michael j. mcphaden noaa/pmel recent progress towards an indian ocean observing system for climate...
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Michael J. McPhaden
NOAA/PMEL
Recent Progress Towards an Indian Ocean Observing System for Climate
Prepared for NOAA Climate Observations Workshop
13-15 May 2003
Washington, DC
SummaryThere is an increasingly organized international effort to develop an Indian Ocean component to the Global
Ocean Observing system in support of climate studies:
Compelling unanswered scientific questions;
Potential societal benefits (improved prediction of the monsoon rainfalls and teleconnections);
Growing investments from Indian Ocean rim countries and others;
One of the most poorly sampled regions of the world ocean in terms of in situ observations;
Opportunities for the US to participate.
Indian Ocean GOOS ConferenceGrand Baie, Mauritius, 1-9 November 2002
Oceans and Climate Workshop Goal:
“…to identify actions required to develop an Implementation Plan for the Indian Ocean Global
Ocean Observing System (IOGOOS), building on the SOCIO Workshop, meetings of the Climate Variability (CLIVAR) Asian/Australian Monsoon Panel, and the
Global Ocean Data Acquisition Experiment (GODAE) Science Team…”
Conferences on Climate, Coastal Zone, Satellite, Data Management
158 participants from 22 countries
Co-sponsored by IOC/GOOS, CLIVAR, NOAA, ONR, NSF….
Indian OceanRegional Science Drivers
Seasonal monsoon variability
Intraseasonal oscillations
Indian Ocean dipole mode
Decadal warming trends
Interbasin connections (Indonesian throughflow & Algulas rings)
Deep meridional overturning
Subtropical/tropical overturning cells
Indian Ocean Dipole Mode
December 1997 SST Anomalies
Indian OceanRegional Science Drivers
Seasonal monsoon variability
Intraseasonal oscillations
Indian Ocean dipole mode
Decadal warming trends
Interbasin connections (Indonesian throughflow & Algulas rings)
Deep meridional overturning
Subtropical/tropical overturning cells
Meridional overturning--
The shallow cell
Schott et al. (2001)
Monsoon <=> ENSO interactions MJO influences on ENSO West coast US rainfall Tropical storms and hurricanes Indian Ocean SST influence on NAO?
Atmospheric Teleconnections
May 2001-May 2003
Episodic westerly wind forcing
Convective flare-ups occur every 30-60 days over the Indian Ocean. These flare-ups are characterized by towering cumulus clouds, rainfall, and westerly surface winds that propagate into the Pacific sector.
Indian | Pacific | Atlantic
The Madden-Julian Oscillation
June 2001
Dec 2002
cloudy/wet clear/dry
Cloudiness & Rainfall
Atmospheric Teleconnections
West Coast Rainfall Tropical Storms
Monsoon <=> ENSO interactions MJO influences on ENSO West coast US rainfall Tropical storms and hurricanes Indian Ocean SST influence on NAO?
Atmospheric Teleconnections
Monsoon Dynamics and Linkages
Indian Ocean Observing System Status
Satellite observations of sea level, SST, wind and ocean color are key elements of the Indian Ocean Observing System.
Substantial progress in implementation of pilot in situ observations during the past two years (Argo, moorings, drifters, XBTs, etc).
Indian Ocean
XBTs/Moorings
Dec ‘02
Drifters, Jan ‘03
Argo Floats, Feb ‘03
Efforts are underway to increase in situ measurements in the Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
Masumoto et al, 2002
Not shown:
US interests in equatorial and BoB moorings
Plans for 40 deep ocean moorings north of 5°N (NIOT)
Madagascar Channel moorings (Dutch)
Indian Ocean
Masumoto et al, 2002
JAMSTEC ADCP mooring 0°, 90°E
The Working Group proposed three pilot projects:
(1) to develop the deployment of Argo floats, from the present level of about 67 to 170 in 2003, and to 450 in 2005;
(2) the implementation of a new Ship-of-Opportunity XBT Project, with emphasis on high-resolution, frequently repeated lines across the Indian Ocean.
(3) to develop Indian Ocean mooring arrays in the equatorial zone and in four zones of significant sea-surface temperature anomalies (northern Bay of Bengal, off the southern coasts of Sumatra and Java, western Arabian Sea, and the southern Indian Ocean);
IOGOOS Meeting Working Group 1: Basin-scale Contributions to the Observing System
Indian Ocean
IOGOOS participants moved to establish an ad hoc working group* of the Tropical Moored Buoy Implmentation Panel (TIP) to develop and coordinate implementation of a moored buoy array to address CLIVAR scientific objectives and to support operational analyses and seasonal-to-interannual climate forecasting.
* Initial interested parties: M. McPhaden (USA), M. Jury (So. Africa), Y. Masumoto (Japan), R. Molcard (France), M. Ravichandran (India), C. Perigaud (USA), G. Vecchi (USA), G. Meyers (Australia), VSN Murty (India), and P. Hacker (USA).
IOGOOS, Mauritius, 4-8 November 2002
CLIVAR Asian/Australian Monsoon Panel (AAMP)
Considering the rapid development of, and many nations’ involvement in, the Indian Ocean Observing System, AAMP strongly recommended that an Indian Ocean Panel be formed for coordination and for CLIVAR to help drive forward the implementation of ocean observations in the region. The AAMP suggested that the new panel be set up jointly with IOC in the framework of the recently established IOGOOS.
Atlanta, Georgia, 25-27 February 2003
CLIVAR SSG endorsement
SSG-12, Victoria, BC, 6-9 May 2003
Indian OceanScience & Implementation Challenges
Array design(s)
Funding
Deployment platforms (RVs, VOS, etc)
Fishing vandalism (moorings)
Measurement standards
Data management
International coordination and partnerships for sustaining observations
Tide Gauge Network 45 % complete 3˚x3˚ Argo Profiling Float Array 25% complete 5˚x5˚ Surface Drifting Buoy Array 35 % complete Moored Buoy Existing Planned Ocean Reference Station Existing Planned High Resolution XBT and Flux Line Existing Planned Frequently Repeated XBT Line Existing Planned Carbon Inventory & Deep Ocean Line Survey 1.5 lines/year, 50 % funded
Sea Surface Temperature, Sea Surface Height, and Surface Vector Wind from Space
Figure 1
Global Ocean Observing System
SummaryThere is an increasingly organized international effort to develop an Indian Ocean component to the Global
Ocean Observing system in support of climate studies:
Compelling unanswered scientific questions;
Potential societal benefits (improved prediction of the monsoon rainfalls and teleconnections);
Growing investments from Indian Ocean rim countries and others;
One of the most poorly sampled regions of the world ocean in terms of in situ observations;
Opportunities for the US to participate.
Indian Ocean Research IssuesFour unique characteristics of the Indian Ocean
generate a “heat pool” with basin-scale variability over a broad range of time scales
Closed in the north by Asia, creating monsoons and blocking export of oceanic heat to the north Open to the Pacific, creating Indonesian throughflow and import of warm equatorial, upper ocean waters Cross-equatorial transports of heat in the ocean and atmosphere, creating the shallow overturning cell Open to exchange with the Southern Ocean, creating the deep overturning cell.
Comparison with previous El Niños
Adapted from International Research Institute
NINO-3.4