PROCEDURE

Social function Procedure: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.Text organization: 1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction) 2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions) 3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)Language features :

Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..) Use of action verbs (turn, put) Use of connectives(first, then, finally)

Example:

How to Make Tomato Soup

To make a bowl of tomato soup, you must prepare all ingredients below:

4 large tomatoes spices 1 small onion ½ teaspoon of salt 8 cups of water ¼ teaspoon of pepper small clove garlic ¼ teaspoon of butter

Here are the steps to make a bowl of tomato soup:

1. Cut tomatoes, onions, and garlic into small pieces.2. Fry them in a pan with butter for five minutes.3. Add water, spices, salt and pepper.4. Heat until the water boils.5. Turn down the heat and cover with lid. Cook gently for one hour.

RECOUNT

Social function recount: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.Generic Structure of Recount:

1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened) 2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order) 3. Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)

Language features Recount:

Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she) Use of action verbs in past (went, studied) Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo) Use of adverbial phrases Use of adjectives

Example:

My Holiday Was Fantastic

Last summer I got a fantastic holiday. I visited some great places.

I Went to an airport and was going to fly to Cleveland. I was spending there two days.

I liked to see some

Cleveland Cavaliers basketball matches.

Then I went to Hollywood. Hollywood is a famous district in Los Angeles, California,

United States. It had

become world-famous as the center of the film industry. Four major film companies –

Paramount, Warner Bros.,

RKO and Columbia – had studios in Hollywood. I did not want to leave but I had to.

After that, I went to New York city. I visited the Statue of Liberty. I went from the

bottom of Manhattan to the top

of the crown. That was very amazing.

The places made me feel at home but I have to go home. Next time I would return to

them.

NARRATIVE

Social function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem. Generic Structure Narrative:

1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened) 2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems) 3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)

Language features Narrative:

Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple) Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago) Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village) Use of action verbs ( walked, slept) Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)

Example:

ALI BABA AND THE FORTY THIEVES”

There once was a poor woodcutter, named Ali Baba. He lived in the wooden house near the forest.

One day, he was gathering wood in the forest when a band of thieves approached. He hid and watched them enter a cave that opened when they said to the words, “Alakazam, open!.” After they departed, Ali Baba stood before the cave and gave the command “Alakazam, open!.” He was surprised, the cave opened to reveal an enormous supply of gold and treasures. Ali Baba packed some of the gold on his donkeys and returned home.

His brother Qasim was rich but hardhearted merchant, discovered Ali Baba’s new wealth, he demanded an explanation. The next day Qasim visited the cave and greedily gathered as much treasures as he could, but forgot the formula for leaving the cave. The thieves opened the cave and found Qasim over there. The leader of the thieves killed him.

Qasim’s wife was worried why her husband did not come home for a day. She asked Ali Baba to look for him. Ali Baba went to the cave and was surprised that his brother killed. He brought his brother’s body home and one knew it and reported that to the leader of the thieves.

The following day the leader of the thieves planned to kill Ali Baba and he came to his house. He tried to kill him, fortunately his slave, Murganah, helped him. She swung a sword and killed the leader of the thieves. Murganah freed Ali Baba from the murder.

Finally Ali Baba married Murganah and they lived happily ever after.

DESCRIPTION

Social Function descriptive: To describe a particular person, place or thing. Generic Structure descriptive:

1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described) 2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)

Language features descriptive:

Focus on specific participants Use of attributive and identifying processes Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups. Use of the Simple Present Tense

Example:

MacQuarie University

Identification

Macquarie University is one of the largest universities in Australia. This year, in 2004, it celebrates its 40th anniversary.

Description

 The university is located at the North Ryde Greenbelt, Sydney, where the New South Wales government sets aside 135 hectares for the institution. In 1964, Macquarie area was a rural retreat on the city fringe, but today the campus and its surroundings have evolved beyond recognition.

The North Ryde District has grown into a district of intensive occupation anchored by a vibrant and growing university. Blessed with a fortunate location and room to breathe, Macquarie can be proud of that careful planning that retains and enrich the university’s most attractive natural features.

A pleasing balance between buildings and plating is evident across the campus. This emphasis on the importance of landscape has created images of Macquarie as a place that members of the university are most likely to pleasurably recollect.

Today, a railway station is under construction. In three years1 time, Macquarie will be the only university in Australia with a railway station on site. Macquarie is poised to be the most readily accessible in Sydney region by rail and motorway, yet retaining its beautiful site.

NEWS ITEM

Social function news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Generic structure news item:

1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form) 2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident) 3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts

involved in the event)

Language features news item:

Information on the use of head lines. Use of action verbs( hit, attack) Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed) Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004) Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)

Example:

Town ‘Contaminated

Newsworthy event 

Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.

Background events

Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock. The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.

Source

A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.

REPORT

Social function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class. Text organization report:

1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)

2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behaviour).

Language features report:

Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer) Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg) Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun) Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen) Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)

Example:

Topic: THE PELICAN

General classification

The white pelican is one of the most successful fish-eating birds.

Description

The success is largely due to its command hunting behaviour. A group, perhaps two dozen birds, will gather in a curved arc some distance offshore.

The birds then begin to move forward towards the shore, beating the water furiously with their wings, driving the fish before them.

When the water is shallow enough for the birds to reach the fish, the formation breaks up as each bird dips its bill into the water to scoop up its meal.

As the bird lifts its head, the water drains from its bill leaving the fish which are then swallowed.

Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds, Fossils of this genus have been found dating back 40 million years.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.Generic Structure analytical exposition:

1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position)

2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)

3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented)

Language features analytical exposition:

Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried. Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand,

therefore. Usually present tense Compound and complex sentences

Example:

“The Importance of English Language”

I personally think that English is the world’s most important language. Why do I say that?

Firstly, English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all over the world, either as a first or second language.

Secondly, English is also the key which opens door to scientific and technical knowledge, which is needed for the economic and political development of many countries in the world.

Thirdly, English is a top requirement of those seeking for jobs. Applicants who master either active or passive English are more favorable than those who don’t.

From the facts above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn to greet the global era.

SPOOF

Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist. Generic structure spoof text:

1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened) 2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order) 3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)

Language features spoof:

Use of connectives (first, then, finally) Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago) Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)

Example:

“Michael and His Father”

Okay students. Listen to me. I have a good story. The story is about a boy named Michael. He was ten years old. He was not a very good pupil. Why? Because he didn’t like doing his homework. What did he like then ?Oh, he liked playing in his leisure time. He liked football very much. Do you know why he didn’t like doing his homework? Because he always made a lot of mistakes when he did it.

Well, one day, his mathematics teacher looked at Michael’s homework and found that all his homework was correct. Wow, that’s a good job! Of course students, the teacher was very pleased and surprised. So, he called Michael to his office and said to him, Michael, you’ve got all your homework right this time. You’re doing great. Well done, Michael. Did your father help you?

“No, sir” Michael said, “Usually my father did it for me. But last night he was very busy. He had a meeting. So, he couldn’t do my homework. Then, I had to do it by myself.

Vocabularies:

1.    named            : yg bernama

2.    leisure time kb. waktu terluang

3.    happy      : senang

4.    surprised       : heran

5.    myself            : saya sendiri

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case. Generic structure hortatory exposition:

1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern) 2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation) 3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)

Language features hortatory exposition:

Emotive words: alarmed, worried Words that qualify statements: usual probably Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore Usually present tense Compound and complex sentences Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

Example:

“CARS SHOULD BE BANNED IN THE CITY”

Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.

Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.

Secondly, the city is very busy. (point) triggers wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.

Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.

In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed.

Vocabularies:

1.  Banned     : dilarang2.  Cause       : menyebabkan3.  Deaths      : kematian4.  Accidents: kecelakaan5.  Emit          : memancarkan, mengeluarkan6.  Triggers    : memicu

7.  Wander     : menggeluyur, keliling

EXPLANATION

Social function explanation: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomenaGeneric structure explanation:

1. A general statement to position the reader 2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs 3. Closing

Language features explanation:

Focus on generic, non-human participants. Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense,

passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.

Example:

“How Do Floods Occur?”

In winter there is snow on the mountains. When spring comes the sun comes out, it shines onto the snow. The snow melts. The melting snow turns into water and flows off the mountain and enters the rivers. The huge amount of water makes the water level rise

If rocks and concreted areas around rivers they can cause floods. If it rains the rain falls onto the rocks, nothing can soak up the water. The water flows down the rocks and into the river.

When it rains for a long time the huge amount of rain cannot soak into the soil. The water forms small streams. The streams all lead to the main river and feed it. As the water enters the river the water level rises. If there is not a dam on the bank of the river the river will flood.

DISCUSSION

Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than one

side of an issue (“for” points “against” points)

Generic structure discussion:

1. Opening statement presenting the issue

2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)

3. Concluding recommendation

Language features discussion:

Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.

Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.

Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.

Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.

Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.

Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.

Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.

Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.

Example:

“HACKING: PRO AND CONTRA?”

Do you know what a hacker is? Well, a hacker is a person who enjoys exploring the

details of programmable systems on computers and they like to stretch the capability

of the systems. And you know what, the activities they do in the computers are called

‘hacking’.

So, what’s the problem with ‘hacking and its hackers’? Well, the problem is whether

‘hacking and its hackers’ is legal or illegal? What I mean is that people in the world

have many different views about hacking and the hackers. Some of them take sides,

but many objects.

To get back to what I was saying previously, let us see the positive points of a hacker,

shall we? Although in most places breaking into computer systems is considered

illegal, I believe that hackers don’t do anything illegal because they only want to know

and try the systems. I dare to say that a hacker likes finding the strengths and the

weaknesses of a computer system. They feel proud if they can find the weaknesses.

So I don’t really see the crimes in this case. In addition, these hackers sometimes help

the police catch the ‘white collar criminals’, such as bank robbers, money launderers,

credit card forgers. For example, in 2000, the U.S. hackers caught some Singaporean

hackers who made ‘Virus Love’ to break up the programs of the U.S. National Security

system.

Nevertheless, those who object to the good points of a hacker say that hacking is a

crime. The reason is that some hackers use their brilliant skills to break into banks and

other vital institutions where they can get money, destroy information, and the worst

thing is they can get secret information and sell it to another country. This is a

treachery.

Take for example, in 1994, The U.S. government broke a conspiracy of computer

hackers out of Majorca, Spain. These hackers were responsible for accessing and

eliminating 190,000 telephone credit card numbers over computer bulletin boards in

America and Europe. Seeing this fact, I don’t blame those who think negatively about

hackers.

To put the whole thing in a nut shell, I personally think that hackers are not bad

people with their brilliant skills. However, they could be bad because of money

orientation to get the wealth. That’s just the point.

REVIEW

Social function review: To critique an art work or event for a public audienceGeneric structure review:

1. Orientation ( background information on the text) 2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It

can consist of more than one. 3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and

plot). 4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch

line of the art works being criticized.

Language features review:

Focus on specific participants Use of adjectives Use of long and complex clauses Use of metaphor Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may

include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.

Example:

Harry Potter:

Order of the Phoenix I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will

always hold a special place in my heart. I have to say that of all of the books, however,

this was not my favorite. When the series began it was as much of a “feel good”

experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced,

intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.

Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works…you

feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I

was truly moved by the last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary,

depressing feel.

The galloping pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do

seem long, as if we’re reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his

usual adventures.

Reading in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example – housekeeping

is still housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not very interested in doing it or reading

about other people doing it.

A few other changes in this book – the “real” world comes much more in to play

rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently

been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially

with being a teenager and all, but the sudden change in his character seemed too

drastic.

He goes from being a warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his

best friend’s heads off over nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character,

like he turned into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight.

The “real” story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I

actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it

made me care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing

it would have been great.