TheWars ofReligion(1560s-1648)

TheWars ofReligion(1560s-1648)

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

Henri II was the last powerful Valois

Three weak sons followed: Francis II Charles IX Henri III

Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:

Was mother to the boys Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty

Catherine de MediciCatherine de Medici

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War

There were two sides: Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in South Fighting for the royal inheritance

Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.

Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.

Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

CatholicLeagueCatholicLeague

ProtestantUnion

ProtestantUnion

CIVILWAR

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Ended Spanish interference in France

Converted to Catholicism : Did this to compromise and make

peace Paris is worth a mass. This was an example of politique

[the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]

Fighting for the royal inheritance Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:

Granted religious rights to Huguenots

Did not grant religious freedom for all

Henry IV of FranceHenry IV of France

The

Thirty Years

War

(1618-1648)

The

Thirty Years

War

(1618-1648)

1618-16481618-1648

The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.

At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.

At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened.

Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. The Bohemians hated him. Ferdinand refused to tolerate

Protestants. Defenestration of Prague May, 1618

Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Defenestration of PragueDefenestration of Prague

Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.

Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria.

Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.

The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Bohemian Phase

Bohemian Phase

Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy

Roman Empire. Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein

for the army. Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.

Edict of Restitution (1629): Restored to Catholics all lands lost since

1552. Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,

of their religious and political rights.

German princes feared Ferdinand he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

The Danish Phase: 1625-1629The Danish Phase: 1625-1629

Danish Phase

Albrechtvon

Wallenstein

France & Sweden now get involved. Both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge. France provided support.

Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.

Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. Swedish advance was stopped.

German princes still feared Ferdinand II.

Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

Swedish Phase

GustavusAdolphus

France & Sweden switched roles.

All countries in Europe now participated.

This phase was most destructive! German towns decimated. Agriculture collapsed famine

resulted. 8 million dead 1/3 of the population

[from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]

Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648

Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

The Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia (1648)(1648)

• The 30 Years’ War officially ended in 1648 with the The 30 Years’ War officially ended in 1648 with the Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia

• The treaties recognized the sovereignty of the 300+ The treaties recognized the sovereignty of the 300+ German princesGerman princes

• The treaties disallowed papal meddling in German The treaties disallowed papal meddling in German religious affairsreligious affairs

• The treaties upheld the Peace of Augsburg, added The treaties upheld the Peace of Augsburg, added Calvinism to the list of religions allowed in German Calvinism to the list of religions allowed in German states and nullified the Edict of Restitutionstates and nullified the Edict of Restitution

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

1688-1700

Immediate Results of the Immediate Results of the 30 Years’ War30 Years’ War

• After the Peace in 1648, the northern states in After the Peace in 1648, the northern states in Germany remained primarily Protestant while the Germany remained primarily Protestant while the southern states in Germany remained primarily southern states in Germany remained primarily CatholicCatholic

• The United Provinces and Switzerland won The United Provinces and Switzerland won recognition as independent statesrecognition as independent states

• German princes won the right to form alliances and German princes won the right to form alliances and sign treaties as long as they didn’t declare war on sign treaties as long as they didn’t declare war on the Holy Roman Empirethe Holy Roman Empire

• Sweden won cash and land in the Baltic regionSweden won cash and land in the Baltic region• France won the region of AlsaceFrance won the region of Alsace

Political Fallout from the 30 Years’ Political Fallout from the 30 Years’ WarWar

• Because Spain lost territory and France gained Because Spain lost territory and France gained territory, France stood alone as the most powerful territory, France stood alone as the most powerful nation on the continentnation on the continent

• France also benefited from the fragmentation of the France also benefited from the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire and the weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the weakening of the Habsburg family influenceHabsburg family influence

• PoW= PoW= – the political power of the Holy Roman Empire faded into the political power of the Holy Roman Empire faded into

oblivion; oblivion; – the Habsburg family remained wealthy and strong, though, the Habsburg family remained wealthy and strong, though,

and would go on to rule the Austro-Hungarian Empire laterand would go on to rule the Austro-Hungarian Empire later

Things You Must RememberThings You Must Remember• The 30 Years War began as a war of religion The 30 Years War began as a war of religion

and developed into an international war of and developed into an international war of politicspolitics

• While the war started as a religious war, the While the war started as a religious war, the war healed no religious woundswar healed no religious wounds

• France proved that international politics would France proved that international politics would be more important in the coming centuries than be more important in the coming centuries than religionreligion

• No participant in the 30 Years War possessed a No participant in the 30 Years War possessed a large enough army to knock out its opponents; large enough army to knock out its opponents; Louis XIV would learn from thisLouis XIV would learn from this

You must remember this …You must remember this …(Continued)(Continued)

• The Alsace region would be hotly contested The Alsace region would be hotly contested even as late as World War IIeven as late as World War II

• The Holy Roman Empire historically had more The Holy Roman Empire historically had more influence in Germany than anywhere else in influence in Germany than anywhere else in Europe; therefore, the sovereignty of the Europe; therefore, the sovereignty of the German princes essentially meant the end of German princes essentially meant the end of the Holy Roman Empirethe Holy Roman Empire

• Because the vast majority of the fighting took Because the vast majority of the fighting took place in Germany, the German states suffered place in Germany, the German states suffered more than any other participantsmore than any other participants