Matter Anything that has mass and takes

up space ( has volume ). The four physical states of matter are:

Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

Solids Solids have a definite

shape and volume.

The atoms move, but they stay in place.

Liquids The shape of a liquid

changes to fit the container it is in.

But it has definite volume.

Gas Gases have a

shifting shape and volume.

They expand to fit the entire container into which they are placed.

Plasma Lightning is a plasma. Plasma is a lot like a gas, but

the particles are electrically charged.

Used in fluorescent lights and neon signs.

What determines the state of matter?

What would it take for matter to move from one state to another?

Energy determines the state!

Add or Subtract Energy. . .

When energy is added, particles move faster!

When energy is taken away, particles move slower!

Endothermic change

Exothermic change

The unique character, or the way matter reacts is said to be its properties.

These are grouped into two classes: Physical Chemical

Physical properties are special characteristics that make up the physical composition of a sample and do not produce a new substance:

Color Shape Density Size

Phase changes – melting and boiling points

Phase Changes Melting - melting occurs when a

substance changes from a solid to a liquid Boiling - boiling is when a substance

changes from a liquid to a gas Condensing - condensation is when a

gas changes to a liquid Freezing - freezing is when a liquid

changes to a solid Sublimation – when a solid changes

directly to a gas

Chemical properties are those characteristics that focus on a substance’s behavior when mixed with another element or compound.

Chemical changes produce a new substance: Burning Rusting Photosynthesis

Chemical changes take place on the molecular level.

A chemical change produces a new substance. If you mix vinegar and baking soda you can’t

change them back once the reaction occurs.

There may be clues that a chemical reaction took place, such as light, heat, color change, gas production, odor, or sound.

The starting and ending materials of a physical change are the same, even though they may look different.

Solutions A solution results from combining

two or more substances. Making a solution can produce either

a physical or chemical change. You can tell them apart this way: The original substances can be separated

from one another if the solution produces only a physical change.

The original substances cannot be separated from one another if a chemical change took place.

Solids There are two types of solids:

Crystalline – have a very orderly, three-dimensional arrangement of particles in a repeating pattern of rows.

Iron, diamond and ice are examples of crystalline solids.

Amorphous – are made of particles that do not have a special arrangement.

Glass, rubber and wax are examples of amorphous solids.

Special characteristics of liquids:

Surface tension – a force that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid sometimes causing it to form spherical drops.

Viscosity – a liquid’s resistance to flow. The more viscous a fluid is the more slowly it will flow.

How gases behave depends on three

factors: Temperature - as temperature

increases the particles of gas move faster.

Volume - the volume of a gas depends on the container it is in.

Pressure - as you increase the number of particles of a gas inside a container, the more the pressure increases.

Temperature is a measure of how fast the particles in an object are moving.

Volume is the amount of space that an object takes up.

Pressure is the amount of force on a given area of surface.