MercantilismMercantilism: Purpose is to enrich the mother country;

colonies provide raw materials to England and England sells manufactured goods to the colonies

Early 1600s – Colonies ignored and traded with Dutch, French and Spanish

1660s – Navigation ActsClosed colonies to all trade except that on English shipsForbid Dutch ships from the coloniesRequired that certain raw materials only be sold to EnglandAll goods in and out of the colonies were taxedCustoms officials were appointed in the colonies to enforce laws and

collect the taxes.

Other laws limited colonial manufacturing (Iron Act, Hat Act)

The Failure of MercantilismDominion of New England – 1686

James II created because of colonies refusal to follow navigation acts

United NY, NJ, and all of New England, disbanded existing legislatures and governments there

Appointed Sir Edmund Andros as Governor and gave him power to enforce Navigation Acts and all English laws

Glorious Revolution – 1688James II abdicated the throne to William and MaryColonies reacted by arresting and then exiling Sir

Edmund AndrosEach colony restored the colonial governments and

resumed their defiance of the Navigation Acts

Salutary NeglectAfter the Glorious Revolution, Parliament continued to gain

power, and during the early 1700s the Prime Minister and Parliament virtually ruled England

Salutary Neglect (1690s – 1750s) – period where the British neglected to enforce the navigation acts – Economic and Political freedom for the coloniesMembers of Parliament felt it was more profitable not to

enforce the lawsThe American colonies began to control their own

governments and economiesMuch of it was based on English legal tradition (Anglicization)However, the colonies were also developing their own ideas

and culturesIn particular, two movements would greatly impact the

colonies in the early 1700s: The First Great Awakening and The Enlightenment

Religion in the ColoniesIn the 1600s and early 1700s, religion in colonial America varied

greatly between the colonies, however a movement in the early 1700s called the First Great Awakening would reinvent religion in America and contribute to a new tradition of evangelical religion and tolerance

Examples of persecution in the coloniesMassachusetts: Puritans – accepted no views other than their

own – Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams, Salem Witch TrialsMaryland: Maryland Toleration Act – 1640s; By 1691 –

Catholics barred from voting, holding office, or having MassExamples of tolerance in the colonies

Southern Colonies: charters offered tolerance to all ChristiansPN and RI: complete religious toleranceNY, NJ, DE: charters offered religious tolerance, diversity

The First Great AwakeningBy early 1700s, religion was declining in colonial America.

Westward expansion, the growth of cities, and the fact that most Americans were second or third generation all contributed to that. The First Great Awakening would change that.

What is it?Series of religious revivals that swept through Europe and the

colonies in the 1730s and 1740s Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

Based on the readings last night, answer the following questions:Identify three similarities between Franklin’s and Edwards’

messages regarding the First Great Awakening.Identify three differences between Franklin’s and Edwards’

messages regarding the First Great Awakening.

Results of the First Great AwakeningNew Lights v. Old Lights – new religions – diversity of

thought – independence of churches Increase emphasis on the individual thought and education -

Highly emotional and intense sermons – personal relationship with Jesus – Evangelical Christianity

Increase in religious tolerance, decrease in power of any one church, particularly the Anglican Church

American Experience and Culture – increase in Protestant Evangelical faith and religious tolerance

The EnlightenmentEuropean intellectual movement of the late 17th

and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition – reshaped thought on politics and individual rights

John Locke Second Treatise1. What is the state of nature?2. Why does man abandon the state of nature?3. What is property?4. What is the chief end of man joining into

commonwealths?5. What is the purpose of government? As a result,

what are the limits of legislative power?6. For what reason can man dissolve the government

and create a new one?

The Enlightenment: Impact on Colonial ideas on politics and government

Politics: Much of colonial thought on politics was inspired by English legal tradition. However, the period of Salutary Neglect and the ideas of the Enlightenment also helped to create unique American ideas and practices.From English Law: Rights of Englishmen, Bill of Rights, Trial by

Jury, Representative Government – taxation by legislatures (Anglicization)

New American Thoughts: Rights: Religious Tolerance, Freedom of the Press (Peter Zenger) No Divine will or right – no earthly sovereign (One rule for all

people), no aristocracy Representation – Virtual v. Actual Colonial Legislatures: Privy Council and Governors, Levy Taxes,

Makes Appropriations and Appointments, Make and enforce all laws (only representatives can tax and make laws)

Independent Sovereign Colonies: Albany Plan of Union

The Enlightenment: Impact on Colonial ideas on property and the economy

Economy: Again, due to salutary neglect and the Enlightenment colonists developed their own ideas on the economy.Purpose of Government: The good of the people,

preservation of propertyWestward Expansion: availability of land, social mobility

and prosperity (Conflicts)Beginning of colonial manufacturing, industry, and

shipbuildingSmuggling – Merchants and customs collectorsOnly direct representatives could restrict their right to

property – taxes, trade restrictions, property restrictions

The French and Indian War: 1754 -1763

French + Indians v. British + ColonistsEurope – Seven Years WarCauses:-French – Louis XIV – Wealth and Power

- Quebec to New Orleans- Fur Trading and Natives

-British – Population increase in 1700s

- expansion across the Appalachian Mountains-Iroquois Confederacy – Five Nations

– Controlled Great Lakes – Balance of Power

-Other tribes – driven west by English-French and British Rivalry –

- Three Wars – King William’s War (1689-1697), Queen Anne’s War (1701-1713),

King George’s War (1744-1748)Start of the War:1754 – Ohio Valley – Iroquois and Trading Rights – Fort Duquesne – George Washington and Fort Necessity

Results of the French and Indian War

1763 – Peace of Paris - French lost all land in North America - British received lands East of Miss River - Spain received lands West of Miss

River - Native Americans of Ohio Valley and Iroquois Confederacy

Impact on Relationship between British and the ColonistsColonists Views – 1688 – Glorious Revolution – Salutary Neglect – Economic and Political Indep.

- Albany Plan of Union (1754)- William Pitt – Impressments + seizing

supplies – Riots in NY (1757) - Policy revoked (1758)- Colonial

Control British Views – ‘Outhouse of Civilization’- Colonial Riots and Resistance, French- British Soldiers and Money, Debt- New Imperial Policy–Increase

Authority

British Mercantilism and ImperialismAfter the French and Indian War, the British

attempted to use colonial taxation and mercantile policies to raise revenue to pay for war debts. In order to due so, they also needed to gain control over the colonies politically. This would lead to a series of British Parliamentary acts attempting to accomplish both. The Colonists, however, had developed their own ideas on law and government during the era of salutary neglect. They were also greatly impacted by The First Great Awakening and The Enlightenment. As a result, all British attempts at taxation and control were met with colonial resistance.

Arguments for Independence Arguments Against

Second Continental Congress-Olive Branch Petition

-Battle of Bunker Hill and Boston

- Prohibitory Act and Naval Blockade

-Common Sense by Thomas Paine

“Everything that is right or reasonable pleas for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, ‘tis time to part” Declaration of Independence

-Thomas Jefferson-July 4, 1776

-Purpose:

1. Declare Independence

2. Explain Natural Rights – John Locke

3. List Grievances against King George III

4. Justify Independence

The Revolutionary WarColonial Disadvantages (Why the British should have won!): 1. British Army and Navy 2. Resources – Manufacturing?, Blockade, Valley Forge 3. Articles of Confederation – No power to levy taxes – Inflation 4. Lack of Unity – Western Americans, Loyalists, Draft and Bounties 5. Native Americans

How the Americans pulled it off:1. Fighting on their own land –

guerilla warfare, war of attrition

2. Will and determination of the Americans3. Support of the British people4. Mistakes by the British

- underestimating the situation - Battle of Saratoga - Southern loyalists and slavery5. Foreign Aid and the French

Battle of Yorktown and Surrender of Cornwallis - 1781Peace of Paris -1783

Some historians have argued that the American Revolution was not revolutionary in nature. Support, modify, or refute this interpretation, providing specific evidence the justify your answer.

Evidence that is was revolutionary Evidence that it was not revolutionary