyGermany– Inadvertently helped Lutheranism spreadInadvertently helped Lutheranism spread

II. Hapsburg – Valois WarsII. Hapsburg – Valois Wars1519-15591519-1559

• This war prevented Germany from This war prevented Germany from being able to develop as a nation statebeing able to develop as a nation state

• France’s goal was achievedFrance’s goal was achieved

III. Religious Concerns of III. Religious Concerns of Nations from 1560 – 1648)Nations from 1560 – 1648)

• From 1560-1648 wars would be fought largely From 1560-1648 wars would be fought largely over religious issuesover religious issues

• Spain sought to squash Protestantism & the Spain sought to squash Protestantism & the spread of Islamspread of Islam

• French Catholics sought to squash the French Catholics sought to squash the HuguenotsHuguenots

• HRE sought to re-impose Catholicism in HRE sought to re-impose Catholicism in German StatesGerman States

• Calvinist in Netherlands wanted to break with Calvinist in Netherlands wanted to break with Spanish rule Spanish rule

IV. Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

IV. Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

A. Death of Henry II, The Valois Family:

The Beginning of the End

A. Death of Henry II, The Valois Family:

The Beginning of the End Henri II was the last powerful Valois

Three weak sons followed: Francis II Charles IX Henri III

Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:

Was mother to the boys Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty

Catherine de MediciCatherine de Medici

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War

There were two sides: Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in

South Fighting for the royal inheritance

Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.

B. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

B. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre ( August 24,

15721.Marriage of Margaret of Valois to Protestant Huguenot Henry of Navarre – marriage arranged to reconcile Catholics and Protestants

2.Henry of Guise had a Huguenot leader murdered the night before the wedding (Henry of Navarre was to be murdered as well) - rioting broke out in Paris

3.Catherine de’ Medici ordered the massacre of Calvinists - 20,000 Huguenots killed on October 3rd

4.The massacre initiated the War of the Three Henrys: Henry Valois vs. Henry of Guise vs.

Henry of Navarre

B. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre ( August 24,

15721.Marriage of Margaret of Valois to Protestant Huguenot Henry of Navarre – marriage arranged to reconcile Catholics and Protestants

2.Henry of Guise had a Huguenot leader murdered the night before the wedding (Henry of Navarre was to be murdered as well) - rioting broke out in Paris

3.Catherine de’ Medici ordered the massacre of Calvinists - 20,000 Huguenots killed on October 3rd

4.The massacre initiated the War of the Three Henrys: Henry Valois vs. Henry of Guise vs.

Henry of Navarre

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.

Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.

Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

CatholicLeagueCatholicLeague

ProtestantUnion

ProtestantUnion

CIVILWAR

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Ended Spanish interference in France

Converted to Catholicism : Did this to compromise and make

peace This was an example of politique

[the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]

Paris is worth a mass. Privately remained Catholic

Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598: Granted religious rights to

Huguenots Did not grant religious freedom

for all

C. Henry IV of FranceC. Henry IV of France

V. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeV. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeA. Philip IIA. Philip II

• Led by King Philip II (1556-1598) Led by King Philip II (1556-1598) • ““Golden Age” period of artistic achievement Golden Age” period of artistic achievement

and great wealth from the Americasand great wealth from the Americas• Built the Escorial – in memory of St. Built the Escorial – in memory of St.

Lawrence & as a symbol of Philip’s power Lawrence & as a symbol of Philip’s power and commitment to the Catholic crusadeand commitment to the Catholic crusade

EscorialEscorial

EscorialEscorial

EscorialEscorial

V. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeV. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeB. Spain vs. Ottoman TurksB. Spain vs. Ottoman Turks

• Philip II waged a war against the Turks Philip II waged a war against the Turks for control of the Mediterraneanfor control of the Mediterranean

• Med. Very important for tradeMed. Very important for trade

• Battle of Lepanto (1571) Battle of Lepanto (1571) – ended war – ended war granting Med. Control to Spaingranting Med. Control to Spain

• Ottoman Turks no longer threat to Ottoman Turks no longer threat to EuropeEurope

V. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeV. Spain’s Catholic CrusadeC. The Dutch RevoltC. The Dutch Revolt

1. 1. William I (William of Orange) (1533-William I (William of Orange) (1533-1584)1584)

- Ruled the Netherlands (Calvinist)Ruled the Netherlands (Calvinist)

- Led revolts against Philip IILed revolts against Philip II

2. William formed the Dutch Republic2. William formed the Dutch Republic

thanks to help by Elizabeth I of thanks to help by Elizabeth I of EnglandEngland

D. Spain D. Spain Vs. Vs.

EnglandEnglandA.A. Mary I (Bloody Mary I (Bloody

Mary)Mary)

B. Elizabeth IB. Elizabeth I

D. England & SpainD. England & Spain

Mary IMary I Elizabeth IElizabeth I

D . England & SpainD . England & Spain

A.A. Mary IMary I• very hostile to Protestants (executes very hostile to Protestants (executes

great Protestant leaders, hundreds are great Protestant leaders, hundreds are burned at the stake and others flee to burned at the stake and others flee to the Continent)the Continent)

• marries into militant Catholicism by marries into militant Catholicism by wedding Philip II of Spainwedding Philip II of Spain

D. England & SpainD. England & Spain

2. Elizabeth I2. Elizabeth I settled religious differences by merging settled religious differences by merging

broadly defined Protestant doctrine with broadly defined Protestant doctrine with traditional Catholic ritual, later resulting in the traditional Catholic ritual, later resulting in the Anglican ChurchAnglican Church

• all anti-Protestant legislation repealed and all anti-Protestant legislation repealed and Thirty-Nine ArticlesThirty-Nine Articles is issued in 1563 making is issued in 1563 making moderate Protestantism the moderate Protestantism the official religion of official religion of the Church of Englandthe Church of England

• animosity grows between England and Spain animosity grows between England and Spain over dominance of the seasover dominance of the seas

D. Spain & EnglandD. Spain & EnglandSpanish Armada 1588Spanish Armada 1588

D. Spain & EnglandD. Spain & EnglandSpanish Armada 1588Spanish Armada 1588

VI. The

Thirty Years

War

(1618-1648) p. 72-76

VI. The

Thirty Years

War

(1618-1648) p. 72-76

1618-16481618-1648

The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.

At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.

At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened.

Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. The Bohemians hated him. Ferdinand refused to tolerate

Protestants. Defenestration of Prague May, 1618

Bohemia named a new king, Frederick V.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Defenestration of PragueDefenestration of Prague

Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.

Frederick V borrowed an army from Bavaria.

Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.

The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

Bohemians won region from the HRE, present Cezch Republic

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Bohemian Phase

Bohemian Phase

Protestants led by Christian IV – Lutheran King of Denmark

Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. Tried to crush Protestants in the northern Holy

Roman Empire. Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein to

lead the Imperial army Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.

Edict of Restitution (1629): Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552. Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,

of their religious and political rights.

German princes feared Wallenstein’s power and forced the Emperor to remove him from power and reduce the size of the Imperial army

The Danish Phase: 1625-1629The Danish Phase: 1625-1629

Danish Phase

Albrechtvon

Wallenstein

a. Protestants liberated territory lost in the Danish Phase

b. France & Sweden now get involved. Both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge. France provided support.

c. Gustavus Adolphus (Swedish King) invaded the HR Empire.

Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. Swedish advance was stopped. Battle of Breitenfield: Gustavus successful

but died on battlefield

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

d. Outcome• German princes still feared Ferdinand II.

• Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.• End of war HRE know Ferdinand III –

revoked the Edict of Restitution and issued the Peace of Prague did not end war

Swedish Phase

GustavusAdolphus

a. France & Sweden switched roles.

b. All countries in Europe now participated.

c. This phase was most destructive! German towns decimated. Agriculture collapsed famine

resulted. 8 million dead 1/3 of the population Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648

d. Cardinal Richelieu of France allied with the Protestant forces to defeat the HRE (as had occurred in the earlier Hapsburg-Valois War

e. If the Hapsburgs had won in Germany, France would have been confronted with a more powerful German state on its eastern border.

The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648

Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

1. Political Provisions:

a. Peace of Augsburg renewed(but added Calvinism as a politically accepted religion)

• In effect, it ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany

• Guarnteed that Germany would remain divided politically & religiously for centuries

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

1. Political Provisions:

b. Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire confirmed – END!!

The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent some. part remained a Spanish possession.

France rcvd. New lands and status as a power Sweden got lands in Northern Germany on

the Baltic & Black Sea coasts. Switzerland became indp. Swiss Confederation Germany free of HRE

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

C. The two Hapsburg Branches were weakened

(Charles V divided Emperor at death)

Spain – Declined

Austria – lost control of Germany

Religious Provisions: Calvinists would have the same

privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.

The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], HRE must permit freedom of private worship.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

1688-1700

Many Protestants felt betrayed.

The pope denounced it.

Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!

For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

Nobody Was Happy!Nobody Was Happy!

What were the long-

range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?

What were the long-

range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?