Ms Pojer & Miss RaiaMs Pojer & Miss Raia

TheWars of Religion

(1560s-1648)

TheWars of Religion

(1560s-1648)

Hapsburg – Valois WarsHapsburg – Valois Wars• Treaty of Cateau-CambrèsisTreaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis, 1559: ends , 1559: ends

Habsburg Valois Wars (last purely dynastic wars)Habsburg Valois Wars (last purely dynastic wars)• France kept Holy Roman Empire from gaining France kept Holy Roman Empire from gaining

hegemony in Germany, inadvertently helping hegemony in Germany, inadvertently helping Lutheranism to spreadLutheranism to spread

OverviewOverview• From 1560 to 1648 wars would be fought largely over From 1560 to 1648 wars would be fought largely over

religious issuesreligious issues– Spain sought to squash Protestantism in Western Europe and the Spain sought to squash Protestantism in Western Europe and the

spread of Islam in the Mediterranean spread of Islam in the Mediterranean – French Catholics sought to re-impose Catholicism in GermanyFrench Catholics sought to re-impose Catholicism in Germany– The Calvinist Netherlands sought to break away from Spanish ruleThe Calvinist Netherlands sought to break away from Spanish rule– A civil war occurred in England between Puritans and AnglicansA civil war occurred in England between Puritans and Anglicans

Spain’s Catholic CrusadeSpain’s Catholic Crusade• Fanatically seeks to re-impose Fanatically seeks to re-impose

Catholicism in EuropeCatholicism in Europe• Spain waged a war against the Spain waged a war against the

Turks in the Mediterranean to Turks in the Mediterranean to secure the region for Christian secure the region for Christian merchants. merchants. – Battle of LepantoBattle of Lepanto: Spain defeated : Spain defeated

Turkish navy off coast of Greece Turkish navy off coast of Greece (reminiscent of earlier Christian (reminiscent of earlier Christian Crusades)Crusades)

• Under Philip II we have the Under Philip II we have the Golden Age of SpainGolden Age of Spain

• EscorialEscorial: new royal palace (and : new royal palace (and monastery and mausoleum) in monastery and mausoleum) in shape of grill shape of grill

El Escorial – 26 miles NW of Madrid

The EscorialThe Escorial

The Town of EscorialThe Town of Escorial[30 km. Northeast of [30 km. Northeast of

Madrid]Madrid]

El Escorial StatisticsEl Escorial Statistics( 15 cloisters( 16 courts( 14 entrance halls ( 13 oratory ( 300 cells ( 86 stairways ( 9 towers ( 9 pipe organs ( 232 chorus books ( 73 statues ( More than 1,600

scenes ( 11 cisterns ( 88 fountains ( 2,673 windows ( 1,200 doors

The Monastery of The Monastery of San LorenzoSan Lorenzo

The Escorial The Escorial PalacePalace

A Section of the MonasteryA Section of the Monastery& Gardens& Gardens

( one of the largest religiousestablishments in the world.

The Monastery Gardens: The Monastery Gardens: Close-UpClose-Up

The View of the The View of the Countryside from the Countryside from the

Monastery AreaMonastery Area

Philip II [r. 1556 – Philip II [r. 1556 – 1598]1598]

Philip II & “Bloody” Mary Philip II & “Bloody” Mary TudorTudor

The Library Inside the The Library Inside the

MonasteryMonastery

( 4,700 manuscripts[many illuminated].

( 40,000 printed books.

Philip II’s ChapelPhilip II’s Chapel

Stairwell Inside the Stairwell Inside the EscorialEscorial

Ceiling Inside the EscorialCeiling Inside the Escorial

A Main Corridor Inside the A Main Corridor Inside the EscorialEscorial

The The Escorial’s Escorial’s

LibraryLibrary( Over 4,700 Over 4,700 rare rare manuscripts.manuscripts.

( Many Many illuminated illuminated manuscripts.manuscripts.

( Over 45,000 Over 45,000 books.books.

Philip II Died in this Philip II Died in this BedBed

The Crypt AreaThe Crypt Area

The Crypt of Philip The Crypt of Philip IIII

The Dutch RevoltThe Dutch Revolt• William I (William of Orange) (1533-1584) led 17 provinces William I (William of Orange) (1533-1584) led 17 provinces

against the Spanish Inquisitionagainst the Spanish Inquisition– Philip sought to crush the rise of Calvinism in the NetherlandsPhilip sought to crush the rise of Calvinism in the Netherlands

• The United Provinces of the Netherlands formed in 1581 The United Provinces of the Netherlands formed in 1581 (Dutch Republic)(Dutch Republic)– Received aid from Elizabeth I – HUGE BLOW to PhilipReceived aid from Elizabeth I – HUGE BLOW to Philip– The Dutch closing of the Scheldt River resulted I n the demise of The Dutch closing of the Scheldt River resulted I n the demise of

Antwerp as Europe’s Commercial center and the rise of Antwerp as Europe’s Commercial center and the rise of Amsterdam.Amsterdam.

Spain vs EnglandSpain vs England• Queen Mary Tudor (Philip’s Queen Mary Tudor (Philip’s

wife) re-imposes Catholicism wife) re-imposes Catholicism in Englandin England

• Queen Elizabeth I reverses Queen Elizabeth I reverses Mary’s edict via the Mary’s edict via the “Elizabethan Settlement”, Act “Elizabethan Settlement”, Act of Uniformity.of Uniformity.

• Elizabeth helps Protestant Elizabeth helps Protestant Netherlands gain Netherlands gain independence from Spainindependence from Spain

• Spanish Armada, 1588Spanish Armada, 1588: Philip : Philip sought revenge for England’s sought revenge for England’s support for the Dutch as well support for the Dutch as well as hoping to make England as hoping to make England Catholic againCatholic again

The InvasionThe Invasion• Spain's attempt to crush Protestant EnglandSpain's attempt to crush Protestant England• Much of Spain’s navy lay in ruins due to a raging storm in Much of Spain’s navy lay in ruins due to a raging storm in

the English Channel as well as the effectiveness of the English Channel as well as the effectiveness of England’s smaller but better built navy.England’s smaller but better built navy.

• Signaled the rise of England as a naval powerSignaled the rise of England as a naval power• Adds to the decline of Spain in the end of its Golden Age. Adds to the decline of Spain in the end of its Golden Age.

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

v Henri II was the last powerful Valois

v Three weak sons followed:§ Francis II§ Charles IX§ Henri III

v Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:

§ Was mother to the boys§ Played both sides in the civil war§ Developed a reputation for cruelty

Catherine de MediciCatherine de Medici

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War There were two sides:

Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in South Fighting for the royal inheritance

Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived Initiated the War of the Three Henrys – a civil

war between Valois, Guise and Bourbons (a Huguenot faction)

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

The French Civil WarThe French Civil Warv Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.

v Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.

v Effects of Civil War:§ France was left divided by religion§ Royal power had weakened§ Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

CatholicLeagueCatholicLeague

ProtestantUnion

ProtestantUnion

CIVILWAR

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

v Ended Spanish interference in France

v Converted to Catholicism :§ Did this to compromise and make

peace§ Paris is worth a mass.§ This was an example of politique

[the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]

§ Fighting for the royal inheritancev Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:

§ Granted religious rights to Huguenots

§ Did not grant religious freedom for all

Henry IV of FranceHenry IV of France

The

Thirty Years

War

(1618-1648)

The

Thirty Years

War

(1618-1648)

1618-16481618-1648

v The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.

v At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.

v At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened.

v Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

v Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia.§ The Bohemians hated him.§ Ferdinand refused to tolerate

Protestants.§ Defenestration of Prague May, 1618

§ Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

v Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.

§ Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria.

§ Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.

v The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Bohemian Phase

Bohemian Phase

v Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.§ Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy

Roman Empire.§ Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein

for the army.§ Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.

v Edict of Restitution (1629):§ Restored to Catholics all lands lost since

1552.§ Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,

of their religious and political rights.

v German princes feared Ferdinand he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

The Danish Phase: 1625-1629The Danish Phase: 1625-1629

Danish Phase

Albrechtvon

Wallenstein

v France & Sweden now get involved.§ Both want to stop Habsburg power.§ Sweden led the charge.§ France provided support.

v Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.

§ Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.§ Swedish advance was stopped.

v German princes still feared Ferdinand II.

v Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

Swedish Phase

GustavusAdolphus

v France & Sweden switched roles.

v All countries in Europe now participated.

v This phase was most destructive!§ German towns decimated.§ Agriculture collapsed famine

resulted.§ 8 million dead 1/3 of the population

[from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]

§ Caused massive inflation.§ Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648

Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

v Political Provisions:§ Each Ger. prince became free from any kind

of control by the HR Emperor.§ The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became

officially independent so. part remained a Sp. possession.

§ Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace.

§ Sweden got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.

§ Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor Swiss Confederation.

§ Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.

§ Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

v Religious Provisions:§ Calvinists would have the same

privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.

§ The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

1688-1700

v Many Protestants felt betrayed.

v The pope denounced it.

v Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!

v For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

Nobody Was Happy!Nobody Was Happy!

What were the long-

range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?

What were the long-

range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?