Chapter 12October 19, 2009

Part I

In the first half of the 16th Century, religious conflict had been confined mostly to central Europe

The Lutherans and Zwinglians trying to secure rights and freedoms

In the second half of the century, the focus shifted west to France, The Netherlands, England and Scotland.

Battle for Calvinists to be recognized The Peace of Augsburg (1555) was the

principal that a regions ruler determined it’s religion. Lutheranism became a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire.

Did not extend recognition to non-Lutheran Protestants. Other sects were prosecuted as heretical.

Catholics began a counter offensive against what they saw as a heretical new religions.

This is known as the Counter Reformation

Calvinism vs. Catholicism (Counter-Reformation)

Calvinism was more regionally and locally organized with boards of presbyters, or elders, directly shaping policy.

Catholicism believed in a centralized church system arranged in a strict order from pope to parish priest. Stressed unquestioning obedience to superiors.

As Europe became engulfed in religious wars, some rulers managed to hold the worst of it in check by subordinating theological doctrine to political unity.

These rulers were knows as politiques. Some of the most famous include: Elizabeth I of England

Other rulers who took their religious to the utmost seriousness never managed to achieve their political goals Philip II of Spain Mary I of England Oliver Cromwell

A new style of art appeared on the scene.

The baroque style emphasized heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines.

This style was especially appreciated by the Catholic Counter Reformation.

French Protestants are known as Huguenots.

They had been under surveillance since the early 1520’s

Several major crackdowns on the Huguenots happened during this time 1st: After the capture of King Francis I. The

French hoped to pacify the anti-Protestant Emperor Charles V

2nd: After Protestants plastered anti-Catholic pamphlets all over Paris. The Huguenots were then subjected to the Inquisition

In 1559, King Henry II was killed during a lance tournament celebrating the marriage of his daughter to Philip II of Spain.

At this time, 3 major families vied to control the new king Francis II (who was 15 and physically frail and weak)GuisesBourbonsMontmorency-Chatillons

The Guise Family took control of the king since their family members were in many positions of high importance One brother was a generalTwo brothers were cardinalsMary, Queen of Scots was their niece

The Guise Family would be firmly allied with the Catholic cause while the Bourbons and Montmorency-Chatillon developed strong Huguenot sympathies.