measurements, transportation and storage 504 eng. fathi morgan

8/12/2019 Measurements, Transportation and Storage 504 Eng. Fathi Morgan

1/93

MINING STUDIES AND RESEARCH CENTER (MSRC)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CAIRO UNIVERSITY

NATURAL GAS ENINEERING DIPLOMA

Measurements,

Transportation &

Storage

NG 504

1


2/93

Fathy Ibrahim Emam Morgan

Engineering Consultant

Oil/Gas Piping and PipelinesEngineering Consultants Group (ECG)

E-mail: [email protected]

Cell No 0122 475 5741

Contact Information

2 MSRC - Natural Gas Engineering Diploma - Measurements, Transportation & Storage NG 504 Eng. Fathy Morgan


3/93

For successful implementation of a pipeline project,

the following steps are to be considered in general:

1. Market survey-Present & Future demand

2. Map of the preliminary selected pipeline route(L)

3. Selection of ROW

4. Detailed survey and Preparation of alignment

drawings

5. MAOP & Design pressure

Pipeline Design



4/93

6. Pipe Size (D)

7. Pipe specification / grade

8. Wall Thickness (t)9. Bill of Materials

10. Total cost estimate

Pipeline Design (Contd.)



5/93

Load Consideration:

Presently pipeline design is being done

considering the present load as well as the

assumed gas load of the that particular area for

the next 20 years (effective life of the pipeline)

Now-a days, the use of natural gas increased

tremendously. As a result the concept of

pipeline design has also changed.




6/93

Line Pipe Wall Thickness Calculation:t= DP/(2YFLJT)

Where,

t = Pipe wall thickness, mm

P= design pressure, psigD= outside dia of pipe in mm

Y= minimum yield strength, psig

F= Design factor

L= Location factor based on class locationJ= welding joint factor

T= Temp. derating factor




7/93

Grade Minimum yield

strength (MPa)

Minimum Tensile Strenght

(Mpa)

B 241 413

X42 289 413

X46 317 434

X52 358 455

X56 386 489

X60 413 517

X65 448 530

X70 482 565

X80 551 620

Line Pipe : API 5L Grades



8/93

Canadian Standards association(CSA) suggests

design factor of 0.8 While location Factors are:

Design and Location Factor

Area Class Location ASME CSA

Deserted 1 0.72 0.80

Village 2 0.60 0.72

City 3 0.50 0.56Metropolis 4 0.40 0.44



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Weld type ASME B31.8

Seamless 1

ERW 1SAW 1

But Welled 0.6

Spiral seam 0.8

Joint Factor



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Temperature ( F) ASME B31.8

Up to 250 1.00

251-300 0.97301-400 0.93

401-450 0.91

451 and above 0.87

Temperature Factor



11/93

DPP

Land acquisition & Requisition

Tender Document Preparation

Tender Bid Evaluation

Tender Award

Procurement

Mobilization

Clearing, Grading and Stringing

Pipeline Construction Process



12/93

Welding and NDT

Trenching, Lowering and Backfilling

Tie-in Hydrostatic Testing

Cleaning

Commissioning

Operation

Pipeline Construction Process

(contd.)



13/93

Row Acquisition and Requisition

ROW SELECTION

DC Office

Compensation

Crop Compensation

Pre Construction



14/93

Minimize overall pipe length

Parallel existing utility corridors (Highway, High tensionElectric transmission line).

Avoid areas of high population density Minimize highways, railways, river, khals, canals, ponds,

hills & mountains corssing to reduce the project cost.

Cross highways, railways, river, khals, canals at or close

to 90 deg. Angle Minimize crossover of existing facilities

Provide adequate construction area.

Pre Construction (Contd.)

General Guideline For Pipeline Routing



15/93

Avoid the following areas:

Swamps and Wetlands

Rocky areas

Unstable soil Populated areas

Historical areas

Environmental sensitive areas ( Forest, Tea garden,

Rubber garden etc.) Religious sensitive areas ( Mosque, Graveyard, temple

etc.)


General Guideline For Pipeline Routing



16/93

Land acquisition / Requisition

Normally 10m wide strip along the proposedpipeline route is to be acquisition and a 15 mwide strip on one side of the acquisition strip is tobe requisition.

Acquisition is permanent possession for use ofland but requisition is completely a temporaryaffair, only for the working period.

For scraper station and Valve station separateblock lands of required size have to beacquisition.




17/93

Submission of proposal for land acquisition & requisition:

The company submit the proposal with requisite no. ofdrawings ( Normally mouza map) showing acquisition& requisition strip in two distinct colors (red foracquisition & green for requisition) to DC office.

The process of acquisition and requisition in ourcountry is done through the DC office of the particulardistinct.

The whole process continues in accordance withOrdinance, Arts, Rules and Regulation issued by thegovernment from time to time.




18/93

Tender

Floating

Bid Receiving & Evaluation

Contract Award & Contract Management

Procurement

Mobilization




19/93

Cleaning & Grading the ROW

Stringing the pipe along ROW

Welding the pipe joints together

NDT of welding joints

Coating and Wrapping Ditching / Trenching

Holiday test

Lowering & backfilling

Pigging Hydro Test

Commissioning

Major steps for pipeline

Construction



20/93

Bulldozer- Used to clearing & grading of ROW.

Excavator- Used to trenching, pipe lifting, pullingthe welding machine etc.

Side boom- Used to lift the pipe during weldingand lay the pipeline in the trench.

Crane- Used to handle heavy equipment andmachineries.

Welding generator Trailer/ Truck- used to carry the line pipe fromstore yard to the working site.

Equipment used for Pipeline

Construction



21/93

Pipeline Construction

Equipment



22/93

ROW is cleared of barriers and

graded for movement ofconstruction equipment,

materials and ultimately

construction of pipeline.

ROW Clearing and Grading



23/93

Welders test- an example for the weldersbefore going to production weld.

Selection Criterion- Visual inspection & NDT

(API 1104) PQR / WPS Test

Tensile strength test

Face bend test Root bend test

Charpy V notch test

Pre Welding Activities



24/93

Stringing is aligning the pipe

along the ROW ready for

welding.

Trailer, Side boom etc. are

used to stringing the pipe.

Stringing



25/93

Root pass/ Stringer pass

Hot pass

Filling pass

Cap pass

Cleaning the welds

Welding



26/93

Dye penetrant test

Magnetic particle test

Eddy current test Radiographic test

Ultrasonic test

NDT personnel certification ( level 1, 2

&3)

NDT (Non Destructive Test)



27/93

Radiographic test

Equipment

Method

Source

Film examination as Per API 1104Standard




28/93

Ultrasonic test

EquipmentMethod

Source

Weld examination




29/93

Porosity Cluster porosity

Slag inclusion

Lack of fusion

Lack of penetration

Internal concavity Burn through

Crack

Common welding defects



30/93

Welding defects:



31/93

The final weld to join two separatesection together.

Should be properly aligned withoutuse of jacks or any external force.

Should be done within operating

temp (5-30 deg. Celsius).

NDT test.

Tie-in welds



32/93

Two different ways

Thurst boring/ horizontal boring method

Drill a hole under the roadway without disturbing

the road / rail surface.

A casing pipe is placed through the hole and then

the pipeline is placed inside the casing.

Spacer is used to center the pipeline within thecasing pipe.

Open Cut method.

Roads and Railway Crossing



33/93

All except a portion (about 6 inch) of each pipe isoften coated in the factory before deliver to thesite

Three types of coating 3LPE coating

FBE coating

Polyethylene coating

3LPE coating Apply adhesive on clean pipe surface Epoxy paint (40-100 micron)


Pipe Coating



34/93

Bare pipe



35/93

Features:Cleaning (sand Blasting)

Apply AdhesiveApply epoxy paint ( 40 100

micron thick)


3 LPE Coated Pipe



36/93

Apply 3LPE Coating

Set wire mesh above 3LPE

Coating

Apply Concrete coating

Provide

Ve buoyancy forceApply on ditch, canal, pond, khal,

small river

Features:

Concrete Coated Pipe



37/93

Put on above 3LPE

coated pipe

One on each pipe

Provide Ve buoyancy

forceApply on Marchy area

Features:

Set-on-Weight



38/93

Heat shrink sleeves

Approx. 14 inch length and dialarger than pipe dia.

Shrink on applying heat and fitted

to the pipe.

Joint coating



39/93

Ditching

Holyday test

Apply 10 KV on coated pipe surface Any coating defect will result an audible

sound.

Lowering Lay pipeline on Trench of approx. 1.2m depth

Put set-on-weight on buried pipe for anti

buoyancy force.

Ditching, Holyday test, Lowering

and Backfilling



40/93

Bruch/ cup pigClean internal rust

Gauge pig

To check pipe ovality

Foam Pig

To dry internal surface

Testing:



41/93

Natural Gas Equipment

Distribution System

Each time the pressure is reduced,

over pressure protection is providedby a relief valve or automatic shut off

A relief valve venting gas to the atmosphere is

performing its proper function and should never becut off or restricted until the gas company arrives

and makes corrections to the system



42/93

Properties of Natural Gas

Odorless Colorless - Tasteless

Methyl Mercaptan is added to give it its

distinguishable rotten egg odor

Odorized natural gas is detectable at

concentrations significantly less than 1%



43/93


Distribution SystemType of System Pressure

Transmission Line

(High Pressure)3001000 psig

Distribution Main

(High Pressure)60300 psig

Distribution Main

(Modified High Pressure)560 psig

Distribution Main(Low Pressure)

psig

Service / Customer Line psig



44/93


Material Color Size Pressure

Bare Steel - - - - - - 2 6 Up to 60 psi

Wrapped Steel Yellow / brown 20 Up to 1000 psi

Wrought Iron - - - - - - 2 6 Up to 60 psi

Polyethylene PlasticBlack / orange /

yellow 6Up to 60 psi

Cast Iron - - - - - - 4 20 psi

Copper - - - - - - - psi

Piping



45/93


Polyethylene pipe is buried with a 12 gauge

wire for ease of locating it has nothing todo with grounding or bonding

POLYETHYLENE PIPE

Piping



46/93


Distribution piping is normally buried between 12 and 18

below ground level

Piping



47/93


Shut-off Valves

Square - Handle

L - Handle

T - Handle

Side View



48/93


Shut-off Valves

Closed Position

Open Position

Top View



49/93


Typical Residential Installation



50/93



Regulator

Relief Valve

Valve



51/93



Meter



52/93


Commercial Installation

Meter

Valve

Regulator



53/93

Natural Gas Emergencies

Types of EmergenciesOdors / Leaks

Fire



54/93


Emergency ResponseOdors / LeaksInside:

1) Approach incident from upwind, if possible.

2) Position apparatus at least150 from scene.

3) Investigate for the source of the odor with the GasTrac & Mini-Gas.

4) If a strong odor is encountered or leak is confirmed, evacuate thebldg. of all occupants.



55/93


Emergency ResponseOdors / LeaksInside:

5) Notify BC GAS - Gas Op's to respond.

6) Ventilate the bldg. by opening doors & windows. Remember toopen windows on top.

7) Do not operate electrical switches / telephones.



56/93


Emergency ResponseOdors / Leaks

9) If a leak is confirmed, the IC should determine if it can be stoppedor if the gas needs to be shut off at the valve.

Inside8) Use only intrinsically safe radios / handlights.



57/93


Emergency ResponseOdors / Leaks

11) Gas valves turned OFF by FD personnel SHOULD NEVER be turnedback on without BC GAS - Gas Op's on scene.

12) No one should re enter the bldg. until BC GAS - Gas Op's hassecured the leak and determined that it is safe to enter.

Inside10) Hand tools should be spark-proof (1663 /1665).



58/93


Emergency ResponseOdors / LeaksOutside

1) If unignited gas is escaping from the ground, either from an

excavation site or from an open pipe outside of a bldg., notify BCGAS - Gas Op's immediately.

2) Establish a safe area around the incident scene.

3) Extinguish all open flames.

4) Check surrounding bldgs., especially basements, for the presence

of gas.

Gas can migrate through the ground, following pipes or naturalstratifications in the earth.



59/93



5) Restrict or re-route traffic until BC GAS - Gas Op's personnel can

bring the gas flow under control.

6) Although water fog streams can be used to disperse escaping

vapors, they are usually ineffective since the lighter-than-air gas

naturally rises.

7) If water fog is used, caution must be exercised to avoid filling

excavation sites with water.



60/93



8) FD personnel should never clamp or crimp a gas line. Static

electricity could ignite escaping gas, resulting in a suddenand violent ignition.

9) Hand tools should be spark-proof (1663 / 1665).



61/93


Emergency ResponseFiresInside:

1) Notify BC GAS - Gas Op's immediately upon receipt of alarm.

2) The IC should determine if the gas can safely be shut off inside thebldg. or at the meter.



62/93


Emergency ResponseFiresInside:

3) In certain industrial / commercial settings, turning off the gas supplycan seriously interrupt important and costly industrial processes andshould only be done upon evaluation with company personnel and BCGAS - Gas Op's.

4) If the gas supply cannot be shut off, the surrounding combustiblesshould be kept wet with a fog stream.



63/93


Emergency ResponseFiresOutside:

1) Notify BC GAS - Gas Op's immediately upon receipt of alarm.

2) The best method of controlling outdoor gas fires is to shut off the

gas flow.

3) In most cases, FD personnel should not attempt to extinguish the

fire while the gas is still escaping.

4) BURNING GAS WILL NOT EXPLODE.



64/93


Emergency ResponseFiresOutside:

5) Secure the area and protect exposures, if necessary.

6) IF it is necessary to extinguish the fire before the gas flow can be

stopped, use a Dry Chem extinguisher aimed at the base of the

flame and wet the surrounding area with water fog to prevent the

re-ignition of combustibles.



65/93

Natural Gas

An OperationalPerspective



66/93

EXPLORATION AND

PRODUCTION



67/93

GATHERING AND

PROCESSING


Natural gas has to go from


68/93

Natural gas has to go from

Point A to Point B.

Point A involves getting the gas outof the ground and into the pipeline.

Point B is where the gas eventually

ends up, so you can cook your food andheat your home.

The line that connects Point A to Point B is

where the midstream industry takes over.



69/93

Gas Processing connecting

A to BRaw natural Gas consists of hydrocarbons:

Methane

Propane

Butane

Pentane

plus many more

It also contains undesired materials: sulfur compounds,

water, mercury, etc.



70/93

That raw natural gas must be purified, or

processed, to meet quality standards and

specifications set by the major pipeline and

distribution companies



71/93

A more detailed view



72/93



73/93

TRANSMISSION ANDSTORAGE



74/93



75/93


Distribution piping is normally buried between 12 and

18 below ground level

Piping



76/93

Agenda

Transporting Gas

Interruptible

Pipeline Map

Basic Rules of Interstate Transportation

Services

Business Processes



77/93

What is Gas Transportation?

Gas Transportation - service provided by the pipeline

for the party that has requested the transportation

service. The pipeline is the link between the gas

supplies and the markets.

Involves the receipt of the gas by the transporter, the

movement of gas through the transporters system and

the delivery of gas by the transporter for the shippers

account.

Service can be firm or interruptible.



78/93

Interruptible Service

Firm Service is a service that is offered on a guaranteed basis. Thepipeline, also known as the Transportation Service Provider (TSP),

warrants that it will make the service available on every day of the

contract unless prevented by an act of Force Majeure.

For this firm service, the customer, also known as the Service Requester

(SR), will generally pay a demand and a commodity charge. The total

charge is generally higher than interruptible services.

Firm services have a higher priority than interruptible services. Firm

service contracts generally have a term of over a year.



79/93

Interruptible Service

Interruptible Service is a service that is not a guaranteed service. The

TSP can generally cease the performance of the service with short or no

notice. The TSP will interrupt if the pipeline space used for interruptible

service is required to serve a higher priority customer.

The SR of the interruptible service will generally pay only a commodity

charge when the service is utilized. The total cost of the service is usually

less than the cost of a firm service. The interruptible service is less

reliable by definition.



80/93

80 MSRC - Natural Gas Engineering Diploma - Measurements, Transportation & Storage NG 504

Eng. Fathy Morgan



81/93


When Crosses state boundaries. As such, the service:

- Must be offered on a non-discriminatory basis.

- Must allow firm contract holders to release to other parties so some of the

reservation costs paid by the firm shipper ma be recovered when the capacitywould otherwise not be used.

- Customers must be able to change their firm receipt and delivery points. All

other receipt points must be made available to the customers on an interruptible

basis.

- Customers have rights beyond their contract path but within the same rate zone.


Eng. Fathy Morgan

Services Offered by Pipelines


82/93

Services Offered by Pipelines

Firm TransportationThe highest quality transportation service offered to customers under a filed rate schedule

that anticipates no planned interruption.

No-Notice Service

A bundled, city-gate service that allows customers to receive gas on demand to meet peakservice needs subject to delivering supplies into the pipeline.

Interruptible TransportationTransportation service subject to interruption at the option of the pipeline.

Storage ServiceA firm or interruptible service that allows customers to store natural gas that has been

transferred from its original location


Eng. Fathy Morgan

Services offered by Pipelines


83/93

Services offered by Pipelines

(continued)

Pooling Service

A firm or interruptible service that allows customers to aggregate natural gas from many receipt points to

serve a number of contracts without tying a particular receipt point to a particular contract.

Parking ServiceAn interruptible service which allows a customer to request that the pipeline hold on its system, gas

quantities that have been delivered by the customer under any transportation agreement between the

pipeline and the customer, and then return such gas quantities at thecustomers request.

Loan Service

An interruptible service which allows a customer to receive gas quantities from the pipeline and then

return such loaned quantities of gas to the pipeline at the point in which the gas was borrowed.


Eng. Fathy Morgan


84/93

LocalDistribution


Eng. Fathy Morgan


85/93


Eng. Fathy Morgan

How the Natural Gas Distribution Syste

W k


86/93

Works

Local Gas Distribution Companies Overview

Natural gas distribution is the last step in the delivery process

What is a natural gas LDC?

Generally state regulated entities which operate gas distribution piping systems

that serve

gas locally to homes, businesses and industrial customers

Some are municipally-owned

Operate in defined, exclusive service territories

Statutorily obligated to provide reliable natural gas service to customers at just

and reasonable rates, terms and conditions

Local distribution is exempt from FERC jurisdiction under NGA 1(b)

NGPA definition


Eng. Fathy Morgan

H th N t l G Di t ib ti S t


87/93

Where does transportation end and local distribution begin?

No bright line from FERC; but generally movement through large diameter

pipelines at higher pressure (over 350 psia) is considered transportation;

particularly if the line is not regulated by a state PUC

Supreme Court decision in FPC v. East Ohio Gas Co., 338 U.S. 464 (1950)

Congress responded with Hinshaw exemption NGA 1(c)

How the Natural Gas Distribution System

Works contn.


Eng. Fathy Morgan


88/93

Differences from Interstate Pipelines

Generally, LDCs operate at lower pressures, use smaller diameter pipes, and

the distribution pipes directly connect to the house lines of local homes and

businesses

LDC systems differ among themselves, but generally consist of:

high pressure transmission lines, lower pressure mains and service lines,regulators, a wide variety of meters, and odorization equipment

May include on-system storage, LNG storage, and propane-air


Eng. Fathy Morgan

LDC Customers and Services


89/93

LDC Customers and Services

Types of LDC customers: retail, commercial, and industrial

Types of LDC services:

Sales Service to Core/Retail (firm and interruptible services)

Transportation Service (firm and interruptible)

Retail unbundling (customers purchase gas commodity directly from

suppliers/marketers)

LDCs connect to interstate pipelines at citygate points

LDCs purchase natural gas commodity at wholesale from

producers/marketers

Receive the gas from the supplier at the citygate; and/or

Receive the gas at upstream points and move the gas on interstatepipeline capacity


Eng. Fathy Morgan

LDC Resources Used to Serve Core


90/93

LDC Resources Used to Serve Core

Customers

Typical LDC resources include:

Gas purchased outside of the LDCs service territory

Supplies previously purchased and held in storage facilities outside of the

LDCs service territory

Supplies previously purchased and held in peaking facilities inside the LDC

service territory

Supplies purchased from local production wells in the state

Diversion of supplies from interruptible customers understate-approved tariff

curtailment provisions


Eng. Fathy Morgan

LDC Operating System


91/93

LDC Operating- System

Movement on LDC systems involves moving smaller volumes of gas at lowerpressures to numerous individual customers.

To ensure flow, gas may be perioducally compressed at compressor stations,

but the pressure required on LCD systems is much lower than on an interstate

pipeline.

Supervisory control and SCADA systems monitor gas flow on the distributionnetwork.

To detect leaks, gas is odorized at the citygate with mercaptan

Piping system is steel for higher pressure main and polyethylene(plastic) in

lower pressure mains and service lines.


Eng. Fathy Morgan

LDC Operations Service


92/93

LDC Operations - Service

Generally, customers do not make nominations.

Gas consumed at the residance or business is measured by a onsite

meter.

Customers are billed according to use and rate schedule.

Storage or on-system needle peaking storage is used as an additional

resource to meet core needs.

92MSRC - Natural Gas Engineering Diploma - Measurements, Transportation & Storage NG 504 Eng. Fathy Morgan

LDC Focus on Safety


93/93

LDC Focus on Safety

LDC safety programs include:

Leak detection response

Safety education

One Call Systems

Emergency plans and responsiveness

State statutes and regulations adopt DOT

safety requirements

measurements, transportation and storage 504 eng. fathi morgan

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